Hypostomus
| Hypostomus | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Hypostomus sp. | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Siluriformes |
| Family: | Loricariidae |
| Subfamily: | Hypostominae |
| Genus: | Hypostomus Lacépède, 1803 |
| Type species | |
| Hypostomus guacari Lacepède, 1803 | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Plecostomus Gronovius, 1754 | |
Hypostomus is the largest genus of armored catfish. They are native to tropical and subtropical South America. H. plecostomus is the popular freshwater aquarium fish formerly known as Plecostomus plecostomus. There is a lot of confusion as to the precise taxonomic structure of the Loricariidae.
Taxonomy and phylogeny
Hypostomus is the only genus in the tribe Hypostomini of the subfamily Hypostominae, and is the type genus of Hypostominae.[1][2] The type species of Hypostomus is H. guacari.[3]
With the inclusion of Aphanotorulus, Cheiridodus, Cochliodon, Isorineloricaria, Squaliforma, and Watawata, the genus Hypostomus is by far the largest genus of Loricariidae, and the second largest genus of catfish.[4][5] However, a good way to split up the genus further is unclear.[1] Species level taxonomy of Hypostomus is still poorly known as well as the phylogenetic relationships within and of the genus. It has been shown that the genus does not form a natural group.[2] However, small monophyletic groups are known to exist within the genus Hypostomus, such as the H. unicolor group and the H. cochliodon group.[4] Aphanotorulus, Isorineloricaria, and Squaliforma are considered separate genera by some authors based on molecular information.[5]
Studies conducted with representatives of some genera of Hypostominae showed that within this group, the diploid number ranges from 2n = 52 to 2n = 80. However, the supposed wide karyotypic diversity that the family Loricariidae or the subfamily Hypostominae would present is almost exclusively restricted to the genus Hypostomus, and the species from the other genera had a conserved diploid number.[6]
Distribution and habitat
Hypostomus species originate from freshwater habitats of South America and the Caribbean island of Trinidad. They are found throughout most of the range of loricariids except for drainages west of the Atrato River (northwest Colombia). They are essentially ubiquitous throughout their range.[1] Maximum diversity in number of species of Hypostomus occurs in rivers of the Paraná-Paraguay system.[2]
Hypostomus species are found in almost all aquatic habitats, from large rivers to small rivulets.[7] The typical habitat would be relatively fast moving water over a shallow gravel bed. Most species are lowland, sluggish stream- and lake-dwellers usually found associated with submerged wood; however, many species may be found among rocks in piedmont to mountain streams with moderate to swift flow. Members of Hypostomus may be found over a range of substrates such mud, detritus, gravel, and sand.[1] Many species spawn in hollows dug into mud banks or within hollow logs.[1]
Description and ecology
As in all loricariids, Hypostomus species have a suckermouth. They use their mouth as well as the pectoral, pelvic, and caudal fin areas, to interact with the rocky river-bottom. The comb-toothed inferior mouth of the Hypostomus is able to grasp green algae on the river bottom. With the help of the suckermouth, which anchor the fishes, in conjunction with the arched design of pectoral and pelvic fin spines, they are also able to remain upright while exploring this substratum. In addition, their large, concave caudal fin is associated with fast locomotion over short distances.[8]
Also like other loricariids, Hypostomus species exhibit plates of armor over their body.[1] The colouration among Hypostomus species varies. They may have a white ground color and black spots, or brown and spotted, or even black with red, gold, or white spots. Abdomen also varies in color from white to black and may be spotted or not.[1] The caudal fin is forked with the lower lobe longer than upper. Most species have stout bodies, but some do have thinner, elongate bodies.[1]
In most species, males develop hypertrophied odontodes on the leading edge of the pectoral fin spine and the end of the spine may become swollen. In some species, the males may also develop hypertrophied odontodes on the body during the breeding season.[1]
Hypostomus species are well known for the ability to breathe air. This is achieved through a slightly modified stomach that is larger and thinner than in non-air breathers. To breathe air, Hypostomus must orient itself vertically.[9]
Species of the H. cochliodon group are fairly large loricariids that reach about 30 centimetres (12 in) SL. Their colouration is typically dark brown with spots generally developed over most surfaces; however, most species of this group have been observed to have a well-developed ability to alter color according to substrate. Except for H. sculpodon, these species tend to have a deep body at the dorsal fin origin; this makes the body appear humped.[10]
Along with Panaque, species of the H. cochliodon group are unique among loricariids for xylophagy, or the ability to digest wood, accomplished through specialized spoon-shaped teeth. In H. hemicochliodon and H. sculpodon appear to be intermediate between other species of Hypostomus and the H. cochilodon group by feeding less on wood and lacking specialized teeth; many other Hypostomus will occasionally eat wood, but wood only amounts to a very small fraction of their diet.[10]
Species
There are currently 152 recognized species in this genus:
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References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Armbruster, J.W. "Hypostomus".
- 1 2 3 Oyakawa, O.T., Akama, A. & Zanata, A.M. (2005). "Review of the genus Hypostomus Lacépède, 1803 from rio Ribeira de Iguape basin, with description of a new species (Pisces, Siluriformes, Loricariidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa 921: 1–27.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2015). Species of Hypostomus in FishBase. April 2015 version.
- 1 2 3 Armbruster, J.W., Tansey, L.A. & Lujan, N.K. (2007). "Hypostomus rhantos (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), a new species from southern Venezuela" (PDF). Zootaxa 1553: 59–68.
- 1 2 3 Zawadzki, C.H., Birindelli, J.L.O. & Lima, F.C.T. (2008). "A new pale-spotted species of Hypostomus Lacépède (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the rio Tocantins and rio Xingu basins in central Brazil". Neotropical Ichthyology 6 (3): 395–402. doi:10.1590/s1679-62252008000300012.
- ↑ Alves, A.L., Oliveira, C. & Foresti, F. (2005). "Comparative cytogenetic analysis of eleven species of subfamilies Neoplecostominae and Hypostominae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)". Genetica 124 (2–3): 127–136. doi:10.1007/s10709-004-7561-4.
- 1 2 3 Zawadzki, C.H., Weber, C. & Pavanelli, C.S. (2008). "Two new species of Hypostomus Lacépède (Teleostei: Loricariidae) from the upper rio Paraná basin, Central Brazil". Neotropical Ichthyology 6 (3): 403–412. doi:10.1590/s1679-62252008000300013.
- ↑ Garavello, J.C. & Garavello, J.P. (2004). "Spatial distribution and interaction of four species of the catfish genus Hypostomus Lacépède with bottom of Rio São Francisco, Canindé do São Francisco, Sergipe, Brazil (Pisces, Loricariidae, Hypostominae)" (PDF). Brazilian Journal of Biology 64 (3b): 103–141. doi:10.1590/s1519-69842004000400006.
- ↑ Armbruster, J.W. (1998). "Modifications of the digestive tract for holding air in loricariid and scoloplacid catfishes" (PDF). Copeia (3): 663–675.
- 1 2 Armbruster, J.W. (2003). "The species of the Hypostomus cochliodon group (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa 249: 1–60.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Armbruster, J.W., Werneke, D.C. & Tan, M. (2015). "Three new species of saddled loricariid catfishes, and a review of Hemiancistrus, Peckoltia, and allied genera (Siluriformes)". ZooKeys 480: 97–123. doi:10.3897/zookeys.480.6540.
- ↑ Cardoso Y.P., Almirón A., Casciotta J., Aichino D., Lizarralde M.S., Montoya-Burgos J.I. (2012). "Origin of species diversity in the catfish genus Hypostomus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) inhabiting the Paraná river basin, with the description of a new species". Zootaxa 3453: 69–83.
- 1 2 Tencatt L. F. C., Zawadzki C. H., Froehlich O. (2014). "Two new species of the Hypostomus cochliodon group (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the rio Paraguay basin, with a redescription of Hypostomus cochliodon Kner, 1854". Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (3): 585–602. doi:10.1590/1982-0224-20130162.
- ↑ Martins F.O., Marinho M.M.F., Langeani F., Serra J.P. (2012). "A New Species of Hypostomus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Upper Rio Paraguay Basin, Brazil". Copeia 2012 (3): 494–500. doi:10.1643/ci-11-011.
- ↑ Birindelli, J.L.O., Zanata, A.M. & Lima, F.C.T. (2007). "Hypostomus chrysostiktos, a new species of armored catfish (Siluriformes, Loricariidae) from rio Paraguaçu, Bahia State, Brazil" (PDF). Neotropical Ichthyology 5 (3): 271–278. doi:10.1590/s1679-62252007000300006.
- ↑ Zawadzki C.H., Carvalho P.H. (2014). "A new species of the Hypostomus cochliodon group (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the rio Aripuanã basin in Brazil" (PDF). Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (1): 43–52. doi:10.1590/s1679-62252014000100004.
- ↑ Zawadzki C.H., de Oliveira R.R., Debona T. (2013). "A new species of Hypostomus Lacépède, 1803 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the rio Tocantins-Araguaia basin, Brazil" (PDF). Neotropical Ichthyology 11 (1): 73–80. doi:10.1590/s1679-62252013000100008.
- ↑ Zanata A.M., Sardeiro B., Zawadzki C.H. (2013). "A new dark-dotted species of Hypostomus Lacépède (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from rio Paraguaçu, Bahia State, Brazil" (PDF). Neotropical Ichthyology 11 (2): 247–256. doi:10.1590/s1679-62252013000200002.
- ↑ Zawadzki C.H., Birindelli J.L.O., Lima F.C.T. (2012). "A new armored catfish species of the genus Hypostomus Lacépède, 1803 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the upper rio Xingu basin, Brazil" (PDF). Neotropical Ichthyology 10 (2): 245–253. doi:10.1590/s1679-62252012000200003.
- ↑ Zawadzki C.H., Oliveira A.S., de Oliveira R.R., Rapp Py-Daniel L. (2015). "Hypostomus melanephelis, a new armored catfish species from the rio Tapajós basin, Brazil (Teleostei: Loricariidae)". Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters 26 (1): 49–58.
- ↑ Jerep, F.C., Shibatta, O.K. & Zawadzki, C.H. (2007). "A new species of Hypostomus Lacepede, 1803 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the upper rio Parana basin, southern Brazil". Neotropical Ichthyology 5 (4): 435–442. doi:10.1590/s1679-62252007000400002.
- ↑ Garavello J.C., Britski H.A., Zawadzki C.H. (2012). "The cascudos of the genus Hypostomus Lacépède (Ostariophysi: Loricariidae) from the rio Iguaçu basin" (PDF). Neotropical Ichthyology 10 (2): 263–283. doi:10.1590/s1679-62252012000200005.
- ↑ Zawadzki C.H., Tencatt L.F.C., Froehlich O. (2014). "A new unicuspid-toothed species of Hypostomus Lacépède, 1803 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the rio Paraguai basin" (PDF). Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (1): 97–104. doi:10.1590/s1679-62252014000100010.
- ↑ Ray C.K., Armbruster J.W. (2016). "The genera Isorineloricaria and Aphanotorulus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) with description of a new species". Zootaxa 4072 (5): 501–539. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4072.5.1.
- ↑ Martins, F.O., Langeani, F. & Zawadzki, C.H. (2014). "A new spiny species of Hypostomus Lacépède (Loricariidae: Hypostominae) from thermal waters, upper rio Paraná basin, central Brazil" (PDF). Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (4): 729–736. doi:10.1590/1982-0224-20140035.