India–Pakistan cricket rivalry

India vs. Pakistan
Teams India India
Pakistan Pakistan
First meeting 16–19 October 1952 (Test)
1 October 1978 (ODI)
14 September 2007 (T20I)
Latest meeting 2015 Cricket World Cup
India beat Pakistan by 76 runs
15 February 2015
Adelaide Oval, Adelaide
Next meeting 19 March 2016
Dharamshala,India [1]
Statistics
Meetings total Tests:60
ODIs: 127
T20Is: 6
Most wins Tests: Pakistan Pakistan (Pakistan 12 India 9)
ODIs: Pakistan Pakistan (Pakistan 72 India 51)
T20Is: India India (India 4 Pakistan 1)

The India–Pakistan cricket rivalry is one of the most intense sports rivalries in the world.[2][3] An India-Pakistan cricket match has been estimated to attract up to one billion viewers, according to TV ratings firms and various other reports.[4][5][6] The 2011 World Cup semifinal between the two teams attracted around 988 million television viewers.[7][8][9]

The arch-rival relations between the two nations, resulting from the extensive communal violence and conflict that marked the Partition of British India into India and Pakistan in 1947 and the subsequent Kashmir conflict, laid the foundations for the emergence of an intense sporting rivalry between the two nations who had erstwhile shared a common cricketing heritage. The first Test series between the two teams took place in 1951-52, when Pakistan toured India. India toured Pakistan for the first time in 1954-55. Between 1962 and 1977, no cricket was played between the two countries owing to two major wars in 1965 and 1971. The 1999 Kargil War and the 2008 Mumbai terrorist attacks have also interrupted cricketing ties between the two nations.

The growth of large expatriate populations from India and Pakistan across the world led to neutral states like the United Arab Emirates and Canada hosting several bilateral and multilateral ODI series involving the two teams. Players in both teams routinely face intense pressure to win, and are threatened by extreme reactions in defeat. Extreme fan reactions to defeats in key matches such as in the ICC Cricket World Cup have been recorded, with a limited degree of violence and public disturbances. At the same time, India-Pakistan cricket matches have also offered opportunities for cricket diplomacy as a means to improve relations between the two countries by allowing heads of state to exchange visits and cricket followers from either country to travel to the other to watch the matches.

History

The partition of British India in 1947 that led to the creation of an independent India and Pakistan was characterised by intense and bloody conflict between Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs that left one million people dead. An estimated ten million people migrated to the nation of their choice. The bloody legacy of the partition and the subsequent emergence of territorial disputes and wars being fought over them have all added to the growth of intense rivalries in field hockey, association football but especially in cricket, which had been developed during British colonial rule and is the most popular sport in both nations. Many of the players in the first post-independence teams of India and Pakistan had played together as team-mates in regional and local tournaments.

Pakistan became a permanent member of the International Cricket Council in 1948, and their tour of India was their first in Test cricket history. They lost the first Test in Delhi to India, but won the second Test in Lucknow, which led to an angry reaction from the home crowd against the Indian players. India clinched the Test series after winning the third Test in Bombay, but the intense pressure affected the players of both teams to the point that they pursued mainly defensive tactics that led to drawn matches and whole series without a victor. When India toured Pakistan in 1955, thousands of Indian fans were granted visas to go to the Pakistani city of Lahore to watch the Test match. But both the 1955 series and Pakistan's tour of India in 1961 ended in a drawn series with no test yielding a winner or loser. Complaints about the fairness of umpires also became routine.

The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 and subsequent Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 put a hold on India-Pakistan cricket that lasted till 1978, when India toured Pakistan and cricket resumed for a brief period. In the post-1971 period, politics became a direct factor in the holding of cricketing events. India has suspended cricketing ties with Pakistan several times following terrorist attacks or other hostilities. The resumption of cricketing ties in 1978 came with the emergence of heads of government in both India and Pakistan who were not directly connected with the 1971 war and coincided with their formal initiatives to normalize bilateral relations. Shortly after a period of belligerency during the Operation Brasstacks war games, Pakistani president Zia-ul-Haq was invited to watch the India-Pakistan test match being played in the Indian city of Jaipur. This form of cricket diplomacy has occurred several times afterwards as well. Pakistan toured India in 1979, but an Indian tour of Pakistan in 1984 was cancelled mid-way due to the assassination of Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.

In the late 1980s and for most of the 1990s, India and Pakistan squared-off on neutral venues such as Sharjah in the United Arab Emirates and in Toronto, Canada, where large audiences of expatriates regularly watched them play. The series between the teams in Canada in the 1990s and early 2000s were officially known as the "Friendship Cup". Sharjah even though a neutral venue was considered as the "back yard of Pakistan" given the close proximity and the massive support the team generated.[10]

The rise of multinational competitions such as the Cricket World Cup, ICC World Twenty20 the Austral-Asia Cup and the Asia Cup led to more regular albeit briefer contests.

In 1999, immediately following Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee's historic visit to Pakistan, the Pakistani team toured India for Test matches and played in an ODI competition before the Kargil War again put bilateral relations in deep freeze. Prime Minister Vajpayee's peace initiative of 2003 led to India touring Pakistan after a gap of almost 15 years. Subsequent exchange tours were held in 2005 and 2006 before the 2008 Mumbai attacks led to the suspension of India's planned tour of Pakistan in 2009 and all future engagements in Pakistan. India was scheduled to begin the tour of Pakistan from 13 January to 19 February 2009, but was cancelled because of the tension existing between the two countries after the terrorist attacks in Mumbai.[11]

The rise of domestic terrorism led to Pakistan not hosting international cricket since the Sri Lankan team was attacked in 2009, and Pakistan was stripped of its co-host status for the ICC Cricket World Cup 2011. India and Pakistan qualified for the first semi-final in Chandigarh, India, and the Indian government invited the Pakistani Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani to watch the match along with his Indian counterpart, Dr. Manmohan Singh. Bilateral ties finally resumed when BCCI invited the Pakistan national team to tour India for 3 ODIs and 2 T20s in December 2012. The three ODIs were held in New Delhi, Kolkata and Chennai with Ahmedabad and Bangalore hosted two Twenty20 fixtures.[12]

In March 2013, 66 Kashmiri students studying at Swami Vivekanand Subharti University in Meerut, India were expelled and briefly threatened with sedition charges because they cheered for the Pakistani cricket team during a televised match against India at the Asia Cup.[13]

On 27 June 2014, Pakistan Cricket Board stated that an agreement to play 6 bilateral series has been signed with BCCI during the ICC annual conference in Melbourne.[14]

Matches

The first ever test match between India and Pakistan was played at Delhi from 16–19 October 1952. It was a four-day test, India required just three days to beat Pakistan by an innings and 70 runs. India won the 5-match series 2–1. The following two test series of 5 tests each were draws. Pakistan's first series win against India came after 26 years, in the 1978–79 series.

Even though winning a cricket match in backyard of opposition country in cricket is rare, Pakistan is having a complete dominance over India in India. Pakistan won 19 matches in Indian soil while India won 11 matches in India. India has always beaten Pakistan in World Cup clashes. Pakistan leads India in the number of wins in Tests (12–9) and One Day Internationals (72–51).[15] While India leads Pakistan in T20s (4-1).

India has continued its World Cup winning streak by beating Pakistan in their 2015 World Cup Match on 15 February 2015 by 76 runs.[15][16] India leads Pakistan 22-12 in Major World Level/ Tournament matches mainly due to the 10-0 margin in World Cup matches be it 50 over or T20 World Cups.India dominates Pakistan once again in the International/ World Level Trophy wins 13-6, Pakistan similarly outperforms India 13-5 in other ICC held events. Pakistan lead India by a margin of 51-28 in matches played at India,Pakistan and Sharjah. India have a small advantage over Pakistan 23-21 in matches played at other neutral venues spread over Australia, England, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and South Africa.

Head-to-head statistics

Overall

Tests[17] ODIs[18] T20Is[19]
While Pakistan has been completely dominant in both Tests (12 vs. 9) and ODIs (72 vs. 51), India has an upperhand in the shortest format (4 vs. 1). Even though winning a cricket match in backyard of opposition country in cricket is rare, Pakistan is having a complete dominance over India in India. Pakistan won 19 matches in Indian soil while India won 11 matches in India.

† The 2007 ICC World Twenty20 match between the teams ended in a tie, but India was awarded the points as a result of a Bowl Out. The match result was officially recorded as a tie.

Results of Matches played in Major International / World Level Tournaments [20]

Tournament India Pakistan
Cricket World Cup 6 0
World Twenty20 5 0
Champions Trophy 1 2
Asia Cup 5 5
World Championship of Cricket23
Silver Jubilee Independence Cup- Bangladesh 3 3
Pepsi Independence Cup- India 0 4
Australian Tri Series 1 5

Major International/ World Level Tournaments Won

Tournament India Pakistan
Cricket World Cup 2 1
World Twenty20 1 1
Champions Trophy 2 0
Asia Cup 5 2
Under-19 World Cup 3 2
Austrial-Asia Cup 0 3
Other Tournaments Won
Tournament India  Pakistan 
Asian Test Championship 0 1
World Championship- 1985 1 1
MRF Nehru Cup - 1989 0 1
Tri- Series Australia 1 1
Silver Jubilee Independence Cup-1998 1 1
Rothmans Cup 1 1
Austral- Asia Cup 0 3
Coco Cola Cup 0 2
Singer World Series 1 1
Singer Cup 0 1
Sharjah Champions Trophy 0 1
Wills Cup 0 1
Kitply Cup 0 1
Pepsi Cup 0 1
Women's World Twenty20 0 0
Women's Asia Cup 5 0

List of Test series

Series Years Host First match Tests IND PAK Drawn/No Result Winner
1 1952–53 India 16 October 1952 5 2 1 2 India
2 1954–55 Pakistan 1 January 1955 5 0 0 5 Drawn
3 1960–61 India 2 December 1960 5 0 0 5 Drawn
4 1978–79 Pakistan 16 October 1978 3 0 2 1 Pakistan
5 1979–80 India 21 November 1979 6 2 0 4 India
6 1982–83 Pakistan 10 December 1982 6 0 3 3 Pakistan
7 1983–84 India 14 September 1983 3 0 0 3 Drawn
8 1984–85 Pakistan 17 October 1984 2 0 0 2 Drawn
9 1986–87 India 3 February 1987 5 0 1 4 Pakistan
10 1989–90 Pakistan 15 November 1989 4 0 0 4 Drawn
11 1998–99 India 28 January 1999 2 1 1 0 Drawn
12 1998–99 India 20 February 1999 1 0 1 0 Pakistan
13 2003–04 Pakistan 28 March 2004 3 2 1 0 India
14 2004–05 India 8 March 2005 3 1 1 1 Drawn
15 2005–06 Pakistan 13 January 2006 3 0 1 2 Pakistan
16 2007–08 India 22 November 2007 3 1 0 2 India
Total India: 9
Pakistan: 7		 58 09 12 38 India: 4
Pakistan: 5
Draw: 7

List of ODI series

Bilateral series

Series Years Host First match ODIs IND PAK Tie/No Result Winner Notes
1 1978–79 Pakistan 1 October 1978 3 1 2 0 Pakistan
2 1982–83 Pakistan 3 December 1982 4 1 3 0 Pakistan
3 1983–84 India 10 September 1983 2 2 0 0 India
4 1984–85 Pakistan 12 October 1984 2 0 1 1 Pakistan
5 1986–87 India 27 January 1987 6 1 5 0 Pakistan
6 1989–90 Pakistan 16 December 1989 3 0 2 1 Pakistan
7 1996 Canada 16 September 1996 5 2 3 0 Pakistan
8 1997 Canada 13 September 1997 5 4 1 0 India
9 1997–98 Pakistan 28 September 1997 3 1 2 0 Pakistan
10 1998 Canada 12 September 1998 5 1 4 0 Pakistan
11 2003–04 Pakistan 13 March 2004 5 3 2 0 India
12 2004–05 India 13 November 2004 1 0 1 0 Pakistan
13 2004–05 India 2 April 2005 6 2 4 0 Pakistan Shahid Afridi nine 6s in ODI #5
14 2005–06 Pakistan 6 February 2006 5 4 1 0 India
15 2005–06 UAE 18 April 2006 2 1 1 0 Drawn
16 2007–08 India 5 November 2007 5 3 2 0 India
17 2012–13 India 30 December 2012 3 1 2 0 Pakistan
Total India: 6

Pakistan: 7
Canada: 3
UAE: 1

 65 26 34 2 India: 5

Pakistan: 11
Draw: 1

Series involving other teams

The table contains details and results only of matches played between India and Pakistan in the respective series and not matches with other teams involved in the series.

S. No. Series/Tournament Host Other Teams First Match ODIs IND PAK Tie/No Result Series Winner
2 Rothmans Four-Nations Cup 1984–85 UAE Australia, England 22 March 1985 1 1 0 0 India
3 World Championship of Cricket 1984–85 Australia Australia, England, New Zealand, Sri Lanka and West Indies 12 October 1984 2 2 0 0 India
4 Rothmans Sharjah Cup 1985–86 UAE West Indies 17 November 1985 1 0 1 0 West Indies
5 Austral-Asia Cup 1986 UAE Australia, New Zealand, Sri Lanka 18 April 1986 1 0 1 0 Pakistan
6 Champions Trophy 1986–87 UAE Sri Lanka, West Indies 5 December 1986 1 0 1 0 West Indies
7 Sharjah Cup 1986–87 UAE Australia, England 10 April 1987 1 0 1 0 England
8 Champions Trophy 1988–89 UAE West Indies 19 October 1988 1 0 1 0 West Indies
10 Champions Trophy 1989–90 UAE West Indies 15 October 1989 2 0 2 0 Pakistan
11 Nehru Cup) 1989–90 India Australia, England, Sri Lanka, West Indies 28 October 1989 1 0 1 0 Pakistan
12 Austral-Asia Cup 1990 UAE Australia, Bangladesh, New Zealand, Sri Lanka 27 April 1990 1 0 1 0 Pakistan
13 Wills Trophy 1991–92 UAE West Indies 18 October 1991 3 1 2 0 Pakistan
14 Austral-Asia Cup 1994 UAE Australia, New Zealand, Sri Lanka, UAE 15 April 1994 2 0 2 0 Pakistan
15 Singer World Series 1994 Sri Lanka Australia, Sri Lanka 15 April 1994 1† 0 0 0 India
17 Singer Cup 1995–96 Singapore Sri Lanka 5 April 1996 1 0 1 0 Pakistan
18 1996 Pepsi Sharjah Cup UAE South Africa 12 April 1996 2 1 1 0 South Africa
19 Pepsi Independence Cup 1997 India New Zealand, Sri Lanka 21 May 1997 1 0 1 0 Sri Lanka
21 Champions Trophy 1997–98 UAE England, West Indies 14 December 1997 1 0 1 0 England
22 Silver Jubilee Independence Cup 1997–98 Bangladesh Bangladesh 11 January 1998 4 3 1 0 India
23 Pepsi Cup 1998–99 India Sri Lanka 24 March 1999 3 0 3 0 Pakistan
24 Coca-Cola Cup 1998–99 UAE England 8 April 1999 3 1 2 0 Pakistan
25 Carlton & United Series 1999-00 Australia Australia 10 January 2000 4 1 3 0 Australia
26 Coca-Cola Cup 1999-00 UAE South Africa 23 March 2000 2 1 1 0 Pakistan
28 Kitply Cup 2008 Bangladesh Bangladesh 10 June 2008 2 1 1 0 Pakistan

†Match abandoned.

Test records

Team

Most runs in an innings
Runs Team Venue Season
700-5  Pakistan Gaddafi Stadium 1989/90
679-7 d  Pakistan Gaddafi Stadium 2005/06
675-5 d  India Multan Cricket Stadium 2003/04
674-6  Pakistan Iqbal Stadium 1984/85
652  Pakistan Iqbal Stadium 1982/83

Last updated: 27 November 2011[21]

Fewest runs in a completed innings
Runs Team Venue Season
106  India University Ground 1952/53
116  Pakistan M. Chinnaswamy Stadium 1986/87
126  India Feroz Shah Kotla 1979/80
145  India M. Chinnaswamy Stadium 1986/87
 India National Stadium, Karachi 1954/55

Last updated: 27 November 2011[22]

Greatest win margins (by innings)
Margin Winning team Venue Season
Innings and 131 runs  India Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium 2003/04
Innings and 119 runs  Pakistan Niaz Stadium 1982/83
Innings and 86 runs  Pakistan National Stadium, Karachi 1982/83
Innings and 70 runs  India Feroz Shah Kotla 1952/53
Innings and 52 runs  India Multan Cricket Stadium 2003/04

Last updated: 27 November 2011[23]

Greatest win margins (by runs)
Margin Teams Venue Season
341 runs  Pakistan National Stadium, Karachi 2005/06
212 runs  India Feroz Shah Kotla 1998/99
195 runs  India Eden Gardens 2004/05
168 runs  Pakistan M. Chinnaswamy Stadium 2004–05
131 runs  India Wankhede Stadium 1979/80

Last updated: 27 November 2011[23]

Smallest victories
Most extras conceded in an innings

Individual

Highest score in an innings
Best bowling figures in an innings
Best bowling figures in a match
Most runs conceded in an innings
Highest wicket taker in India vs Pakistan matches

ODI records

Highest innings totals
Rank Score Team Venue Date
1 356–9 (50 overs)  India Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium, Visakhapatnam 5 April 2005
2 349–7 (50 overs)  India National Stadium, Karachi 13 March 2004
3 344–8 (50 overs)  Pakistan National Stadium, Karachi 13 March 2004
4 330–4 (47.5 overs)  India Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium 18 March 2012
5 330–8 (50 overs)  India Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium 10 June 2008
Source: Cricinfo.com. Last updated 18 March 2012.
Lowest innings score
Rank Score Team Venue Date
1 79 (34.2 overs)  India Jinnah Stadium Sialkot 13 October 1978
2 87 (32.5 overs)  Pakistan Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium 22 March 1985
3 112 (30.2 overs)  India Gaddafi Stadium 22 December 1989
4 116 (45.0 overs)  Pakistan Toronto Cricket, Skating and Curling Club 14 September 1997
5 125 (45.0 overs)  India Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium 16 April 1999
Source: Cricinfo.com. Last updated 18 March 2012.
Most career runs
Runs Player Period
2,474 (66 innings) India Sachin Tendulkar 1989–2012
2,403 (64 innings) Pakistan Inzamam-ul-Haq 1992–2006
2,002 (48 innings) Pakistan Saeed Anwar 1989–2003
2,005 (55 innings) India Rahul Dravid 1996–2012
1,657 (59 innings) India Mohammad Azharuddin 1985–2000

Last updated: 3 January 2013[24]

Highest individual score
Runs Player Venue Date
194 Pakistan Saeed Anwar M. A. Chidambaram Stadium 21 May 1997
183 India Virat Kohli Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium 18 March 2012
148 India Mahendra Singh Dhoni ACA-VDCA Stadium 5 April 2005
143 Pakistan Shoaib Malik R. Premadasa Stadium 25 July 2004
141 India Sachin Tendulkar Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium 16 March 2004

Last updated: 18 March 2012[25]

Highest partnerships
Best bowling figures
Biggest victory margins
Pakistan – 303/8 (50.0 overs)
India – 144 (37 overs)
India – 330/9 (50.0 overs)
Pakistan – 190 (35.4 overs)
Smallest victory margins
Pakistan – 257/8 (50.0 overs)
India – 253/7 (50.0 overs)
India – 212/6 (44.0 overs maximum)
Pakistan – 212/7 (44.0 overs maximum)[26]
Most extras in one ODI
Most catches by an individual in an innings
Sunil Gavaskar at Sharjah on 22 March 1985
Mohammad Azharuddin at Toronto Cricket, Skating and Curling Club on 13 September 1997
Sachin Tendulkar at Dhaka on 11 January 1998
Younis Khan at Keenan Stadium, Jamshedpur on 9 April 2005
Most wickets in a career
Wickets Player Matches Average
60 Pakistan Wasim Akram 48 25.15
57 Pakistan Saqlain Mushtaq 35 24.38
54 India Anil Kumble 34 24.25
Pakistan Aaqib Javed 39 24.64
India Javagal Srinath 36 30.68

Last updated: 3 January 2013[27]

ODI matches summary (1978-2014)

Players who have played for both teams

After the partition in 1947, Pakistan emerged to play cricket. But India had already been playing cricket matches pre-independence. Three players have played for Pakistan after appearing for India. They are:

Although Pakistan was created in 1947, Gul Mohammad continued to represent India until 1955, and played for India against Pakistan in Pakistan's first tour of India in 1951-52.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "ICC t20 world schedule announced". Cricinfo. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
  2. ↑ Brett, Oliver (9 March 2004). "Cricket's most intense rivalry". BBC News.
  3. ↑ Richards, Huw (8 March 2008). "Cricket: Passion and politics mix as India faces Pakistan". The New York Times.
  4. ↑ Agrawal, Ravi. "India vs. Pakistan: How a great cricketing rivalry matured". cnn.com. CNN. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
  5. ↑ Payne, Marissa. "1 billion people are expected to tune into India vs. Pakistan World Cup cricket match". washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
  6. ↑ Berry, Scyld. "India beat Pakistan by 76 runs as estimated one billion viewers tune in to World Cup clash". telegraph.co.uk. The Telegraph. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
  7. ↑ "Billion eyes on most watched cricket match in history". The Australian. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
  8. ↑ "India vs Pakistan World Cup Clash Set to Attract Record Viewers". NDTV. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
  9. ↑ "India vs Pakistan World Cup match tipped for TV audience of one billion". stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
  10. ↑ Stats Guru Summary of Bilateral series between India and Pakistan
  11. ↑ Herman, Steve (18 December 2008). "India Cancels Cricket Tour of Pakistan". VOA News (Voice of America). Retrieved 3 January 2009.
  12. ↑ "Cricket spirit: Pakistan to tour India in December". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
  13. ↑ http://news.yahoo.com/66-students-expelled-cheering-pakistan-cricket-131410943.html
  14. ↑ "India to play six bilateral series against Pakistan in next eight years". Patrika Group (in Hindi). Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  15. 1 2 http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=7;orderby=wickets;spanmax2=25+Mar+2011;spanmin2=25+Mar+2001;spanval2=span;team=6;template=results;type=team
  16. ↑ http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=6;orderby=won;team=7;template=results;trophy=44;type=team
  17. ↑ Cricinfo – Records – India v Pakistan zinda Abad – Test matches – Result summary
  18. ↑ Cricinfo – Records – India v Pakistan – One-Day Internationals – Result summary
  19. ↑ Cricinfo – Records – India v Pakistan – Twenty20 Internationals – Result summary
  20. ↑ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/cricket-world-cup/8415407/India-v-Pakistan-head-to-head-record-as-sides-contest-Cricket-World-Cup-2011-semi-final-in-Mohali.html
  21. ↑ "Records / India v Pakistan / Test matches / Highest totals". Cricinfo. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
  22. ↑ "Records / India v Pakistan / Test matches / Lowest totals". Cricinfo. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
  23. 1 2 "Records / India v Pakistan / Test matches / Largest victories". Cricinfo. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
  24. ↑ "Records / India v Pakistan / One-Day Internationals / Most runs". Retrieved 3 January 2013.
  25. ↑ "Records / India v Pakistan / One-Day Internationals / High scores". Cricinfo. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
  26. ↑ http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64304.html
  27. ↑ "Records / India v Pakistan / One-Day Internationals / Most wickets". Cricinfo. Retrieved 3 January 2013.

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Monday, February 15, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.