Achlorhydria
| Achlorhydria | |
|---|---|
 Hydrogen chloride (major component of gastric acid) | |
| Classification and external resources | |
| Specialty | gastroenterology |
| ICD-10 | K31.8 |
| ICD-9-CM | 536.0 |
| DiseasesDB | 29513 |
| eMedicine | med/18 |
| MeSH | D000126 |
Achlorhydria /eɪklɔərˈhaɪdriə/ or hypochlorhydria refers to states where the production of hydrochloric acid in gastric secretions of the stomach and other digestive organs is absent or low, respectively.[1] It is associated with various other medical problems.
Signs and symptoms
Irrespective of the cause, achlorhydria can result as known complications of bacterial overgrowth and intestinal metaplasia and symptoms are often consistent with those diseases:
- gastroesophageal reflux disease
- abdominal discomfort
- early satiety
- weight loss
- diarrhea
- constipation
- abdominal bloating
Since acidic pH facilitates the absorption of iron, achlorhydric patients often develop iron deficiency anemia.
Bacterial overgrowth and B12 deficiency (pernicious anemia) can cause micronutrient deficiencies that result in various clinical neurological manifestations, including visual changes, paresthesias, ataxia, limb weakness, gait disturbance, memory defects, hallucinations and personality and mood changes.
Risk of particular infections, such as Vibrio vulnificus (commonly from seafood) is increased. Even without bacterial overgrowth, low stomach acid (high pH) can lead to nutritional deficiencies through decreased absorption of basic electrolytes (magnesium, zinc, etc.) and vitamins (including vitamin C, vitamin K, and the B complex of vitamins). Such deficiencies may be involved in the development of a wide range of pathologies, from fairly benign neuromuscular issues to life-threatening diseases.
Causes
- The slowing of the body's basal metabolic rate associated with hypothyroidism
- Pernicious anemia where there is antibody production against parietal cells which normally produce gastric acid.
- The use of antacids or drugs that decrease gastric acid production (such as H2-receptor antagonists) or transport (such as proton pump inhibitors).
- A symptom of rare diseases such as mucolipidosis (type IV).
- A symptom of Helicobacter pylori infection which neutralizes and decreases secretion of gastric acid to aid its survival in the stomach.[2]
- A symptom of atrophic gastritis or of stomach cancer.
- Radiation therapy involving the stomach.
- Gastric bypass procedures such a duodenal switch and RNY, where the largest acid producing parts of the stomach are either removed, or blinded.
- VIPomas (vasoactive intestinal peptides) and somatostatinomas are both islet cell tumors of the pancreas.
- Pellagra, caused by niacin deficiency.
- Chloride, sodium, potassium, zinc and/or iodine deficiency, as these elements are needed to produce adequate levels of stomach acid (HCl).
Diagnosis
For practical purposes, gastric pH at endoscopy should be done in someone with suspected achlorhydria. Older testing methods using fluid aspiration through a nasogastric tube can be done, but these procedures can cause significant discomfort and are less efficient ways to obtain a diagnosis.
A complete 24-hour profile of gastric acid secretion is best obtained during an esophageal pH monitoring study.
Achlorhydria may also be documented by measurements of extremely low levels of pepsinogen A (PgA) (< 17 mcg/L) in blood serum. The diagnosis may be supported by high serum gastrin levels (>500-1000 pg/mL).[3]
The "Heidelberg test" is an alternative way to measure stomach acid and diagnose hypochlorhydria/achlorhydria.
A check can exclude deficiencies in iron, calcium, prothrombin time, vitamin B-12, vitamin D, and thiamine. Complete blood count with indices and peripheral smears can be examined to exclude anemia. Elevation of serum folate is suggestive of small bowel bacterial overgrowth. Bacterial folate can be absorbed into the circulation.
Once achlorhydria is confirmed, a hydrogen breath test can check for bacterial overgrowth.
Treatment
Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause of symptoms.
Treatment of gastritis that leads to pernicious anemia consists of parenteral vitamin B-12 injection. Associated immune-mediated conditions (e.g., insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, autoimmune thyroiditis) should also be treated. However, treatment of these disorders has no known effect in the treatment of achlorhydria.
Achlorhydria associated with Helicobacter pylori infection may respond to H pylori eradication therapy, although resumption of gastric acid secretion may only be partial and it may not always reverse the condition completely.[4]
Antimicrobial agents, including metronidazole, amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium, ciprofloxacin, and rifaximin, can be used to treat bacterial overgrowth.
Achlorhydria resulting from long-term proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) use may be treated by dose reduction or withdrawal of the PPI.
Prognosis
Little is known on the prognosis of achlorhydria, although there have been reports of an increased risk of gastric cancer.[5]
A 2007 review article noted that non-Helicobacter bacterial species can be cultured from achlorhydric (pH > 4.0) stomachs, whereas normal stomach pH only permits the growth of Helicobacter species. Bacterial overgrowth may cause false positive H. Pylori test results due to the change in pH from urease activity.[6]
Small bowel bacterial overgrowth is a chronic condition. Retreatment may be necessary once every 1–6 months.[7] Prudent use of antibacterials now calls for an antibacterial stewardship policy to manage antibiotic resistance.[8]
Experiments have shown that non-Helicobacter bacteria can induce atrophic gastritis in achlorhydric mice, which in turn can cause gastric carcinoma.[9]
See also
References
- ↑ Kohli, Divyanshoo R., Jennifer Lee, and Timothy R. Koch. "Achlorhydria." Medscape. Ed. B S. Anand. N.p., 29 Apr. 2015. Web. 25 May 2015.
- ↑ El-Omar EM, Oien K, El-Nujumi A, et al. (1997). "Helicobacter pylori infection and chronic gastric acid hyposecretion". Gastroenterology 113 (1): 15–24. doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(97)70075-1. PMID 9207257.
- ↑ Divyanshoo Rai Kohli. "Achlorhydria Workup". Medscape. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
- ↑ Iijima, K.; Sekine, H.; Koike, T.; Imatani, A.; Ohara, S.; Shimosegawa, T. (2004). "Long-term effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on the reversibility of acid secretion in profound hypochlorhydria". Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 19 (11): 1181–1188. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.01948.x. PMID 15153171.
- ↑ Svendsen JH, Dahl C, Svendsen LB, Christiansen PM (1986). "Gastric cancer risk in achlorhydric patients. A long-term follow-up study". Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 21 (1): 16–20. doi:10.3109/00365528609034615. PMID 3952447.
- ↑ Brandi G (Aug 2006). "Urease-positive bacteria other than Helicobacter pylori in human gastric juice and mucosa". Am J Gastroenterol. 101: 1756–61. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00698.x. PMID 16780553.
- ↑ Divyanshoo Rai Kohli. "Achlorhydria Follow-up". Medscape. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
- ↑ Lee CR, Cho IH, Jeong BC, Lee SH (Sep 12, 2013). "Strategies to minimize antibiotic resistance". Int J Environ Res Public Health. 10 (9): 4274–305. doi:10.3390/ijerph10094274. PMC 3799537. PMID 24036486.
- ↑ Fox JG, Wang TC (2007). "Inflammation, atrophy, and gastric cancer.". J Clin Invest. 117 (1): 60–69. doi:10.1172/JCI30111. PMC 1716216. PMID 17200707.