Palatal approximant

Palatal approximant
j
IPA number	153
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	j
Unicode (hex)	U+006A
X-SAMPA	j
Kirshenbaum	j
Braille
Sound
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The voiced palatal approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨j⟩. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j, and in the Americanist phonetic notation it is ⟨y⟩. Because the English name of the letter J, jay, does not start with [j] but with [d͡ʒ] (voiced palato-alveolar affricate), this approximant is sometimes called yod instead, as in the phonological history terms yod-dropping and yod-coalescence.

The palatal approximant is the semivocalic equivalent of the close front unrounded vowel [i]. The two are almost identical featurally. They alternate with each other in certain languages, such as French, and in the diphthongs of some languages, ⟨j⟩ and ⟨i̯⟩ with the non-syllabic diacritic are used in different transcription systems to represent the same sound.

In the writing systems used for most of the languages of Central, Northern and Eastern Europe, the letter j denotes the palatal approximant, as in German Jahr 'year'. This is the IPA usage, and although it may be counter-intuitive for English speakers, it does occur with this sound in a few words familiar to such speakers as in the Hebrew word "hallelujah" and the German "Jägermeister".

In grammars of Ancient Greek, the palatal approximant, which was lost early in the history of Greek, is sometimes written as ⟨ι̯⟩ (iota with the inverted breve below, the non-syllabic diacritic or marker of a semivowel).^[1]

Features

Features of the palatal approximant:

• Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream. The type of approximant is glide or semivowel. The term glide emphasizes the characteristic of movement (or 'glide') of /j/ from the /i/ vowel position to a following vowel position. The term semivowel emphasizes that, although the sound is vocalic in nature, it is not 'syllabic' (it does not form the nucleus of a syllable).

• Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.

• Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.

• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.

• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.

• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Adyghe		ятӀэ	[jatʼa]	'dirt'
Arabic	Standard	يوم	[jawm]	'day'	See Arabic phonology
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic		yama	[ja:ma]	'ocean'
Armenian	Eastern[2]	յուղ	[juʁ]	'fat'
Afrikaans		ja	[jaː]	'yes'
Azerbaijani		yuxu	[juxu]	'dream'
Basque		bai	[baj]	'yes'
Bulgarian		майка/mayka	[ˈmajkɐ]	'mother'
Catalan[3]		seient	[səˈjen]	'seat'	See Catalan phonology
Chechen		ялх/yalx	[jalx]	'six'
Chinese	Cantonese	日/jat9	[jɐt˨ʔ]	'day'	See Cantonese phonology
	Mandarin	鸭/yā	[ja˥]	'duck'	See Mandarin phonology
Corsican		ghjesgia	[ˈjeːʒa]	'church'	Also occurs in the Gallurese dialect
Czech		je	[jɛ]	'is'	See Czech phonology
Danish		jeg	[jä]	'I'	See Danish phonology
Dutch		jaar	[jäːr]	'year'	See Dutch phonology
English		you	[juː]	'you'	See English phonology
Esperanto		jaro	[jaro]	'year'	See Esperanto phonology
Finnish		jalka	[ˈjɑlkɑ]	'leg'	See Finnish phonology
French		yeux	[jø]	'eyes'	See French phonology
German		Joch	[jɔx]	'yoke'	See German phonology
Hebrew		ילד	[ˈjeled]	'boy'	See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani	Hindi	यान	[jɑːn]	'vehicle'	See Hindustani phonology
	Urdu
Hungarian		játék	[jaːteːk]	'game'	See Hungarian phonology
Kabardian		йи	[ji]	'game'
Irish[4]		ghearrfadh	[ˈjɑːɾˠhəx]	'would cut'	See Irish phonology
Italian[5]		ione	[ˈjoːne]	'ion'	See Italian phonology
Japanese		焼く/yaku	[jaku͍]	'to bake'	See Japanese phonology
Korean		야구/yagu	[ˈjaːɡu]	'baseball'	See Korean phonology
Macedonian		крај	[kraj]	'end'	See Macedonian phonology
Malay		sayang	[sajaŋ]	'love'
Marathi		यश	[jəʃ]	'success'
Norwegian	Standard Eastern[6][7]	gi	[jiː]	'to give'	May be a fricative [ʝ] instead.[7][8] See Norwegian phonology
Polish[9]		jutro	[ˈjut̪rɔ]	'tomorrow'	See Polish phonology
Portuguese[10]		bóia	[ˈbɔj.jɐ]	'buoy', 'float'	Allophone of both /i/ and /ʎ/,[11] as well as a very common epenthetic sound before coda sibilants in some dialects. See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi		ਯਾਰ	[jäːɾ]	'friend'
Romanian		iar	[jar]	'again'	See Romanian phonology
Russian		я/ya	[ja]	'I'	See Russian phonology
Spanish[12]		viuda	[ˈbjuð̞ä]	'widow'	Both non-syllabic /i/ and intervocalic /ʝ/ are approximants, though speakers may still contrast the two. See Spanish phonology
Swedish		jag	[ˈjɑːɡ]	'I'	See Swedish phonology
Turkish		yol	[joɫ]	'way'	See Turkish phonology
Turkmen		ýüpek	[jypek]	'silk'
Ubykh		[ajəwʃqʼa]		'you did it'	See Ubykh phonology
Ukrainian		їжак/jižak	[jiˈʒɑk]	'hedgehog'	See Ukrainian phonology
Vietnamese		de	[jɛ]	'cinnamon'	Southern dialects. Corresponds to northern /z/. See Vietnamese phonology
West Frisian		jas	[jɔs]	'coat'
Zapotec	Tilquiapan[13]	yan	[jaŋ]	'neck'

See also

• Voiceless palatal approximant
• Palatal lateral approximant
• Nasal palatal approximant
• Index of phonetics articles

References

Bibliography

International Phonetic Alphabet   IPA topics IPA International Phonetic Association History of the IPA Extensions to the IPA Kiel convention (1989) Journal of the IPA (JIPA) Naming conventions Phonetics Diacritics Segments Tone letter Place of articulation Manner of articulation Special topics Case variants of IPA letters Handwritten IPA Obsolete and nonstandard symbols IPA chart for English dialects Encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Kirshenbaum TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode WorldBet IPA Braille   Consonants IPA pulmonic consonantschart image • audio Place → Labial Coronal Dorsal Laryngeal ↓ Manner Bilabial Labio­dental Linguo­labial Dental Alveolar Palato- alveolar Retroflex Alveolo- palatal Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal / Epiglottal Glottal Nasal m̥ m ɱ n̼̊ n̼ n̥ n ɳ̊ ɳ ɲ̊ ɲ ŋ̊ ŋ ɴ̥ ɴ Stop p b p̪ b̪ t̼ d̼ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ Sibilant affricate ts dz tʃ dʒ ʈʂ ɖʐ tɕ dʑ Non-sibilant affricate pɸ bβ p̪f b̪v tθ dð tθ̠ dð̠ t̠ɹ̠̊˔ d̠ɹ̠˔ cç ɟʝ kx ɡɣ qχ ɢʁ ʡħ ʡʕ ʔh Sibilant fricative s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ Non-sibilant fricative ɸ β f v θ̼ ð̼ θ ð θ̱ ð̠ ɹ̠̊˔ ɹ̠˔ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ h ɦ ʔ̞ Approximant ɸ˕ ʋ θ̞ ɹ̥ ɹ ɻ̊ ɻ j̊ j ɰ̊ ɰ Flap or tap ⱱ̟ ⱱ ɾ̼ ɾ̥ ɾ ɽ̊ ɽ ɢ̆ ʡ̮ Trill ʙ r̼ r̥ r ɽr̥ ɽr ʀ̥ ʀ ʜ ʢ Lateral affricate tɬ dɮ ʈɭ̊˔ cʎ̥˔ kʟ̝̊ ɡʟ̝ Lateral fricative ɬ ɮ ɭ̊˔ ʎ̥˔ ʎ̝ ʟ̝̊ ʟ̝ Lateral approximant l̼ l̥ l ɭ̊ ɭ ʎ̥ ʎ ʟ ʟ̠ Lateral flap ɺ̼ ɺ ɭ̆ ʎ̮ ʟ̆ Non-pulmonic consonants Simple clicks ʘ ʘ̬ ʘ̃ ǀ ǀ̬ ǀ̃ ǃ ǃ̬ ǃ̃ ǂ ǂ̬ ǂ̃ ǁ ǁ̬ ǁ̃ ǃ˞ ǃ̬˞ ǃ̃˞ Other clicks ʘ̃ˀ ʘˀ ˀʘ̃ ʘ͡q ʘ͡qχ ʘ͡qʼ ʘ͡qχʼ ¡ ʞ Implosives ɓ ɗ ᶑ ʄ ɠ ʛ ɓ̥ ɗ̥ ᶑ̥ ʄ̊ ɠ̊ ʛ̥  Ejectives pʼ tʼ ʈʼ cʼ kʼ qʼ ʡʼ fʼ θʼ sʼ ɬʼ ʃʼ ʂʼ ɕʼ xʼ χʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ ʈʂʼ tɕʼ cʎ̝̥ʼ kxʼ kʟ̝̊ʼ qχʼ Co-articulated consonants Continuants ʍ w ɥ̊ ɥ ɫ Occlusives k͡p ɡ͡b ŋ͡m ɧ t͡p d͡b n͡m q͡ʡ — These tables contain phonetic symbols, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] — Where symbols appear in pairs, left–right represent the voiceless–voiced consonants. — Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged to be impossible or not distinctive. Chart image Pulmonics Non-pulmonics Affricates Co-articulated   Vowels Front Near-​front Central Near-​back Back Close •iy •ɨʉ •ɯu •ɪʏ •ɪ̈ʊ̈ •ɯ̽ʊ •eø •ɘɵ •ɤo •e̞ø̞ •əɵ̞ •ɤ̞o̞ •ɛœ •ɜɞ •ʌɔ •æ •ɐɞ̞ •aɶ •äɒ̈ •ɑɒ Near-close Close-mid Mid Open-mid Near-open Open IPA help • chart •  chart with audio • view