Uruguay

Coordinates: 33°S 56°W / 33°S 56°W / -33; -56

Eastern Republic of Uruguay República Oriental del Uruguay
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: "Libertad o Muerte" (Spanish) "Freedom or Death"
Anthem: Himno Nacional de Uruguay National Anthem of Uruguay
Capital and largest city		Montevideo 34°53′S 56°10′W / 34.883°S 56.167°W / -34.883; -56.167
Official languages		Spanish
Ethnic groups (2011[1])		87.7% White 4.6% Black 2.4% Indigenous 0.2% Asian 5.1% Other/None
Demonym		Uruguayan
Government		Unitary presidential constitutional republic
•	President	Tabaré Vázquez
•	Vice President	Raúl Sendic
Legislature		General Assembly
•	Upper house	Chamber of Senators
•	Lower house	Chamber of Deputies
Independence from the Empire of Brazil
•	Declaration	25 August 1825
•	Recognition	28 August 1828
•	Constitution	18 July 1830
Area
•	Total	176,215 km2 (89th) 68,037 sq mi
•	Water (%)	1.5
Population
•	2013 estimate	3,324,460[2] (133rd)
•	2011 census	3,286,314[3]
•	Density	18.87/km2 (198th) 48.86/sq mi
GDP (PPP)		2015 estimate
•	Total	$74.189 billion[4] (91st)
•	Per capita	$21,719[4] (61st)
GDP (nominal)		2015 estimate
•	Total	$54.968 billion[4] (78th)
•	Per capita	$16,091[4] (45th)
Gini (2013)		41.9[5] medium
HDI (2014)		0.793[6] high · 52nd
Currency		Uruguayan peso (UYU)
Time zone		UYT (UTC−3)
Drives on the		right
Calling code		+598
ISO 3166 code		UY
Internet TLD		.uy

Uruguay (ⁱ/ˈjʊərəɡwaɪ/;^[7] Spanish: [uɾuˈɣwai]), officially the Eastern Republic of Uruguay (Spanish: República Oriental del Uruguay), is a country in the southeastern region of South America. It is bordered by Argentina to its west and Brazil to its north and east, with the Atlantic Ocean to the south and southeast. Uruguay is home to 3.3 million people,^[2] of whom 1.8 million live in the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city, Montevideo. With an area of approximately 176,000 square kilometres (68,000 sq mi), Uruguay is geographically the second-smallest nation in South America after Suriname.

Uruguay was inhabited by the Charrúa people for approximately 4000 years before the Portuguese invaded. Portugal established Colonia del Sacramento, one of the oldest European settlements in the country, in 1680. Montevideo was founded as a military stronghold by the Spanish in the early 18th century, signifying the competing claims over the region. Uruguay won its independence between 1811 and 1828, following a four-way struggle between Spain, Portugal, Argentina and Brazil. It remained subject to foreign influence and intervention throughout the 19th century, with the military playing a recurring role in domestic politics until the late 20th century. Modern Uruguay is a democratic constitutional republic, with a president who serves as both head of state and head of government.

Uruguay is ranked first in Latin America in democracy, peace, lack of corruption, quality of living,^[8] e-Government,^[9] and equally first in South America when it comes to press freedom, size of the middle class and prosperity.^[8] Security became a serious problem during the past several years^[10] On a per-capita basis, Uruguay contributes more troops to United Nations peace-keeping missions than any other country.^[8] It ranks second in the region on economic freedom, income equality, per-capita income and inflows of FDI.^[8] Uruguay is the third-best country on the continent in terms of HDI, GDP growth,^[11] innovation and infrastructure.^[8] It is regarded as a high-income country (top group) by the UN, the only one in Latin America.^[9] Uruguay is also the third-best ranked in the world in e-Participation.^[9] Uruguay is an important global exporter of combed wool, rice, soybeans, frozen beef, malt and milk.^[8]

The Economist named Uruguay "country of the year" in 2013^[12] acknowledging the innovative policy of legalizing the production, sale and consumption of cannabis. Same-sex marriage and abortion are also legal, leading Uruguay to be regarded as one of the most liberal nations in the world, and one of the most socially developed, outstanding regionally^[13] and performing well globally on personal rights, tolerance and inclusion issues.^[14]

Etymology

The name of the namesake river comes from the Spanish pronunciation of the regional Guarani word for it. There are several interpretations, including "bird-river" ("the river of the urú", via Charruan, urú being a common noun of any wild fowl).^[15][16] The name could also refer a river snail called uruguá (Pomella megastoma) that was plentiful in the water.^[17]

In Spanish colonial times, and for some time thereafter, Uruguay and some neighbouring territories were called the Cisplatina and Banda Oriental [del Uruguay] ("East Bank [of the river Uruguay]"), then for a few years the "Eastern Province", and after independence ultimately became la República Oriental del Uruguay, translated either as the "Oriental Republic of Uruguay"^[2][18] or the "Eastern Republic of Uruguay".^[19]

History

The only documented inhabitants of Uruguay before European colonization of the area were the Charrúa, a small tribe driven south by the Guarani of Paraguay.^[20]

Early colonization

The Portuguese discovered the region of present-day Uruguay in 1512.^[21][22] The Spanish arrived in present-day Uruguay in 1516.^[20] The indigenous peoples' fierce resistance to conquest, combined with the absence of gold and silver, limited their settlement in the region during the 16th and 17th centuries.^[20] Uruguay then became a zone of contention between the Spanish and Portuguese empires. In 1603, the Spanish began to introduce cattle, which became a source of wealth in the region. The first permanent Spanish settlement was founded in 1624 at Soriano on the Río Negro. In 1669–71, the Portuguese built a fort at Colonia del Sacramento. Spanish colonization increased as Spain sought to limit Portugal's expansion of Brazil's frontiers.

Montevideo was founded by the Spanish in the early 18th century as a military stronghold in the country. Its natural harbor soon developed into a commercial area competing with Río de la Plata's capital, Buenos Aires.^[20] Uruguay's early 19th century history was shaped by ongoing fights for dominance in the Platine region,^[20] between British, Spanish, Portuguese and other colonial forces. In 1806 and 1807, the British army attempted to seize Buenos Aires and Montevideo as part of the Napoleonic Wars. Montevideo was occupied by a British force from February to September 1807.

Independence struggle (1811–1830)

In 1811, José Gervasio Artigas, who became Uruguay's national hero, launched a successful revolution against the Spanish authorities, defeating them on 18 May at the Battle of Las Piedras.^[20]

In 1813, the new government in Buenos Aires convened a constituent assembly where Artigas emerged as a champion of federalism, demanding political and economic autonomy for each area, and for the Banda Oriental in particular.^[23] The assembly refused to seat the delegates from the Banda Oriental, however, and Buenos Aires pursued a system based on unitary centralism.^[23]

As a result, Artigas broke with Buenos Aires and besieged Montevideo, taking the city in early 1815.^[23] Once the troops from Buenos Aires had withdrawn, the Banda Oriental appointed its first autonomous government.^[23] Artigas organized the Federal League under his protection, consisting of six provinces, four of which later became part of Argentina.^[23]

In 1816, a force of 10,000 Portuguese troops invaded the Banda Oriental from Brazil; they took Montevideo in January 1817.^[23] After nearly four more years of struggle, Portuguese Brazil annexed the Banda Oriental as a province under the name of "Cisplatina".^[23] The Brazilian Empire became independent from Portugal in 1822. In response to the annexation, the Thirty-Three Orientals, led by Juan Antonio Lavalleja, declared independence on 25 August 1825 supported by the United Provinces of the River Plate (present-day Argentina).^[20] This led to the 500-day-long Cisplatine War. Neither side gained the upper hand and in 1828 the Treaty of Montevideo, fostered by the United Kingdom, gave birth to Uruguay as an independent state. The nation's first constitution was adopted on 18 July 1830.^[20]

Blancos–Colorados conflicts

At the time of independence, Uruguay had an estimated population of just under 75,000.^[24] The political scene in Uruguay became split between two parties: the conservative Blancos (Whites) headed by Manuel Oribe, representing the agricultural interests of the countryside; and the liberal Colorados (Reds) led by Fructuoso Rivera, representing the business interests of Montevideo. The Uruguayan parties became associated with warring political factions in neighbouring Argentina.

The Colorados favored the exiled Argentine liberal Unitarios, many of whom had taken refuge in Montevideo while the Blanco president Manuel Oribe was a close friend of the Argentine ruler Manuel de Rosas. On 15 June 1838, an army led by the Colorado leader Rivera overthrew the president, who fled to Argentina.^[24] Rivera declared war on Rosas in 1839. The conflict would last 13 years and become known as the Guerra Grande (the Great War).^[24]

In 1843, an Argentine army overran Uruguay on Oribe's behalf, but failed to take the capital. The siege of Montevideo, which began in February 1843, would last nine years.^[25] The besieged Uruguayans called on resident foreigners for help, which led to a French and an Italian legion being formed, the latter led by the exiled Giuseppe Garibaldi.^[25]

In 1845, Britain and France intervened against Rosas to restore commerce to normal levels in the region. Their efforts proved ineffective and, by 1849, tired of the war, both withdrew after signing a treaty favorable to Rosas.^[25] It appeared that Montevideo would finally fall when an uprising against Rosas, led by Justo José de Urquiza governor of Argentina's Entre Ríos Province began. The Brazilian intervention in May 1851 on behalf of the Colorados, combined with the uprising, changed the situation and Oribe was defeated. The siege of Montevideo was lifted and the Guerra Grande finally came to an end.^[25] Montevideo rewarded Brazil's support by signing treaties that confirmed Brazil's right to intervene in Uruguay's internal affairs.^[25]

In accordance with the 1851 treaties, Brazil intervened militarily in Uruguay as often as it deemed necessary.^[26] In 1865, the Triple Alliance was formed by the emperor of Brazil, the president of Argentina, and the Colorado general Venancio Flores, the Uruguayan head of government whom they both had helped to gain power. The Triple Alliance declared war on the Paraguayan leader Francisco Solano López^[26] and the resulting Paraguayan War ended with the invasion of Paraguay and its defeat by the armies of the three countries. Montevideo, which was used as a supply station by the Brazilian navy, experienced a period of prosperity and relative calm during the war.^[26]

The constitutional government of General Lorenzo Batlle y Grau (1868–72) was forced to suppress an insurrection led by the National Party.^[27] After two years of struggle, a peace agreement was signed in 1872 that gave the Blancos a share in the emoluments and functions of government, through control of four of the departments of Uruguay.^[27] This establishment of the policy of co-participation represented the search for a new formula of compromise, based on the coexistence of the party in power and the party in opposition.^[27]

Between 1875 and 1886, the military became the center of power.^[28] During this authoritarian period, the government took steps toward the organization of the country as a modern state, encouraging its economic and social transformation. Pressure groups (consisting mainly of businessmen, hacendados, and industrialists) were organized and had a strong influence on government.^[28] A transition period (1886–90) followed, during which politicians began recovering lost ground and some civilian participation in government occurred.^[28]

Mass immigration and development

After the Guerra Grande, there was a sharp rise in the number of immigrants, primarily from Italy and Spain. By 1879, the total population of the country was over 438,500.^[29] The economy saw a steep upswing, above all in livestock raising and exports.^[29] Montevideo became a major economic centre of the region and an entrepôt for goods from Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay.^[29]

20th century

The Colorado leader José Batlle y Ordóñez was elected president in 1903.^[30] The following year, the Blancos led a rural revolt and eight bloody months of fighting ensued before their leader, Aparicio Saravia, was killed in battle. Government forces emerged victorious, leading to the end of the co-participation politics that had begun in 1872.^[30] Batlle had two terms (1903–07 and 1911–15) during which, taking advantage of the nation's stability and growing economic prosperity, he instituted major reforms, such as a welfare program, government participation in many facets of the economy, and a plural executive.^[20]

Gabriel Terra became president in March 1931. His inauguration coincided with the effects of the Great Depression,^[31] and the social climate became tense as a result of the lack of jobs. There were confrontations in which police and leftists died.^[31] In 1933, Terra organized a coup d'état, dissolving the General Assembly and governing by decree.^[31] A new constitution was promulgated in 1934, transferring powers to the president.^[31] In general, the Terra government weakened or neutralized economic nationalism and social reform.^[31]

In 1938, general elections were held and Terra's brother-in-law, General Alfredo Baldomir, was elected president. Under pressure from organized labor and the National Party, Baldomir advocated free elections, freedom of the press, and a new constitution.^[32] Although Baldomir declared Uruguay neutral in 1939, British warships and the German ship Admiral Graf Spee fought a battle not far off Uruguay's coast.^[32] The Admiral Graf Spee took refuge in Montevideo, claiming sanctuary in a neutral port, but was later ordered out.^[32]

In the late 1950s, partly because of a world-wide decrease in demand for agricultural products, Uruguayans suffered from a steep drop in their standard of living, which led to student militancy and labor unrest. An armed group known as the Tupamaros emerged in the 1960s, engaging in activities such as bank robbery, kidnapping and assassination, in addition to attempting an overthrow the government.

President Jorge Pacheco declared a state of emergency in 1968, followed by a further suspension of civil liberties in 1972. In 1973, amid increasing economic and political turmoil, the armed forces, asked by the President Juan Maria Bodaberry, closed the Congress and established a civilian-military regime.^[20] Around 200 Uruguayans are known to have been killed and disappeared, with hundreds more illegally detained and tortured during the 12-year civil-military rule of 1973 to 1985.^[33] Most were killed in Argentina and other neighbouring countries, with 36 of them having been killed in Uruguay.^[34]

Return to democracy (1984–present)

A new constitution, drafted by the military, was rejected in a November 1980 referendum.^[20] Following the referendum, the armed forces announced a plan for the return to civilian rule, and national elections were held in 1984.^[20] Colorado Party leader Julio María Sanguinetti won the presidency and served from 1985 to 1990. The first Sanguinetti administration implemented economic reforms and consolidated democracy following the country's years under military rule.^[20]

The National Party's Luis Alberto Lacalle won the 1989 presidential election and amnesty for human rights abusers was endorsed by referendum. Sanguinetti was then re-elected in 1994.^[35] Both presidents continued the economic structural reforms initiated after the reinstatement of democracy, and other important reforms were aimed at improving the electoral system, social security, education, and public safety.

The 1999 national elections were held under a new electoral system established by a 1996 constitutional amendment. Colorado Party candidate Jorge Batlle, aided by the support of the National Party, defeated Broad Front candidate Tabaré Vázquez. The formal coalition ended in November 2002, when the Blancos withdrew their ministers from the cabinet,^[20] although the Blancos continued to support the Colorados on most issues. Low commodity prices and economic difficulties in Uruguay's main export markets (starting in Brazil with the devaluation of the real, then in Argentina in 2002), caused a severe recession; the economy contracted by 11%, unemployment climbed to 21%, and the percentage of Uruguayans in poverty rose to over 30%.^[36]

In 2004, Uruguayans elected Tabaré Vázquez as president, while giving the Broad Front a majority in both houses of Parliament. Vázquez stuck to economic orthodoxy. As commodity prices soared and the economy recovered from recession, he tripled foreign investment, cut poverty and unemployment, cut public debt from 79% of GDP to 60%, and kept inflation steady.^[37]

In 2009, José Mujica, a former left-wing militant who spent almost 15 years in prison during the country's military rule, emerged as the new President as the Broad Front won the election for a second time.^[38] Abortion was legalized in 2012, followed by same-sex marriage and cannabis in the following year.

Geography

With 176,214 km² (68,037 sq mi) of continental land and 142,199 km² (54,903 sq mi) of jurisdictional water and small river islands,^[39] Uruguay is the second smallest sovereign nation in South America (after Suriname) and the third smallest territory (French Guiana is the smallest).^[2] The landscape features mostly rolling plains and low hill ranges (cuchillas) with a fertile coastal lowland.^[2] Uruguay has 660 km (410 mi) of coastline.^[2]

A dense fluvial network covers the country, consisting of four river basins, or deltas: the Río de la Plata Basin, the Uruguay River, the Laguna Merín and the Río Negro. The major internal river is the Río Negro ('Black River'). Several lagoons are found along the Atlantic coast.

The highest point in the country is the Cerro Catedral, whose peak reaches 514 metres (1,686 ft) AMSL in the Sierra Carapé hill range. To the southwest is the Río de la Plata, the estuary of the Uruguay River (which river forms the country's western border).

Montevideo is the southernmost capital city in the Americas, and the third most southerly in the world (only Canberra and Wellington are further south).

There are ten national parks in Uruguay: Five in the wetland areas of the east, three in the central hill country, and one in the west along the Rio Uruguay.

Flora

Uruguay has about 2500 species distributed in 150 biological families, both native and foreign.^[40] "Ceibo" or Erythrina crista is the national flower in Uruguay.

Climate

Located entirely within a temperate zone, Uruguay has a climate that is relatively mild and fairly uniform nationwide.^[41] Seasonal variations are pronounced, but extremes in temperature are rare.^[41] As would be expected with its abundance of water, high humidity and fog are common.^[41] The absence of mountains, which act as weather barriers, makes all locations vulnerable to high winds and rapid changes in weather as fronts or storms sweep across the country.^[41] Both summer and winter weather may vary from day to day with the passing of storm fronts, where a hot northerly wind may occasionally be followed by a cold wind (pampero) from the Argentine Pampas.^[18]

Uruguay has a largely uniform temperature throughout the year, with summers being tempered by winds off the Atlantic; severe cold in winter is unknown.^[41][42] The heaviest precipitation occurs during the autumn months, although more frequent rainy spells occur in winter.^[18] The mean annual precipitation is generally greater than 40 inches (100 cm), decreasing with distance from the sea coast, and is relatively evenly distributed throughout the year.^[18]

The average temperature for the midwinter month of July varies from 12 °C (54 °F) at Salto in the northern interior to 9 °C (48 °F) at Montevideo in the south.^[18] The midsummer month of January varies from a warm average of 26 °C (79 °F) at Salto to 22 °C (72 °F) at Montevideo.^[18] National extreme temperatures at sea level are, Paysandú city 44 °C (111 °F) (20 January 1943) and Melo city −11.0 °C (12.2 °F) (14 June 1967).^[43]

Government

Uruguay is a representative democratic republic with a presidential system.^[44] The members of government are elected for a five-year term by a universal suffrage system.^[44] Uruguay is a unitary state: justice, education, health, security, foreign policy and defense are all administered nationwide.^[44] The Executive Power is exercised by the president and a cabinet of 13 ministers.^[44]

The legislative power is constituted by the General Assembly, composed of two chambers: the Chamber of Deputies, consisting of 99 members representing the 19 departments, elected based on proportional representation; and the Chamber of Senators, consisting of 31 members, 30 of whom are elected for a five-year term by proportional representation and the Vice-President, who presides over the chamber.^[44]

The judicial arm is exercised by the Supreme Court, the Bench and Judges nationwide. The members of the Supreme Court are elected by the General Assembly; the members of the Bench are selected by the Supreme Court with the consent of the Senate; and the judges are directly assigned by the Supreme Court.^[44]

Uruguay adopted its current constitution in 1967. Many of its provisions were suspended in 1973, but re-established in 1985. Drawing on Switzerland and its use of the initiative, the Uruguayan Constitution also allows citizens to repeal laws or to change the constitution by popular initiative, which culminates in a nationwide referendum. This method has been used several times over the past 15 years: to confirm a law renouncing prosecution of members of the military who violated human rights during the military regime (1973–1985); to stop privatization of public utilities companies; to defend pensioners' incomes; and to protect water resources.^[45]

For most of Uruguay's history, the Partido Colorado has been in government. However, in the Uruguayan general election, 2009, the Broad Front won an absolute majority in Parliamentary elections, and José Mujica of the Broad Front defeated Luis Alberto Lacalle of the Blancos to win the presidency.

A 2010 Latinobarómetro poll found that, within Latin America, Uruguayans are among the most supportive of democracy and by far the most satisfied with the way democracy works in their country.^[46] Uruguay ranked 27th in the Freedom House "Freedom in the World" index. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit in 2012, Uruguay scored an 8.17 in the Democracy Index and ranked equal 18th amongst the 25 countries considered to be full democracies in the world.^[47] Uruguay ranks 18th in the World Corruption Perceptions Index composed by Transparency International

Administrative divisions

Uruguay is divided into 19 departments whose local administrations replicate the division of the executive and legislative powers.^[44] Each department elects its own authorities through a universal suffrage system.^[44] The departmental executive authority resides in a superintendent and the legislative authority in a departmental board.^[44]

Department	Capital	Area		Population (2011 census)[48]
		km2	sq mi
Artigas	Artigas	11,928	4,605	73,378
Canelones	Canelones	4,536	1,751	520,187
Cerro Largo	Melo	13,648	5,270	84,698
Colonia	Colonia del Sacramento	6,106	2,358	123,203
Durazno	Durazno	11,643	4,495	57,088
Flores	Trinidad	5,144	1,986	25,050
Florida	Florida	10,417	4,022	67,048
Lavalleja	Minas	10,016	3,867	58,815
Maldonado	Maldonado	4,793	1,851	164,300
Montevideo	Montevideo	530	200	1,319,108
Paysandú	Paysandú	13,922	5,375	113,124
Río Negro	Fray Bentos	9,282	3,584	54,765
Rivera	Rivera	9,370	3,620	103,493
Rocha	Rocha	10,551	4,074	68,088
Salto	Salto	14,163	5,468	124,878
San José	San José de Mayo	4,992	1,927	108,309
Soriano	Mercedes	9,008	3,478	82,595
Tacuarembó	Tacuarembó	15,438	5,961	90,053
Treinta y Tres	Treinta y Tres	9,529	3,679	48,134
Total[note 1]	—	175,016	67,574	3,286,314

Note:

Foreign relations

In November 2010, Uruguay ratified the UNASUR Constitutive Treaty, becoming the ninth nation out of twelve to do so. The treaty was written in 2008 and was to come into force 30 days after the date of receipt of the ninth instrument of ratification.^[49]

Argentina and Brazil are Uruguay's most important trading partners: Argentina accounted for 20% of total imports in 2009.^[2] Since bilateral relations with Argentina are considered a priority, Uruguay denies clearance to British naval vessels bound for the Falkland Islands, and prevents them from calling in at Uruguayan territories and ports for supplies and fuel.^[50] A rivalry between the port of Montevideo and the port of Buenos Aires, dating back to the times of the Spanish Empire, has been described as a "port war". Officials of both countries emphasized the need to end this rivalry in the name of regional integration in 2010.^[51]

Construction of a controversial pulp paper mill in 2007, on the Uruguayan side of the Uruguay River, caused protests in Argentina over fears that it would pollute the environment and lead to diplomatic tensions between the two countries.^[52] The ensuing dispute remained a subject of controversy into 2010, particularly after ongoing reports of increased water contamination in the area were later proven to be from sewage discharge from the town of Gualeguaychú.^[53][54] In November 2010, Uruguay and Argentina announced they had reached a final agreement for joint environmental monitoring of the pulp mill.^[55]

Brazil and Uruguay have signed cooperation agreements on defence, science, technology, energy, river transportation and fishing, with the hope of accelerating political and economic integration between these two neighbouring countries.^[56] Uruguay has two uncontested boundary disputes with Brazil, over Isla Brasilera and the 235 km² (91 sq mi) Invernada River region near Masoller. The two countries disagree on which tributary represents the legitimate source of the Quaraí/Cuareim River, which would define the border in the latter disputed section, according to the 1851 border treaty between the two countries.^[2] However, these border disputes have not prevented both countries from having friendly diplomatic relations and strong economic ties. So far, the disputed areas remain de facto under Brazilian control, with little to no actual effort by Uruguay to assert its claims.

Uruguay has enjoyed friendly relations with the United States since its transition back to democracy.^[36] Commercial ties between the two countries have expanded substantially in recent years, with the signing of a bilateral investment treaty in 2004 and a Trade and Investment Framework Agreement in January 2007.^[36] The United States and Uruguay have also cooperated on military matters, with both countries playing significant roles in the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti.^[36]

President Mujica backed Venezuela's bid to join Mercosur, and supported Venezuelan Economy Minister Ali Rodriguez to become general secretary of UNASUR, a position previously held by Néstor Kirchner. Venezuela has a deal to sell Uruguay up to 40,000 barrels of oil a day under preferential terms.^[57]

On 15 March 2011, Uruguay became the seventh South American nation to officially recognize a Palestinian state,^[58] although there was no specification for the Palestinian state's borders as part of the recognition. In statements, the Uruguayan government indicated its firm commitment to the Middle East peace process, but refused to specify borders "to avoid interfering in an issue that would require a bilateral agreement".^[58]

Military

The Uruguayan armed forces are constitutionally subordinate to the president, through the minister of defense.^[20] Armed forces personnel number about 14,000 for the Army, 6,000 for the Navy, and 3,000 for the Air Force.^[20] Enlistment is voluntary in peacetime, but the government has the authority to conscript in emergencies.^[2]

Since May 2009, homosexuals have been allowed to serve openly in the military after the defence minister signed a decree stating that military recruitment policy would no longer discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation.^[59] In the fiscal year 2010, the United States provided Uruguay with $1.7 million in military assistance, including $1 million in Foreign Military Financing and $480,000 in International Military Education and Training.^[36]

Uruguay ranks first in the world on a per capita basis for its contributions to the United Nations peacekeeping forces, with 2,513 soldiers and officers in 10 UN peacekeeping missions.^[20] As of February 2010, Uruguay had 1,136 military personnel deployed to Haiti in support of MINUSTAH and 1,360 deployed in support of MONUC in the Congo.^[20] In December 2010, Uruguayan Major General Gloodtdofsky, was appointed Chief Military Observer and head of the United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan.^[60]

Economy

Uruguay experienced a major economic and financial crisis between 1999 and 2002, principally a spillover effect from the economic problems of Argentina.^[36] The economy contracted by 11%, and unemployment climbed to 21%.^[36] Despite the severity of the trade shocks, Uruguay's financial indicators remained more stable than those of its neighbours, a reflection of its solid reputation among investors and its investment-grade sovereign bond rating, one of only two in South America.^[61]

In 2004, the Batlle government signed a three-year $1.1 billion stand-by arrangement with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), committing the country to a substantial primary fiscal surplus, low inflation, considerable reductions in external debt, and several structural reforms designed to improve competitiveness and attract foreign investment.^[36] Uruguay terminated the agreement in 2006 following the early repayment of its debt but maintained a number of the policy commitments.^[36]

Vázquez, who assumed the government in March 2005, created the "Ministry of Social Development" and sought to reduce the country's poverty rate with a $240 million National Plan to Address the Social Emergency (PANES), which provided a monthly conditional cash transfer of approximately $75 to over 100,000 households in extreme poverty. In exchange, those receiving the benefits were required to participate in community work, ensure that their children attended school daily, and had regular health check-ups.^[36]

In 2005, Uruguay was the first exporter of software in South America.^[62] The Frente Amplio government, while continuing payments on Uruguay's external debt,^[63] also undertook an emergency plan to attack the widespread problems of poverty and unemployment.^[64] The economy grew at an annual rate of 6.7% during the 2004–2008 period.^[65] Uruguay's exports markets have been diversified in order to reduce dependency on Argentina and Brazil.^[65] Poverty was reduced from 33% in 2002 to 21.7% in July 2008, while extreme poverty dropped from 3.3% to 1.7%.^[65]

Between the years 2007 and 2009, Uruguay was the only country in the Americas that did not technically experience a recession (two consecutive downward quarters).^[66] Unemployment reached a record low of 5.4% in December 2010 before rising to 6.1% in January 2011.^[67] While unemployment is still at a low level, the IMF observed a rise in inflationary pressures,^[68] and Uruguay's GDP expanded by 10.4% for the first half of 2010.^[69]

According to IMF estimates, Uruguay was likely to achieve growth in real GDP of between 8% and 8.5% in 2010, followed by 5% growth in 2011 and 4% in subsequent years.^[68] Gross public sector debt contracted in the second quarter of 2010, after five consecutive periods of sustained increase, reaching $21.885 billion US dollars, equivalent to 59.5% of the GDP.^[70]

The growing and sale of cannabis was legalized in Uruguay on 11 December 2013^[71] The law was voted at the Uruguayan senate on the same date with 16 votes to approve it and 13 against. Some political parties are seeking ways to get a referendum to withdraw the law.^[72]

Agriculture

In 2010, Uruguay's export-oriented agricultural sector contributed to 9.3% of the GDP and employed 13% of the workforce.^[2] Official statistics from Uruguay's Agriculture and Livestock Ministry indicate that meat and sheep farming in Uruguay occupies 59.6% of the land. The percentage further increases to 82.4% when cattle breeding is linked to other farm activities such as dairy, forage, and rotation with crops such as rice.^[73]

According to FAOSTAT, Uruguay is one of world's largest producers of soybeans (9th), greasy wool (12th), horse meat (14th), beeswax (14th), and quinces (17th). Most farms (25,500 out of 39,120) are family-managed; beef and wool represent the main activities and main source of income for 65% of them, followed by vegetable farming at 12%, dairy farming at 11%, hogs at 2%, and poultry also at 2%.^[73] Beef is the main export commodity of the country, totaling over $1 billion US dollars in 2006.^[73]

In 2007, Uruguay had cattle herds totalling 12 million head, making it the country with the highest number of cattle per capita at 3.8.^[73] However, 54% is in the hands of 11% of farmers, who have a minimum of 500 head. At the other extreme, 38% of farmers exploit small lots and have herds averaging below one hundred head.^[73]

Transportation

The Port of Montevideo, handling over 1.1 million containers annually, is the most advanced container terminal in South America.^[74] Its quay can handle 14-metre draught (46 ft) vessels. Nine straddle cranes allow for 80 to 100 movements per hour.^[74] The port of Nueva Palmira is a major regional merchandise transfer point and houses both private and government-run terminals.^[75]

Carrasco Airport, designed by the architect Rafael Viñoly with an investment of $165 million, was inaugurated in 2009.^[76][77] The London-based magazine Frontier chose the Carrasco International Airport, serving Montevideo, as one of the best four airports in the world in its 27th edition. The airport can handle up to 4.5 million users per year.^[76] PLUNA was the flag carrier of Uruguay, and was headquartered in Carrasco.^[78][79] The Laguna del Sauce Airport, located 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from Punta del Este, was remodeled in 1997, and runways have been renovated through a private investment concession.^[75]

The Administración de Ferrocarriles del Estado is the autonomous agency in charge of rail transport and the maintenance of the railroad network. Uruguay has about 1,200 km (750 mi) of operational railroad track.^[2] Until 1947, about 90% of the railroad system was British-owned.^[80] In 1949, the government nationalized the railways, along with the electric trams and the Montevideo Waterworks Company.^[80] However, in 1985 the "National Transport Plan" suggested passenger trains were too costly to repair and maintain.^[80] Cargo trains would continue for loads more than 120 tons, but bus transportation became the "economic" alternative for travellers.^[80] The last passenger train rolled into Montevideo on 2 January 1988.^[80]

Surfaced roads connect Montevideo to the other urban centers in the country, the main highways leading to the border and neighboring cities. Numerous unpaved roads connect farms and small towns. Overland trade has increased markedly since Mercosur (Southern Common Market) was formed in the 1990s. Most of the country's domestic freight and passenger service is by road rather than rail.

Telecommunications

Telecommunications in Uruguay are more developed than in most other Latin American countries, being the first country in the Americas to achieve complete digital telephony coverage in 1997. The telephone system is completely digitized and has very good coverage over all the country. The system is government-owned, and there have been controversial proposals to partially privatize since the 1990s.

The mobile phone market is shared by the state-owned ANTEL and two private companies, Movistar and Claro.

Water supply and sanitation

Uruguay is the only country in Latin America that has achieved quasi-universal coverage of access to safe drinking Water supply^[81] and adequate sanitation.^[82] Water service quality is considered good, with practically all localities in Uruguay receiving disinfected water on a continuous basis. 70% of wastewater collected by the national utility was treated. Given these achievements, the government's priority is to improve the efficiency of services and to expand access to sewerage, where appropriate, in areas where on-site sanitation is used.

Demographics

Uruguayans are of predominantly European origin, with over 87.7% of the population claiming European descent in the 2011 census.^[1] Most Uruguayans of European ancestry are descendants of 19th and 20th century immigrants from Spain and Italy (about one-quarter of the population is of Italian origin),^[20] and to a lesser degree France, Germany and Britain.^[18] Earlier settlers had migrated from Argentina.^[18] People of African descent make up an even smaller proportion of the total.^[18]

From 1963 to 1985, an estimated 320,000 Uruguayans emigrated.^[83] The most popular destinations for Uruguayan emigrants are Argentina, followed by the United States, Australia, Canada, Spain, Italy and France.^[83] In 2009, for the first time in 44 years, the country saw an overall positive influx when comparing immigration to emigration. 3,825 residence permits were awarded in 2009, compared with 1,216 in 2005.^[84] 50% of new legal residents come from Argentina and Brazil. A migration law passed in 2008 gives immigrants the same rights and opportunities that nationals have, with the requisite of proving a monthly income of $650.^[84]

Uruguay's rate of population growth is much lower than in other Latin American countries.^[18] Its median age is higher than the global average^[20] due to its low birth rate, high life expectancy, and relatively high rate of emigration among younger people. A quarter of the population is less than 15 years old and about a sixth are aged 60 and older.^[18]

Metropolitan Montevideo is the only large city, with around 1.9 million inhabitants, or more than half the country's total population. The rest of the urban population lives in about 30 towns.^[20]

Largest cities

Largest cities or towns in Uruguay http://www.citypopulation.de/Uruguay.html
	Rank	Name	Department	Pop.	Rank	Name	Department	Pop.
Montevideo Salto	1	Montevideo	Montevideo	1,304,687	11	Artigas	Artigas	40,657	Ciudad de la Costa Paysandú
	2	Salto	Salto	104,011	12	Minas	Lavalleja	38,446
	3	Ciudad de la Costa	Canelones	95,176	13	San José de Mayo	San José	36,743
	4	Paysandú	Paysandú	76,412	14	Durazno	Durazno	34,368
	5	Las Piedras	Canelones	71,258	15	Florida	Florida	33,639
	6	Rivera	Rivera	64,465	16	Barros Blancos	Canelones	31,650
	7	Maldonado	Maldonado	62,590	17	Ciudad del Plata	San José	31,145
	8	Tacuarembó	Tacuarembó	54,755	18	San Carlos	Maldonado	27,471
	9	Melo	Cerro Largo	51,830	19	Colonia del Sacramento	Colonia	26,231
	10	Mercedes	Soriano	41,974	20	Pando	Canelones	25,947

Health

Health statistics:^[85]

• Fertility rate – 140th most fertile, at 1.89 per woman
• Birth rate – 157th most births, at 13.91 per 1000 people
• Infant mortality – 128th most deaths, at 1 per 1000 live births
• Death rate – 84th death rate at 9.16 per 1000 people
• Life expectancy – 47th at 76.4 years
• Suicide rate – 24th suicide rate per 100,000 (15.1 for males and 6.4 for females)
• HIV/AIDS rate – 108th at 0.30%

Religion

Uruguay has no official religion; church and state are officially separated,^[20] and religious freedom is guaranteed. A 2008 survey by the INE of Uruguay showed Catholicism as the main religion, with 45.7% of the population; 9.0% are non-Catholic Christians, 0.6% are Animists or Umbandists (an Afro-Brazilian religion), and 0.4% Jewish. 30.1% reported believing in a god, but not belonging to any religion, while 14% were Atheist or Agnostic.^[86] Among the sizeable Armenian community in Montevideo, the dominant religion is Christianity, specifically Armenian Apostolic.^[87]

Political observers consider Uruguay the most secular country in the Americas.^[88] Uruguay's secularization began with the relatively minor role of the church in the colonial era, compared with other parts of the Spanish Empire. The small numbers of Uruguay's Indians and their fierce resistance to proselytism reduced the influence of the ecclesiastical authorities.^[89]

After independence, anti-clerical ideas spread to Uruguay, particularly from France, further eroding the influence of the church.^[90] In 1837, civil marriage was recognized and in 1861 the state took over the running of public cemeteries. In 1907, divorce was legalized and in 1909, all religious instruction was banned from state schools.^[89] Under the influence of the innovative Colorado reformer José Batlle y Ordóñez (1903–1911), complete separation of church and state was introduced with the new constitution of 1917.^[89]

Language

Uruguayan Spanish has some modifications due to the considerable number of Italian immigrants. Immigrants used to speak a mixture of Italian and Spanish known as 'cocoliche' and some of the words are still commonly used by the population. As is the case with neighboring Argentina, Uruguay employs both voseo and yeísmo (with [ʃ] or [ʒ]). English is common in the business world and its study has risen significantly in recent years, especially among the young. Other languages include Portuguese and Portuñol (a mixture of Spanish and Portuguese). Both are spoken in the northern regions near the Brazilian border.^[91][92] As few native people exist in the population, no indigenous languages are thought to remain in Uruguay.^[93]

Culture

Uruguayan culture is strongly European and its influences from southern Europe are particularly important.^[18] The tradition of the gaucho has been an important element in the art and folklore of both Uruguay and Argentina.^[18]

Visual arts

A prominent exponent of Uruguayan art was abstract painter and sculptor Carlos Páez Vilaró. He drew from both Timbuktu and Mykonos to create his best-known work: his home, hotel and atelier Casapueblo near Punta del Este. Casapueblo is a "livable sculpture" and draws thousands of visitors from around the world. The 19th-century painter Juan Manuel Blanes, whose works depict historical events, was the first Uruguayan artist to gain widespread recognition.^[18] The Post-Impressionist painter Pedro Figari achieved international renown for his pastel studies of subjects in Montevideo and the countryside. Blending elements of art and nature the work of the landscape architect Leandro Silva Delgado has also earned international prominence.^[18]

Uruguay has a small but growing film industry, and movies such as Whisky by Juan Pablo Rebella and Pablo Stoll (2004), Marcelo Bertalmío's Los días con Ana (2000; "Days with Ana") and Ana Díez's Paisito (2008), about the 1973 military coup, have earned international honours.^[18]

Music

	La cumparsita It is among the most famous and recognizable tangos of all time.
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The folk and popular music of Uruguay shares not only its gaucho roots with Argentina, but also those of the tango.^[18] One of the most famous tangos, "La cumparsita" (1917), was written by the Uruguayan composer Gerardo Matos Rodríguez.^[18] The candombe is a folk dance performed at Carnival, especially Uruguayan Carnival, mainly by Uruguayans of African ancestry.^[18] The guitar is the preferred musical instrument, and in a popular traditional contest called the payada two singers, each with a guitar, take turns improvising verses to the same tune.^[18]

Folk music is called canto popular and includes some guitar players and singers such as Alfredo Zitarrosa, José Carbajal "El Sabalero", Daniel Viglietti, Los Olimareños, and Numa Moraes.

Numerous radio stations and musical events reflect the popularity of rock music and the Caribbean genres, known as música tropical ("tropical music").^[18] Early classical music in Uruguay showed heavy Spanish and Italian influence, but since the 20th century a number of composers of classical music, including Eduardo Fabini, Vicente Ascone, and Héctor Tosar, have made use of Latin American musical idioms.^[18]

Tango has also had an impact on Uruguayan culture, especially during the 20th century, especially the ´30s and ´40s with Uruguayan singers such as Julio Sosa from Las Piedras.^[94] When the famous tango singer Carlos Gardel was 29 years old he changed his nationality to be Uruguayan, saying he was born in Tacuarembó, but this subterfuge was probably done to keep French authorities from arresting him for failing to register in the French Army for World War I. Gardel was born in France and was raised in Buenos Aires. He never lived in Uruguay.^[95] Nevertheless, a Carlos Gardel museum was established in 1999 in Valle Edén, near Tacuarembó.^[96]

Rock and roll first broke into Uruguayan audiences with the arrival of the Beatles and other British bands in the early 1960s. A wave of bands appeared in Montevideo, including Los Shakers, Los Mockers, Los Iracundos, Los Moonlights, and Los Malditos, who became major figures in the so-called Uruguayan Invasion of Argentina.^[97] Popular bands of the Uruguayan Invasion sang in English.

Popular Uruguayan rock bands include La Vela Puerca, No Te Va Gustar, El Cuarteto de Nos, Once Tiros, La Trampa, Chalamadre, Snake, Buitres, and Cursi. In 2004, the Uruguayan musician and actor Jorge Drexler won an Academy Award for composing the song "Al otro lado del río" from the movie The Motorcycle Diaries, which narrated the life of Che Guevara.

Literature

José Enrique Rodó (1871–1917), a modernist, is considered Uruguay's most significant literary figure.^[18] His book Ariel (1900) deals with the need to maintain spiritual values while pursuing material and technical progress.^[18] Besides stressing the importance of upholding spiritual over materialistic values, it also stresses resisting cultural dominance by Europe and the United States.^[18] The book continues to influence young writers.^[18] Notable amongst Latin American playwrights is Florencio Sánchez (1875–1910), who wrote plays about contemporary social problems that are still performed today.^[18]

From about the same period came the romantic poetry of Juan Zorrilla de San Martín (1855–1931), who wrote epic poems about Uruguayan history. Also notable are Juana de Ibarbourou (1895–1979), Delmira Agustini (1866–1914), Idea Vilariño (1920–2009), and the short stories of Horacio Quiroga and Juan José Morosoli (1899–1959).^[18] The psychological stories of Juan Carlos Onetti (such as "No Man's Land" and "The Shipyard") have earned widespread critical praise, as have the writings of Mario Benedetti.^[18]

Uruguay's best-known contemporary writer is Eduardo Galeano, author of Las venas abiertas de América Latina (1971; "Open Veins of Latin America") and the trilogy Memoria del fuego (1982–87; "Memory of Fire").^[18] Other modern Uruguayan writers include Mario Levrero, Sylvia Lago, Jorge Majfud, and Jesús Moraes.^[18] Uruguayans of many classes and backgrounds enjoy reading historietas, comic books that often blend humour and fantasy with thinly veiled social criticism.^[18]

Media

The Reporters Without Borders worldwide press freedom index has ranked Uruguay as 37th of 178 reported countries in 2010.^[98] Freedom of speech and media are guaranteed by the constitution, with qualifications for inciting violence or "insulting the nation".^[64] Uruguayans have access to more than 100 private daily and weekly newspapers, more than 100 radio stations, and some 20 terrestrial television channels, and cable TV is widely available.^[64]

Uruguay's long tradition of freedom of the press was severely curtailed during the years of military dictatorship. On his first day in office in March 1985, Sanguinetti re-established complete freedom of the press.^[99] Consequently, Montevideo's newspapers, which account for all of Uruguay's principal daily newspapers, greatly expanded their circulations.^[99]

State-run radio and TV are operated by the official broadcasting service SODRE.^[64] Some newspapers are owned by, or linked to, the main political parties.^[64] El Día was the nation's most prestigious paper until its demise in the early 1990s, founded in 1886 by the Colorado party leader and (later) president José Batlle y Ordóñez. El País, the paper of the rival Blanco Party, has the largest circulation.^[18] Búsqueda is Uruguay's most important weekly news magazine and serves as an important forum for political and economic analysis.^[99] Although it sells only about 16,000 copies a week, its estimated readership exceeds 50,000.^[99] MercoPress is an independent news agency focusing on news related to Mercosur and is based in Montevideo.^[100]

Cuisine

Beef is fundamental to Uruguayan cuisine, and the country is one of the world's top consumers of red meat per capita. Asado, a kind of barbecued beef, is the national dish in Uruguay, and other popular foods include beef platters, chivito (steak sandwiches), pasta, barbecued kidneys, and sausages.

Locally produced soft drinks, beer, and wine are commonly served, as is clericó, a mixture of fruit juice and wine. Uruguay and Argentina share a national drink called mate. Grappamiel, made with alcohol and honey, is served in the cold mornings of autumn and winter to warm up the body. Often locals can be seen carrying leather cases containing a thermos of hot water, the traditional hollowed gourd called a mate or guampa, a metal straw called a bombilla, and the dried yerba mate leaves. Sweet treats, including crème caramel with dulce de leche and alfajores (shortbread cookies), are favorites for desserts or afternoon snacks.

Other Uruguayan dishes include morcilla dulce (a type of blood sausage cooked with ground orange fruit, orange peel, and walnuts), chorizo, milanesa (a breaded veal cutlet similar to the Austrian Wiener Schnitzel), snacks such as olímpicos (club sandwiches), húngaras (spicy sausage in a hot dog roll), "tortas fritas" (similar to elephant ears, and traditionally eaten when it rains), "martin fierro" (a bread-less sandwich of cheese and quince paste), postre chaja (a cake made mostly from meringue and peaches in syrup), "pascualina" (kale and egg pie), "pastafrola" (a quince pie) and masas surtidas (bite-sized pastries), many of which are of Spanish and Italian origin, like the "massini".

Sport

Football (soccer) is the most popular sport in Uruguay. The first international match outside the British Isles was played between Uruguay and Argentina in Montevideo in July 1902.^[101] Uruguay won gold at the 1924 Paris Olympic Games^[102] and again in 1928 in Amsterdam.^[103]

The Uruguay national football team has won the FIFA World Cup on two occasions. Uruguay won the inaugural tournament on home soil in 1930 and again in 1950, famously defeating home favourites Brazil in the final match.^[104] Uruguay has won the Copa América (an international tournament for South American nations and guests) more than any other country, their victory in 2011 making a total of 15 Copa Américas won. Uruguay has by far the smallest population of any country that has won a World Cup.^[104] Despite their early success, they have only qualified for three of the last six World Cups.^[104] Uruguay performed very credibly in the 2010 FIFA World Cup, having reached the semi-final for the first time in 40 years. Diego Forlán was presented with the Golden Ball award as the best player of the 2010 tournament.^[105] In the rankings for June 2012, Uruguay were ranked the second best team in the world, according to the FIFA world rankings, their highest ever point in football history, falling short of the first spot to the Spain national football team.^[106]

Uruguay exported 1,414 football players during the 2000s, almost as many players as Brazil and Argentina.^[107] In 2010, the Uruguayan government enacted measures intended to retain players in the country.^[107]

Football was taken to Uruguay by English sailors and labourers in the late 19th century. Less successfully, they introduced rugby and cricket. There are two Montevideo-based football clubs, Nacional and Peñarol, who are successful in domestic and South American tournaments and have won three Intercontinental Cups each.

Education

Education in Uruguay is secular, free,^[108] and compulsory for 14 years, starting at the age of 4.^[109] The system is divided into six levels of education: early childhood (3–5 years); primary (6–11 years); basic secondary (12–14 years); upper secondary (15–17 years); higher education (18 and up); and post-graduate education.^[109]

Public education is the primary responsibility of three institutions: the Ministry of Education and Culture, which coordinates education policies, the National Public Education Administration, which formulates and implements policies on early to secondary education, and the University of the Republic, responsible for higher education.^[109] In 2009, the government planned to invest 4.5% of GDP in education.^[108]

Uruguay ranks high on standardised tests such as PISA at a regional level, but compares unfavourably to the OECD average, and is also below some countries with similar levels of income.^[108] In the 2006 PISA test, Uruguay had one of the greatest standard deviations among schools, suggesting significant variability by socio-economic level.^[108]

Uruguay is part of the One Laptop per Child project, and in 2009 became the first country in the world to provide a laptop for every primary school student,^[110] as part of the Plan Ceibal.^[111] Over the 2007–2009 period, 362,000 pupils and 18,000 teachers were involved in the scheme; around 70% of the laptops were given to children who did not have computers at home.^[111] The OLPC programme represents less than 5% of the country's education budget.^[111]

See also

• Outline of Uruguay
• Index of Uruguay-related articles
• International rankings of Uruguay
• List of lighthouses in Uruguay
• List of Uruguayans
• Postage stamps and postal history of Uruguay

Notes

References

Further reading

• Andrew, G. R. (2010) Blackness in the White Nation: A History of Afro-Uruguay, The University of North Carolina Press
• Behnke, A. (2009) Uruguay in Pictures, Twenty First Century Books
• Box, B. (2011) Footprint Focus: Uruguay, Footprint Travel Guides
• Burford, T. (2010) Bradt Travel Guide: Uruguay, Bradt Travel Guides
• Canel, E. (2010) Barrio Democracy in Latin America: Participatory Decentralization and Community Activism in Montevideo, The Pennsylvania State University Press
• Clark, G. (2008) Custom Guide: Uruguay, Lonely Planet
• Jawad, H. (2009) Four Weeks in Montevideo: The Story of World Cup 1930, Seventeen Media
• Lessa, F. and Druliolle, V. (eds.) (2011) The Memory of State Terrorism in the Southern Cone: Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, Palgrave Macmillan
• Mool, M (2009) Budget Guide: Buenos Aires and Montevideo, Cybertours-X Verlag

External links

• Official website
• Uruguay entry at The World Factbook
• Uruguay from UCB Libraries GovPubs
• Uruguay at DMOZ
• Uruguay profile from the BBC News
• Wikimedia Atlas of Uruguay
• Simplemente Uruguay on YouTube
• Development Forecasts
• Geographic data related to Uruguay at OpenStreetMap
• World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Uruguay

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