Ebrahim Yazdi

Ebrahim Yazdiابراهیم یزدی
Leader of the Freedom Movement
Assumed office
25 January 1995
Preceded by Mehdi Bazargan
Deputy Prime Minister of Iran
In office
4 February 1979 – 1 March 1979
Prime Minister Mehdi Bazargan
Succeeded by Abbas Amir-Entezam
Minister of Foreign Affairs of Iran
In office
12 April 1979 – 12 November 1979
Prime Minister Mehdi Bazargan
Preceded by Karim Sanjabi
Succeeded by Abulhassan Banisadr
Personal details
Born 1931 (age 84–85)
Qazvin, Iran
Nationality Iranian
Political party Freedom Movement of Iran
Alma mater University of Tehran
Baylor University
Religion Shia Islam

Ebrahim Yazdi (ابراهیم یزدی; born 1931) is an Iranian politician and diplomat who served as deputy prime minister and minister of foreign affairs in the interim government of Mehdi Bazargan, until his resignation in November 1979, in protest at the Iran hostage crisis. From 1995 to 2011, he headed the Freedom Movement of Iran, which is considered an "illegal party" by factions within the Iranian government. The stated goals of the Freedom Movement include guarding against abuses of the constitution and abuses of civil rights, expanding opportunities for the growth of democracy and a multi-party system, as well as safeguarding economic, social and cultural rights for all Iranians.

Early life and education

Yazdi was born in Qazvin in 1931.[1][2] He studied pharmacology at the University of Tehran.[2] Then he received a master's degree in philosophy again from the University of Tehran.[3]

After the military coup of 1953, which deposed the government of Mohammad Mossadegh, Yazdi joined the underground National Resistance Movement of Iran, and was active in this organization from 1953 to 1960. This organization opposed to the Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Yazdi traveled to the United States in 1961[4] to continue his education and in the US, continued his involvement in political activities against the Shah.

He was cofounder of the Freedom Movement of Iran, Abroad, along with Mostafa Chamran, Ali Shariati, and Sadegh Qotbzadeh in 1961. They were all part of the radical external wing of the group.[5] In 1963, Yazdi, Chamran and Ghotbzadeh went to Egypt and met the authorities to establish an anti-Shah organization in the country, which was later called SAMA, special organization for unity and action.[5] Chamran was chosen as its military head before returning to the US.[5] In 1966, Yazdi moved headquarters of SAMA to Beirut.[5] In 1967, he enrolled at Baylor University and received a PhD in biochemistry.[3]

In 1975, Yazdi was tried in absentia in an Iranian military court and condemned to ten years imprisonment, with orders issued for his arrest upon return to Iran. Because of his activities, he was unable to return to Iran and remained in the United States until July 1977.[3] He became a naturalized US citizen in Houston in 1971.[4] When Ayatollah Khomenei moved to Paris from Iraq in 1978, Yazdi also went to Paris and began to serve as an advisor to the Ayatollah.[6] He was also his spokesperson in Paris.[4]

Career and political activities

Yazdi worked as a research assistant of pathology and research instructor of pharmocology at Baylor University's college of medicine in Texas until 1977.[3] He also worked at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Houston.[3]

In 1978, he joined Ayatollah Khomeini in Paris where the latter had been in exile and became one of his advisors.[7] He translated the reports of Khomeini into English in a press conference on 3 February 1979 in Tehran.[8] He was the deputy prime minister and minister of foreign affairs in the interim government of Mehdi Bazargan, until 6 November 1979.[9] Yazdi proposed to celebrate 'Jerusalem Day' and his suggestion was endorsed by Khomeini in August 1979.[9] In May 1980, he was appointed by Khomenei as head of the Kayhan newspaper.[10]

On 4 November 1979, the US embassy was taken over for a second time, this time by a group calling itself “Students Following the Line of the Imam (i.e. Ayatollah Khomeini)” and led by Mohammad Mousavi Khoeiniha, who had closer ties to certain revolutionary leaders.

As before, Yazdi was asked to go to the embassy and resolve the crisis. He asked and received permission of Khomeini to expel the occupiers, but shortly thereafter found out Khomeini had changed his mind[11] and appeared on state television openly endorsed the takeover of the embassy. The entire cabinet of the interim government, including Yazdi and Prime Minister Mehdi Bazargan, resigned in protest the next day. They stated that they opposed the embassy takeover as “contrary to the national interest of Iran”.

The embassy takeover is considered to have been motivated in part by an internal struggle between various factions within the revolutionary leadership, with Yazdi and Bazargan on one side, and more radical clergy on the other. The embassy attackers, in subsequent statements indicated that one of their primary objectives in the takeover of the US embassy in November 1979 was to force the resignation of Yazdi, Bazargan, and the entire cabinet.

Among the areas of conflict between the two factions was the behavior of the Revolutionary Courts and the Revolutionary Committees. Yazdi and Bazargan supported a general amnesty for all members of the Shah’s regime, provided that they cease to act against the revolution. They publicly opposed the secret trials and the summary executions carried out by the Revolutionary Courts, led by Ayatollah Sadegh Khalkhaali. Bazargan and other members of the interim government called for fair and open trials for those accused of crimes committed under the Shah’s regime. The radical clerics, on the other hand, stated that the rapid trials and executions were essential to protect the revolution.

After resignation from office, Yazdi and other members of the Freedom Movement of Iran ran in elections for the first post-revolutionary Islamic Consultative Assembly or parliament. Yazdi, Bazargan, and four other members of the Freedom Movement, namely Mostafa Chamran, Ahmad Sadr, Hashem Sabbaghian, and Yadollah Sahabi, were elected. They served at the parliament from 1980 to 1984.

After the Iraqi invasion of Iran in September 1980, Yazdi fully supported the Iranian war effort against the invasion, but opposed the continuation of the war after the Iranian victory in Khorramshahr in 1982. The war continued for an additional six years. During these six years, Yazdi and others in the Freedom Movement issued several open letters to Ayatollah Khomeini opposing the continuation of the war. These letters and other public statements resulted in the firebombing of Yazdi’s residence in Tehran in 1985, and the arrest and imprisonment of several member of the Freedom Movement.

In subsequent elections in Iran for president, parliament, and city councils, Yazdi and other members of the Freedom Movement filed for candidacy but were barred from running by the Guardian Council, because of their opposition to policies and actions of the government.[12]

In December 1997, Yazdi was arrested on unknown charges and detained in Evin prison in Tehran. Even after his release, he was barred from leaving the country for many years, and summoned on a regular basis to answer questions before the revolutionary council, with his lawyer, Nobel Prize–winning Shirin Ebadi. As of 2008 Yazdi is still accused of “attempting to convert the rule of velaii (jurisprudence) into democratic rule.”

After the death of Bazargan in January 1995, Yazdi was elected as leader of Freedom Movement of Iran. Under pressure from the revolutionary court prosecutor, Yazdi offered his resignation as FMI Leader from on 20 March 2011 to the leadership council of the FMI. They have yet to accept his resignation and Yazdi continues to function as the leader of the Freedom Movement of Iran.

Later years

Yazdi was arrested in December 1997 for desecrating religious sanctities and freed on 26 December on bail.[13] On 17 June 2009, during the 2009 Iranian election protests, it was reported that Yazdi was arrested while undergoing tests at the Tehran hospital according to the Freedom Movement of Iran website.[14] On 22 June, he was released back to the hospital for a medical procedure.[15] On 28 December 2009, Yazdi was arrested again in the wake of renewed protests,[16] according to the Jaras reformist website.

Yazdi and several others were arrested on 1 October 2010 in Isfahan for participating in an "illegal Friday prayer." All others were freed within days. Ebrahim Yazdi remained in "temporary custody"—first in Evin prison and then in a "secure" facility under the control of Iran's security forces until March 2011. He was released in April 2011.[17]

Selected works

Books

Aakhareen Talaash-ha Dar Aakhareen Rooz-ha (Final Efforts, Final Days), Qalam Publications, 1984 (13th Edition, 1999) (a report and analysis on the Iranian Islamic Revolution of 1979)

Principles of Molecular Genetics (Third Edition), Ettela’aat Publications, Tehran, 2000

Mutational Changes in Generic Materials, Matin Cultural Foundation, Tehran, 1986

Seh Jumhuri (The Three Republics), Jaameye Iranian Publications, 2000 (a compilation of political essays and articles by Ebrahim Yazdi published in Iranian journals from 1997–2000)

Khatti Dar Darya (A Line in the Sea), Qalam Publications, Tehran, 2000 (a new interpretation of the verse of the Quran on “Marajul Bahrain”)

Khaak-haa-ye Rosi va Paydaayesh-e Hayaat (Clay Minerals and the Origin of Life), Qalam Publications, 2001 (a new interpretation of the verses of the Quran on “Teen-e Laatheb”)

Kalbod Shekaafee-ye Towte-e: Barresee-ye Kudetaa-ye Beestohasht-e Mordaad 1332 (The Anatomy of a Plot: An Analysis of the Coup of August 1953), Qalam Publications, 2002 (a collection of essays on the US and British led military coup against the national government of Mohammad Mossadegh)

Docterin-e Amniyyat-e Melli (National Security Doctrine), Sarai Publications, Tehran, 2004 (a compilation of political essays on Iranian foreign affairs from 1980–2004)

Jonbesh-e Daaneshju-yi-e Iran 1320-1340 (The Iranian Student Movement from 1941–1961), Qalam Publications, 2004 (a history and memoirs of the student movement and activities of Ebrahim Yazdi during this period)

References

  1. ↑ Houchang E. Chehabi (1990). Iranian Politics and Religious Modernism: The Liberation Movement of Iran Under the Shah and Khomeini. I.B.Tauris. p. 228. ISBN 978-1-85043-198-5. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
  2. 1 2 Ibrahim Yazdi Gale Encyclopedia of the Mideast and N. Africa
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "Rescue leader at embassy was researcher at Baylor". Toledo Blade (Houston). AP. 14 February 1979. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  4. 1 2 3 "Official of Iran is a US citizen". The Milwaukee Sentinel. 15 March 1979. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Houchang Chehabi; Rula Jurdi Abisaab; Centre for Lebanese Studies (Great Britain) (2 April 2006). Distant Relations: Iran and Lebanon in the Last 500 Years. I.B.Tauris. p. 182. ISBN 978-1-86064-561-7. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
  6. ↑ Rubin, Barry (1980). Paved with Good Intentions (PDF). New York: Penguin Books. p. 220.
  7. ↑ Zonis, Marvin (July 1983). "A Theory of Revolution From Accounts of the Revolution". World Politics 35 (4): 586–606. doi:10.2307/2010391. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
  8. ↑ Sahimi, Mohammad (3 February 2010). "The Ten Days That Changed Iran". PBS (Los Angeles). Retrieved 30 July 2013.
  9. 1 2 Ardalan, Siavash (1 August 2013). "Iran's 'Jerusalem Day': Behind the rallies and rhetoric". BBC. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  10. ↑ "Khomenei's hard-liners triumph". The Spokesman Review. AP. May 1980. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
  11. ↑ Bowden, Guests of the Ayatollah, (2006) p. 93
  12. ↑ "Human Rights and Parliamentary Elections in the Islamic Republic of Iran". Human Rights Watch 8 (1). March 1996. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
  13. ↑ "Teheran Court Releases Critic". The New York Times. 26 December 1997. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  14. ↑ Tait, Robert (17 June 2009), "Iran elections: mass arrests and campus raids as regime hits back", The Guardian (London), retrieved 18 June 2009
  15. ↑ Daily Show interview with Yazdi's son, 22 June 2009
  16. ↑ Iran 'at point of no return', ABC News, Anne Barker, 29 December 2009
  17. ↑ Katzman, Kenneth (17 June 2013). "Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses" (CRS Report for US Congress). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 3 August 2013.

Sources

Political offices
Preceded by
Karim Sanjabi		 Foreign minister of Iran
1979 		Succeeded by
Sadegh Ghotbzadeh
Party political offices
Preceded by
Mehdi Bazargan		 Leader of Freedom Movement of Iran
1995-2011 		Succeeded by
Abdolali Bazargan
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