Linear Tape-Open

LTO-2 cartridge

Linear Tape-Open (LTO) is a magnetic tape data storage technology originally developed in the late 1990s as an open standards alternative to the proprietary magnetic tape formats that were available at the time. Hewlett-Packard, IBM and Quantum control the LTO Consortium, which directs development and manages licensing and certification of media and mechanism manufacturers.

The standard form-factor of LTO technology goes by the name Ultrium, the original version of which was released in 2000 and can hold 100 GB of data in a cartridge. The sixth generation of LTO Ultrium was released in 2012 and can hold 2.5 TB in a cartridge of the same size.

Upon introduction, LTO Ultrium rapidly defined the super tape market segment and has consistently been the best-selling super tape format.[1][2] LTO is widely used with small and large computer systems, especially for backup.

Historical context

Half-inch (½-inch, 12.65 mm) magnetic tape has been used for data storage for more than 60 years. In the mid 1980s, IBM and DEC put this kind of tape into a single reel, enclosed cartridge. Although the physical tape was nominally the same size, the technologies and intended markets were significantly different and there was no compatibility between them. IBM called its format 3480 (after IBM's one product that used it) and designed it to meet the demanding requirements of its mainframe products. DEC originally called theirs CompacTape, but later it was renamed DLT and sold to Quantum Corporation. In the late 1980s, Exabyte's Data8 format, derived from Sony's dual-reel cartridge 8 mm video format, saw some popularity, especially with UNIX systems. Sony followed this success with their own now-discontinued 8 mm data format, Advanced Intelligent Tape (AIT).

By the late 1990s, Quantum's DLT and Sony's AIT were the leading options for high-capacity tape storage for PC servers and UNIX systems. These technologies were (and still are) tightly controlled by their owners. Consequently, there was little competition between vendors and the prices were relatively high.

To counter this, IBM, HP and Seagate formed the LTO Consortium, which introduced a more open format focusing on the same mid-range market segment.[3] Much of the technology is an extension of the work done by IBM at its Tucson lab during the previous 20 years.[4] Initial plans called for two LTO formats to directly compete with these market leaders: Ultrium with half-inch tape on a single reel, optimized for high-capacity and Accelis with 8 mm tape on dual-reels, optimized for low-latency.

Around the time of the release of LTO-1, Seagate's magnetic tape division was spun off as Seagate Removable Storage Solutions, later renamed Certance, which was subsequently acquired by Quantum.

Generations

Despite the initial plans for two form-factors of LTO technology, only Ultrium was ever produced. In common usage, LTO generally refers to the Ultrium form factor.

As of 2015, seven generations of LTO Ultrium technology have been made available and three more are planned. Between generations, there are strict compatibility rules that describe how and which drives and cartridges can be used together.

LTO-1 LTO-2 LTO-3 LTO-4 LTO-5 LTO-6 LTO-7 LTO-8 LTO-9 LTO-10
Release date 2000[5] 2003 2005 2007 2010[6] Dec. 2012[7] Dec. 2015[8][9][10] TBA TBA TBA
Native/raw data capacity 100 GB 200 GB 400 GB 800 GB 1.5 TB[11] 2.5 TB[12] 6.0 TB[10][13] 12.8 TB[13] 26 TB[14] 48 TB[14]
Max uncompressed speed (MB/s)[13][Note 1] 20 40 80 120 140 160 300[15] 427 708 1100
Compression capable? Yes, "2:1" Yes, "2.5:1" Planned, "2.5:1"[14][16]
WORM capable? No Yes Planned
Encryption capable? No Yes Planned
Partition capable? No (one) Yes (two) Yes (four) Planned
  1. ↑ Maximum uncompressed speeds valid for full height drives. Half height drives may not attain the same speed. Check manufacturer's specifications.
Comparison of "supertape" capacities, including LTO.
Notes

Compatibility

In contrast to other tape technologies, an Ultrium cartridge is rigidly defined by a particular generation of LTO technology and cannot be used in any other way. While Ultrium drives are also defined by a particular generation, they are required to have some level of compatibility with older generations of cartridges. The rules for compatibility between generations of drives and cartridges is as follows:

For example, an LTO-2 cartridge can never be used by an LTO-1 drive and even though it can be used in an LTO-3 drive, it performs as if it were in an LTO-2 drive.

Within the compatibility rules stated above, drives and cartridges from different vendors are expected to be interchangeable. For example, a tape written on any one vendor's drive should be fully readable on any other vendor's drive that is compatible with that generation of LTO.

Core technology

Tape specifications

LTO-1 LTO-2 LTO-3 LTO-4 LTO-5 LTO-6 LTO-7 LTO-8 LTO-9 LTO-10
Native data capacity 100 GB 200 GB 400 GB 800 GB 1.5 TB[11] 2.5 TB[12] 6.0 TB[10][13] 12.8 TB[13] 26 TB[14][16] 48 TB[14]
Tape length 609 m 680 m 820 m 846 m[17] 960 m
Tape width 12.650 mm ± 0.006 mm
Tape thickness 8.9 µm 8 µm 6.6 µm 6.4 µm 6.1 µm[18] 5.6 µm
Magnetic pigment material Metal Particulate (MP) MP or BaFe[19]
Base material Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN)
Data bands per tape 4
Wraps per band 12 16 11 14 20[11] 34
Tracks per wrap 8 16[11][20] 32 [10]
Total tracks 384 512 704 896 1280 2176[20] 3584
Linear density (bits/mm) 4880 7398 9638 13,250 15,142[21] 15,143[22]
Encoding RLL 1,7 RLL 0,13/11; PRML RLL 32/33; PRML 32/33 RLL NPML[22]
End-to-end passes
required to fill tape		 48 64 44 56 80 136
Expected tape durability,
end-to-end passes		 9600 [23] 16,000 [23] 16,000 [23] 11,200 [23] 16,000 [23]

Physical structure

LTO Ultrium tape is laid out with four wide data bands sandwiched between five narrow servo bands. The tape head assembly, that reads from and writes to the tape, straddles a single data band and the two adjacent servo bands. The tape head has 8 or 16 data read/write heads and 2 servo read heads. The set of 8 or 16 tracks read or written in a single, one-way, end-to-end pass is called a "wrap". The tape head shifts laterally to access the different wraps within each band and also to access the other bands.

Writing to a blank tape starts at band 0, wrap 0, a forward wrap that runs from the beginning of the tape (BOT) to the end of the tape (EOT) and includes a track that runs along one side of the data band. The next wrap written, band 0, wrap 1, is a reverse wrap (EOT to BOT) and includes a track along the other side of the band. Wraps continue in forward and reverse passes, with slight shifts toward the middle of the band on each pass. It is important to note that the tracks written on each pass partially overlap the tracks written on the previous wrap of the same direction, like roof shingles. The back and forth pattern, working from the edges into the middle, conceptually resembles a coiled serpent and is known as linear serpentine recording.

When the first data band is filled (they are actually filled in 3, 1, 0, 2 order across the tape), the head assembly is moved to the second data band and a new set of wraps is written in the same linear serpentine manner. The total number of tracks on the tape is (4 data bands) × (11–34 wraps per band) × (8 or 16 tracks per wrap). For example, an LTO-2 tape has 16 wraps per band, and thus requires 64 passes to fill.

Logical structure

The block structure of the tape is logical so interblock gaps, file marks, tape marks and so forth take only a few bytes each. In LTO-1 and LTO-2, this logical structure has CRC codes and compression added to create blocks of 403,884 bytes. Another chunk of 468 bytes of information (including statistics and information about the drive that wrote the data and when it was written) is then added to create a 'dataset'. Finally error correction bytes are added to bring the total size of the dataset to 491,520 bytes (480 KB) before it is written in a specific format across the eight heads. LTO-3 and LTO-4 use a similar format with 1,616,940-byte blocks.[24]

The tape drives use a strong error correction algorithm that makes data recovery possible when lost data is within one track.[25] Also, when data is written to the tape it is verified by reading it back using the read heads that are positioned just 'behind' the write heads. This allows the drive to write a second copy of any data that fails the verify without the help of the host system.

Positioning times

While specifications vary somewhat between different drives, a typical LTO-3 drive will have a maximum rewind time of about 80 seconds and an average access time (from beginning of tape) of about 50 seconds.[26] Because of the serpentine writing, rewinding often takes less time than the maximum. If a tape is written to full capacity, there is no rewind time, since the last pass is a reverse pass leaving the head at the beginning of the tape (number of tracks ÷ tracks written per pass is always an even number).

Tape durability

LTO tape is designed for 15 to 30 years of archival storage.[27][28] Depending on the generation of LTO technology, a single LTO tape should be able to sustain approximately 200-364 full file passes.[23]

There is a large amount of lifespan variability in actual use. One full file pass is equal to writing enough data to fill an entire tape and takes between 44 and 136 end-to-end passes. Regularly writing only 50% capacity of the tape results in half as many end-to-end tape passes for each scheduled backup, and thereby doubles the tape lifespan. LTO uses an automatic verify-after-write technology to immediately check the data as it is being written,[29][30] but some backup systems explicitly perform a completely separate tape reading operation to verify the tape was written correctly. This separate verify operation doubles the number of end-to-end passes for each scheduled backup, and reduces the tape life by half.

Optional technology

The original release of LTO technology defined an optional data compression feature. Subsequent generations of LTO have introduced new optional technology, including WORM, encryption, and partitioning features.

Compression

The original LTO specification describes a data compression method LTO-DC, also called Streaming Lossless Data Compression (SLDC).[31][32] It is very similar to the algorithm ALDC[33] which is a variation of LZS. LTO-1 through LTO-5 are advertised as achieving a "2:1" compression ratio, while LTO-6 and LTO-7,[10] which apply the same compression algorithm to larger blocks of data, are advertised as having a "2.5:1" ratio. This is inferior to slower algorithms such as gzip, but similar to lzop and the high speed algorithms built into other tape drives.

The primary difference between ALDC and SLDC is that SLDC does not apply the compression algorithm to incompressible data (i.e. data that is already compressed or sufficiently random to defeat the compression algorithm). Every block of data written to tape has a header bit indicating whether the block is compressed or raw. For each block of data that the algorithm works on, it saves a copy of the raw data. After applying the compression function to the data, the algorithm compares the "compressed" data block to the raw data block in memory and writes the smaller of the two to tape. The extra bit used by SLDC to differentiate between raw and compressed blocks effectively places an upper bound on the expansion of incompressible data.

WORM

New for LTO-3 was write once read many (WORM) capability. This is normally only useful for legal record keeping. An LTO-3 or later drive will not erase or overwrite data on a WORM cartridge, but will read it. A WORM cartridge is identical to a normal tape cartridge of the same generation with the following exceptions: the cartridge memory identifies it to the drive as WORM, the servo tracks are slightly different to allow verification that data has not been modified, the bottom half of the cartridge shell is gray,[34] and it may come with tamper-proof screws.[35] WORM-capable drives immediately recognize WORM cartridges and include a unique WORM ID with every dataset written to the tape. There is nothing different about the tape medium in a WORM cartridge.

Encryption

The LTO-4 specification added a feature to allow LTO-4 drives to encrypt data before it is written to tape.[36] All LTO-4 drives must be aware of encrypted tapes, but are not required to actually support the encryption process. All current LTO manufacturers support encryption natively enabled in the tape drives using Application Managed Encryption (AME). The algorithm used by LTO-4 is AES-GCM, which is an authenticated, symmetric block cipher. The same key is used to encrypt and decrypt data, and the algorithm can detect tampering with the data. Tape drives, tape libraries, and backup software can request and exchange encryption keys using either proprietary protocols, or an open standard like OASIS's Key Management Interoperability Protocol.

Partitioning

The LTO-5 specification introduced the partitioning feature that allows a tape to be divided into two separately writable areas, known as partitions. LTO-6 extends the specification to allow 4 separate partitions.

LTFS

The Linear Tape File System (LTFS) is a self-describing tape format and file system made possible by the partition feature. File data and filesystem metadata are stored in separate partitions on the tape. The metadata, which uses a standard XML schema, is readable by any LTFS-aware system and can be modified separately from the data it describes. The Linear Tape File System Technical Work Group of SNIA works on the development of the format for LTFS.[37]

Without LTFS, data is generally written to tape as a sequence of nameless "files", or data blocks, separated by "filemarks." Each file is typically an archive of data organized using some variation of tar format or proprietary container formats developed for and used by backup programs. In contrast, LTFS utilizes an XML-based index file to present the copied files as if organized into directories. This means LTFS formatted tape media can be used similarly to other removable media (USB flash drive, external hard disk drive, etc.).

While LTFS can make a tape appear to behave like a disk, it does not change the fundamentally sequential nature of tape. Files are always appended to the end of the tape. If a file is modified and overwritten or removed from the volume, the associated tape blocks used are not freed up, they are simply marked as unavailable and the used volume capacity is not recovered. Data is only deleted and capacity recovered if the whole tape is reformatted.

In spite of these disadvantages, there are several uses cases where LTFS formatted tape is superior to disk and other data storage technologies. While LTO seek times can range from 10 to 100 seconds, the streaming data transfer rate can match or exceed disk data transfer rates. Additionally, LTO cartridges are easily transportable and hold far more data than any other removable data storage format. The ability to copy a large file or a large selection of files (up to 1.5TB for LTO-5 or 2.5TB for LTO-6) to an LTFS formatted tape, allows easy exchange of data to collaborator or saving of an archival copy.

Since LTFS is an open standard, LTFS formatted tapes are usable by a wide variety of computing systems.

Cartridges

LTO-2 cartridge with the top shell removed, showing the internal components.
Top right corner: tape access gate.
Bottom left corner: write-protect-tab.
Bottom right corner: cartridge memory chip

Compliance-Verified licensed manufacturers of LTO technology media are EMTEC, Imation, Fujifilm, Maxell, TDK and Sony.[38] All other brands of media are manufactured by these companies under contract. Since its bankruptcy in 2003, EMTEC no longer manufactures LTO media products. TDK[39] withdrew from the data tape business in 2014. Verbatim[40] and Quantegy[41] both licensed LTO technology, but never manufactured their own compliance-verified media.

In addition to the data cartridges, there are also Universal Cleaning Cartridges (UCC), which work with all drives.

UCC LTO-1 LTO-2 LTO-3 LTO-4 LTO-5 LTO-6 LTO-7 LTO-8 LTO-9 LTO-10
Dimensions [42] 102.0 × 105.4 × 21.5 mm
Cartridge memory 4 KB 8 KB 16 KB[20]:5[43]
Typical color Black Black Purple Slate-blue / Blue-gray Green / Green-gray / Teal Dark red[44] Black[45] Purple[46]
HP color Orange Blue Dark red Yellow Green[47] Light blue[48] Purple[49] Slate blue[50]

Colors

The colors of LTO Ultrium cartridge shells are mostly consistent, though not formally standardised. HP is the notable exception. Sometimes similar, rather than identical, colors are used by different manufacturers (slate-blue and blue-gray; green, teal, and blue-green).

WORM (write once, read many) cartridges are two-tone, the top half of the shell is the normal color of that generation for that manufacturer, and the bottom half of the shell is a light gray.

Cartridge memory

LTO cartridge memory

Every LTO cartridge has a cartridge memory chip inside it. It is made up of 511, 255, or 128 blocks of memory, where each block is 32 bytes for a total of 16 KB for LTO-6 and 7; 8 KB for LTO-4 and 5; and 4 KB on LTO-1 to 3 and cleaning cartridges.[43] This memory can be read or written, one block at a time, via a non-contacting passive 13.56 MHz RF interface. This memory is used to identify tapes, to help drives discriminate between different generations of the technology, and to store tape-use information.

Every LTO drive has a cartridge memory reader in it. The non-contact interface has a range of 20 mm.[51] External readers are available, both built into tape libraries and PC based. One such reader, Veritape, connects by USB to a PC and integrates with analytical software to evaluate the quality of tapes.[52] This device is also rebranded as the Spectra MLM Reader[53] and the Maxell LTO Cartridge Memory Analyzer.[54]

Labels

An example of an LTO-6 label

The LTO cartridge label uses the bar code symbology of USS-39. A description and definition is available from the Automatic Identification Manufacturers (AIM) specification Uniform Symbol Specification (USS-39) and the ANSI MH10.8M-1993 ANSI Barcode specification.

Leader pin

Leader pin on the end of a length of LTO tape

The tape inside an LTO cartridge is wound around a single reel. The end of the tape is attached to a perpendicular leader pin that is used by an LTO drive to reliably grasp the end of the tape and mount it in a take-up reel inside the drive. Older single-reel tape technologies, such as 9 track tape and DLT, used different means to load tape onto a take-up reel.

When a cartridge is not in a drive, the pin is held in place at the opening of the cartridge with a small spring. A common reason for a cartridge failing to load into a drive is the misplacement of the leader pin as a result of the cartridge having been dropped. The plastic slot where the pin is normally held is deformed by the drop and the leader pin is no longer in the position that the drive expects it to be.

Erasing

The magnetic servo tracks on the tape are factory encoded. Using a bulk eraser, degaussing, or otherwise exposing the cartridge to a strong magnetic field, will erase the servo tracks along with the data tracks, rendering the cartridge unusable.

Mechanisms

Current Compliance-Verified licensed manufacturers of LTO technology mechanisms are IBM, Hewlett-Packard, Quantum, and Tandberg Storage.[38] The mechanisms, also known as tape drives or streamers, are available in Full-height and Half-height form factors. These drives are frequently packaged into external desktop enclosures or carriers that fit into a robotic tape library.

Cleaning

Internal head cleaning brush from an IBM LTO-2 FH drive. Swipes once for every insert and eject

Although keeping a tape drive clean is important, normal cleaning cartridges are abrasive and frequent use will shorten the drive's lifespan. LTO drives have an internal tape head cleaning brush that is activated when a cartridge is inserted. When a more thorough cleaning is required the drive signals this on its display and/or via Tape Alert flags.[55] Cleaning cartridge lifespan is usually from 15 to 50 cleanings. There are 2 basic methods of initiating a cleaning of a drive: robot cleaning and software cleaning.

Market performance

LTO technology competes in the market against other tape technologies and hard disk technology. In the course of its existence, LTO has succeeded on both fronts, almost completely displacing all other mid-range and low-end tape technologies and preventing, or at least delaying, the predicted "death of tape"[56] at the hands of disk. At the high-end of the tape market, the IBM 3592 series and Oracle T10k series products are still viable and under active development.

Sales success

The presence of five certified media manufacturers and four certified mechanism manufacturers has produced a competitive market for LTO products. This has led to attractive prices for customers and high sales volumes for manufacturers. In 2002 LTO out-shipped SDLT by nearly 2 to 1. Sales since then have dominated other "super" formats (SDLT, SAIT). As a result, Quantum discontinued development of new DLT products in February 2007 and Sony followed suit by declaring AIT End-of-Life in March 2010.

[57][58] [58][59]

As hard disk drive prices have dropped, disk has become cheaper relative to tape drives and cartridges. As of 2013 the cost of an LTO-5 drive taking tapes of up to 1.5 TB true (uncompressed) capacity was about US$1800. As of 2013 a tape cartridge is still cheaper than a disk drive, as a 1.5 TB magnetic tape cartridge costs about US$40 whereas a hard disk drive with the same capacity costs about US$70 to US$100.


Unsuccessful LTO variants

Some planned LTO variations were not produced, or produced only briefly.

Accelis

LTO technology was originally designed to come in two form factors, Ultrium and Accelis.[60] As of 2008 LTO Ultrium was very popular and there were no commercially available LTO Accelis drives or media.[61] In common usage, LTO generally refers only to the Ultrium form factor.

Accelis was developed in 1997 for fast access to data by using a two-reel cartridge that loads at the midpoint of the 8 mm wide tape to minimize access time. IBM's (short-lived) 3570 Magstar MP product pioneered this concept. The real-world performance never exceeded that of the Ultrium tape format, so there was never a demand for Accelis and no drives or media were commercially produced.

Multiple lengths of LTO-1 tapes

The first generation of Ultrium tapes were going to be available with four types of cartridge, holding 10 GB, 30 GB, 50 GB, and 100 GB. Only the full length 100 GB tapes were produced.[62]

HP LTO-1 cleaning strategy

HP LTO Gen.1 drives have a cleaning strategy[63] that will prevent the drive from actually using the cleaning tape if it is not needed. In a change of strategy, HP LTO Gen 2, 3 and 4 drives will always clean when a Universal Cleaning Cartridge is inserted, whether the drive requires cleaning or not.[63]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Super tape drive shipments double in" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-03-06. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  2. ↑ "New Freeman Study Projects Major Shifts In Compact Tape — Industry Growth In Units, Revenue Seen" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-03-06. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  3. ↑ "HP, IBM, And Seagate Agree to Establish Open Format Specifications for Enterprise and Network Storage" (Press release). LTO. November 4, 1997. Retrieved 2007-10-15.
  4. ↑ "IBM storage history". IBM. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  5. ↑ "Linear Tape-Open Program Ships One Million Ultrium Tapes in First 12 Months of Availability for market" (PDF) (Press release). LTO. November 5, 2001.
  6. ↑ "LTO-5 expected in H1 2010 with 1.6 TB–3.2 TB storage". Geekzone.co.nz:80. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  7. ↑ from Quantum and Tandberg, Bechtle Direct catalog 09/2012, p. 450
  8. ↑ "Quantum LTO-7 HH SAS internes Laufwerk (TC-L72AN-BR)". Retrieved 2015-12-27.
  9. ↑ Signoretti, Enrico (2015-09-21). "LTO-7 has it taped, but when will 'bigger/faster' thinking hit the buffers?". The Register. Retrieved 2015-09-24.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 "The LTO Program Announces Upcoming Generation 7 Specifications for Licensing". 2015-09-14. Retrieved 2015-09-15.
  11. 1 2 3 4 "The Linear Tape File System". 2010.
  12. 1 2 "Licensing Specs for LTO-6 Available in August, 2012". Micro-Journal / The LTO Program.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 "Ultrium Generations LTO". Hewlett-Packard, IBM and Quantum.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Mellor, Chris (11 Sep 2014), "No TKO for LTO: Tape format spawns another 2 generations, sports 120TB bigness", The Register
  15. ↑ Mellor, Chris (2015-09-16). "LTO issues mighty seventh-generation 15TB tape format". The Register. Retrieved 2015-09-22.
  16. 1 2 Mellor, Chris (2010-04-15). "Two new LTO tape gens announced". The Register.
  17. ↑ Rivera, Rogelio; Vargas, Gustavo; Vázquez, Marco (September 2012), IBM® System Storage® LTO Ultrium 6 Tape Drive Tape Drive Performance White Paper (PDF), IBM Guadalajara, This new capacity is achieved in the same tape length (846 m) as the gen5 media due to a higher density format (gen6 format). Note that another IBM announcement disagrees: "This is achieved by increasing the linear density, track density, and the media length." (IBM TS1060 LTO-6 tape drive announcement, p. 3.) Note: the difference on the length from LTO5 and LTO6 media is only 1 m.
  18. ↑ "Fujifilm LTO-6 specifications" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  19. ↑ Imation whitepaper: LTO-6 MP or BaFe?
  20. 1 2 3 IBM System Storage TS1060 Tape Drive offers an Ultrium 6 Tape Drive for the TS3500 Tape Library, IBM, 2012-10-03, IBM Hardware Announcement, retrieved 2012-11-05, There are 2,176 data tracks in Ultrium 6 versus 1,280 data tracks in Ultrium 5.
  21. ↑ "LTO-5 Tape Drive User's Guide" (PDF). Quantum.
  22. 1 2 "LTO-6/LTO-5 Tape Drive Datasheet". Quantum.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Expected Usage Life of Imation Media" (PDF). Imation. Retrieved 2013-07-16.
  24. ↑ "Patent application number 20090208018: Data Transfer Device". Faqs.org. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  25. ↑ LTO‐3 tape specs, CA: Maxell.
  26. ↑ Dell PowerVaultTM 110T drive specification. Retrieved 2009-05-16.
  27. ↑ HP Ultrium Media QuickSpecs v13 (PDF), UK: CCI distribution, March 29, 2010, DA-11529.
  28. ↑ "Storage tek tape storage media LTO specs". Oracle and Sun. Sun. 2011-10-04. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  29. ↑ "Primer 3". Ultrium – LTO Technology. LTO. 2010-04-04. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  30. ↑ News bytes (PDF), LTO, Jun 2011.
  31. ↑ Standard, ECMA, 321
  32. ↑ Specification of SLDC (PDF), ECMA, 321.
  33. ↑ ALDC documentation, IBM.
  34. ↑ "Image of Dell LTO-3 WORM cartridge with gray bottom". Support.dell.com. 2012-06-06. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  35. ↑ "HP Forum: LTO 3 WORM info". H30499.www3.hp.com. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  36. ↑ LTO-4 encryption whitepaper (PDF), HP, p. 11, retrieved 2013-03-29
  37. ↑ "Linear Tape File System (LTFS)". SNIA. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
  38. 1 2 "LTO Compliance-Verified Licencees". Ultrium. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  39. ↑ "Notice Concerning Dissolution of Consolidated Subsidiary Due to Business Withdrawal" (Press release). LTO. August 29, 2013.
  40. ↑ "Emtec, Imation, and Verbatim License Linear Tape-Open Technology" (PDF) (Press release). LTO. August 3, 1998.
  41. ↑ "Linear Tape-Open (LTO) Technology Continues Licensee Momentum with Signing of Fujitsu and Quantegy" (PDF) (Press release). LTO. October 21, 1998.
  42. ↑ "LTO cartridge specifications". USA: Fujifilm. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  43. 1 2 "LTO Ultrium Data Cartridge". Fujifilm. Retrieved 2015-12-27.
  44. ↑ Dark Red Fujifilm LTO-5 cartridge, Fuji film, archived from the original (JPEG) on September 28, 2011
  45. ↑ "Black Imation LTO-6 WORM cartridge" (JPEG). Nov 2011. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  46. ↑ "LTO Ultrium Tape Media". Retrieved 2015-12-27.
  47. ↑ "Green HP LTO4 cartridge" (GIF). AU: Tammex. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  48. ↑ Lt Blue HP LTO5 WORM cartridge, Span.
  49. ↑ HP LTO‐6 Ultrium tape cartdrige (JPEG), EU: Misco.
  50. ↑ "HPE LTO-7 Ultrium 15TB RW Data Cartridge". Retrieved 2015-12-27.
  51. ↑ "Fujitsu Cartridge Memory documentation" (PDF). US: Fuji film. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  52. ↑ "VeriTape the trusted Cartridge Quality Analyzer". MP tapes. 2010-06-15. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  53. ↑ "Spectra MLM Reader". Spectra logic. 2007-11-15. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  54. ↑ "Maxell LTO Cartridge Memory Analyzer". US: Maxell. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  55. ↑ Tape alert.
  56. ↑ Data Tape: Dying a Slow Death or Already Dead?
  57. ↑ "Freeman Reports". Archived from the original on May 11, 2013. Retrieved 2013-06-02.
  58. 1 2 Press releases, LTO consortium, archived from the original on May 17, 2007
  59. ↑ "Santa Clara Consulting Group - Tape tracker". Retrieved 2015-06-02.
  60. ↑ "Advanced Research, Exabyte, Matsushita, Mitsumi Electric and Otari License Linear Tape-Open Technology". Find articles. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  61. ↑ "What Happened to Accellis?". Enterprise storage forum. 2002-09-11. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  62. ↑ "Consommables informatiques" [Computer supplies] (EMTEC site offering LTO-1 tape cartridges in multiple sizes) (in French). RPS data. 2005-05-09. Archived from the original on 2005-05-09. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  63. 1 2 "HP cleaning strategy" (PDF). Sundds LTO. Retrieved 2013-03-29.

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