Ichthyothere

Ichthyothere
Ichthyothere elliptica
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Subfamily: Asteroideae
Tribe: Heliantheae
Genus: Ichthyothere
Mart., 1830
Synonyms

Ichthyothere is a genus of flowering plants, found in parts of South America (the Amazon) and Central America.[1][2][3]

The name ichthyothere literally translates as fish poison. These plants' active constituent is a chemical called ichthyothereol, which is a polyyne compound that is highly toxic to fish and mammals.[4] Ichthyothere terminalis leaves have traditionally been used to make poisoned bait by indigenous peoples of the lower Amazon basin.[4]

Ichthyothereol, a potent fish poison found in members of this genus

This genus is characterized by the small capitulum with few (usually one or two) fertile ray florets. It lacks an expanded outer series of herbaceous involucral bracts or phyllaries. These tend to be much reduced.

Ichthyothere scandens and Ichthyothere garcia-barrigae, both found at elevations above 1,000m, belong to a unique subgenus within Ichthyothere. The other species are small herbs with an erect stem, showing tightly clustered or glomerulate groups of capitula. They occur below 1,000 m elevation.

Its taxonomic status has been revised several times. It was classified in the subtribes Melampodiinae, Milleriinae and then in a group of unclassified taxa. Recent molecular phylogenetic research has now placed the genus Ichthyothere in the subtribe Espeletiinae. It may be a sister taxon to the Espeletia complex.[5]

Species
  • Ichthyothere agrestis
  • Ichthyothere connata
  • Ichthyothere cordata
  • Ichthyothere davidsei
  • Ichthyothere elliptica
  • Ichthyothere garcia-barrigae
  • Ichthyothere grandifolia
  • Ichthyothere granvillei
  • Ichthyothere hirsuta
  • Ichthyothere integrifolia
  • Ichthyothere latifolia
  • Ichthyothere macdanielii
  • Ichthyothere matogrossensis
  • Ichthyothere mollis
  • Ichthyothere palustris
  • Ichthyothere perfoliata
  • Ichthyothere peruviana
  • Ichthyothere scandens
  • Ichthyothere suffruticosa
  • Ichthyothere terminalis

References

  1. ↑ Martius, Carl Friedrich Philipp von. 1830. Repertorium für die Pharmacie 35: 195
  2. ↑ Tropicos, Ichthyothere Mart.
  3. ↑ Robinson H., 1980 Studies in the Heliantheae (Asteraceae). XXVI. New species of Ichthyothere. Phytologia 47: 128-128
  4. 1 2 Cascon, Seiva C.; Mors, Walter B.; Tursch, Bernard M.; Aplin, Robin T.; Durham, Lois J. (1965). "Ichthyothereol and Its Acetate, the Active Polyacetylene Constituents of Ichthyothere terminalis (Spreng.) Malme, a Fish Poison from the Lower Amazon". Journal of the American Chemical Society 87 (22): 5237–5241. doi:10.1021/ja00950a044. ISSN 0002-7863.
  5. ↑ Molecular phylogenetics of the Espeletia complex (Asteraceae)
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