Hyderabad

For the Pakistani city, see Hyderabad, Sindh. For the former princely state, see Hyderabad State. For other uses, see Hyderabad (disambiguation).

Hyderabad
హైదరాబాద్
حیدرآباد
Metropolis

A montage of images related to Hyderabad city

Nickname(s): City of Pearls
Hyderabad

Location of Hyderabad in Telangana, India

Coordinates: 17°22′N 78°29′E / 17.37°N 78.48°E / 17.37; 78.48Coordinates: 17°22′N 78°29′E / 17.37°N 78.48°E / 17.37; 78.48
Country  India
State Telangana
Region Deccan
Districts Hyderabad, Ranga Reddy and Medak
Founded 1591 AD
Founded by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah
Government
 • Type Mayor–Council
 • Body Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation
Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority
 • MP Asaduddin Owaisi, Malla Reddy, Bandaru Dattatreya and Konda Vishweshwar Reddy
 • Mayor Bonthu Rammohan
 • Deputy Mayor Baba Fasi Uddin
 • Police commissioner M Mahender Reddy
Area[1]
 • Metropolis 650 km2 (250 sq mi)
 • Metro 7,100 km2 (2,700 sq mi)
Elevation 505 m (1,657 ft)
Population (2011)[2][3]
 • Metropolis 6,731,790
 • Rank 4th
 • Density 18,480/km2 (47,900/sq mi)
 • Metro 7,749,334
 • Metro rank 6th
Demonym(s) Hyderabadi
Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)
Pincode(s) 500 xxx, 501 xxx, 502 xxx, 508 xxx, 509 xxx
Area code(s) +91–40, 8685, 8413, 8414, 8415, 8417, 8418, 8453, 8455
Vehicle registration TS 09 to TS 14
Official languages Telugu, Urdu
HDI High
Website www.ghmc.gov.in

Hyderabad (i/ˈhaɪdərəˌbæd/ HY-dər-ə-bad; often /ˈhaɪdrəˌbæd/) is the capital of the southern Indian state of Telangana and de jure capital of Andhra Pradesh.[upper-alpha 1] Occupying 650 square kilometres (250 sq mi) along the banks of the Musi River, it has a population of about 6.7 million and a metropolitan population of about 7.75 million, making it the fourth most populous city and sixth most populous urban agglomeration in India. At an average altitude of 542 metres (1,778 ft), much of Hyderabad is situated on hilly terrain around artificial lakes, including Hussain Sagar—predating the city's founding—north of the city centre.

Established in 1591 by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, Hyderabad remained under the rule of the Qutb Shahi dynasty for nearly a century before the Mughals captured the region. In 1724, Mughal viceroy Asif Jah I declared his sovereignty and created his own dynasty, known as the Nizams of Hyderabad. The Nizam's dominions became a princely state during the British Raj, and remained so for 150 years, with the city serving as its capital. The city continued as the capital of Hyderabad State after it was brought into the Indian Union in 1948, and became the capital of Andhra Pradesh after the States Reorganisation Act, 1956. Since 1956, Rashtrapati Nilayam in the city has been the winter office of the President of India. In 2014, the newly formed state of Telangana split from Andhra Pradesh and the city became joint capital of the two states, a transitional arrangement scheduled to end by 2025.

Relics of Qutb Shahi and Nizam rule remain visible today, with the Charminar—commissioned by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah—coming to symbolise Hyderabad. Golconda fort is another major landmark. The influence of Mughlai culture is also evident in the city's distinctive cuisine, which includes Hyderabadi biryani and Hyderabadi haleem. The Qutb Shahis and Nizams established Hyderabad as a cultural hub, attracting men of letters from different parts of the world. Hyderabad emerged as the foremost centre of culture in India with the decline of the Mughal Empire in the mid-19th century, with artists migrating to the city from the rest of the Indian subcontinent. While Hyderabad is losing its cultural pre-eminence, it is today, due to the Telugu film industry, the country's second-largest producer of motion pictures.

Hyderabad was historically known as a pearl and diamond trading centre, and it continues to be known as the City of Pearls. Many of the city's traditional bazaars, including Laad Bazaar, Begum Bazaar and Sultan Bazaar, have remained open for centuries. However, industrialisation throughout the 20th century attracted major Indian manufacturing, research and financial institutions, including Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, the National Geophysical Research Institute and the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology. Special economic zones dedicated to information technology have encouraged companies from across India and around the world to set up operations and the emergence of pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries in the 1990s led to the area's naming as India's "Genome Valley". With an output of US$74 billion, Hyderabad is the fifth-largest contributor to India's overall gross domestic product.

History

Main article: History of Hyderabad

Toponymy

According to John Everett-Heath, the author of Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Place Names, Hyderabad means "Haydar's city" or "lion city", from haydar (lion) and ābād (city).[4] It was named to honour the Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib, who was also known as Haydar because of his lion-like valour in battles.[4] Andrew Petersen, a scholar of Islamic architecture, says the city was originally called Baghnagar (city of gardens).[5] One popular theory suggests that Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, the founder of the city, named it "Bhaganagar" or "Bhāgnagar" after Bhagmati, a local nautch (dancing) girl with whom he had fallen in love.[6] She converted to Islam and adopted the title Hyder Mahal. The city was renamed Hyderabad in her honour.[6] According to another source, the city was named after Haidar, the son of Quli Qutb Shah.[7]

Early and medieval history

Archaeologists excavating near the city have unearthed Iron Age sites that may date from 500 BCE.[8] The region comprising modern Hyderabad and its surroundings was known as Golkonda ("shepherd's hill"),[9] and was ruled by the Chalukya dynasty from 624 CE to 1075 CE.[10] Following the dissolution of the Chalukya empire into four parts in the 11th century, Golkonda came under the control of the Kakatiya dynasty from 1158, whose seat of power was at Warangal, 148 km (92 mi) northeast of modern Hyderabad.[11]

Tomb of Abdullah Qutb Shah, the former ruler of Hyderabad
The Qutb Shahi Tombs at Ibrahim Bagh are the tombs of the seven Qutb Shahi rulers.

The Kakatiya dynasty was reduced to a vassal of the Khilji dynasty in 1310 after its defeat by Sultan Alauddin Khilji of the Delhi Sultanate. This lasted until 1321, when the Kakatiya dynasty was annexed by Malik Kafur, Allaudin Khilji's general.[12] During this period, Alauddin Khilji took the Koh-i-Noor diamond, which is said to have been mined from the Kollur Mines of Golkonda, to Delhi.[13] Muhammad bin Tughluq succeeded to the Delhi sultanate in 1325, bringing Warangal under the rule of the Tughlaq dynasty until 1347 when Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah, a governor under bin Tughluq, rebelled against Delhi and established the Bahmani Sultanate in the Deccan Plateau, with Gulbarga, 200 km (124 mi) west of Hyderabad, as its capital. The Bahmani kings ruled the region until 1518 and were the first independent Muslim rulers of the Deccan.[11]

Sultan Quli, a governor of Golkonda, revolted against the Bahmani Sultanate and established the Qutb Shahi dynasty in 1518;[11] he rebuilt the mud-fort of Golconda and named the city "Muhammad nagar".[14][15] The fifth sultan, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, established Hyderabad on the banks of the Musi River in 1591,[16] to avoid the water shortages experienced at Golkonda.[17] During his rule, he had the Charminar and Mecca Masjid built in the city.[18] On 21 September 1687, the Golkonda Sultanate came under the rule of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb after a year-long siege of the Golkonda fort.[19][20] The annexed area was renamed Deccan Suba (Deccan province) and the capital was moved from Golkonda to Aurangabad, about 550 km (342 mi) northwest of Hyderabad.[19][21]

Modern history

Sepia photograph of buildings around the water canal
A mill with a canal connecting to Hussain Sagar lake. Following the introduction of railways in the 1880s, factories were built around the lake.

In 1713 Farrukhsiyar, the Mughal emperor, appointed Asif Jah I to be Viceroy of the Deccan, with the title Nizam-ul-Mulk (Administrator of the Realm).[22] In 1724, Asif Jah I defeated Mubariz Khan to establish autonomy over the Deccan Suba, named the region Hyderabad Deccan, and started what came to be known as the Asif Jahi dynasty. Subsequent rulers retained the title Nizam ul-Mulk and were referred to as Asif Jahi Nizams, or Nizams of Hyderabad.[19][21] The death of Asif Jah I in 1748 resulted in a period of political unrest as his sons, backed by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces, contended for the throne. The accession of Asif Jah II, who reigned from 1762 to 1803, ended the instability. In 1768 he signed the treaty of Masulipatnam, surrendering the coastal region to the East India Company in return for a fixed annual rent.[23]

In 1769 Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Nizams.[19][21] In response to regular threats from Hyder Ali (Dalwai of Mysore), Baji Rao I (Peshwa of the Maratha Empire), and Basalath Jung (Asif Jah II's elder brother, who was supported by the Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau), the Nizam signed a subsidiary alliance with the East India Company in 1798, allowing the British Indian Army to occupy Bolarum (modern Secunderabad) to protect the state's borders, for which the Nizams paid an annual maintenance to the British.[23]

Until 1874 there were no modern industries in Hyderabad. With the introduction of railways in the 1880s, four factories were built to the south and east of Hussain Sagar lake,[24] and during the early 20th century, Hyderabad was transformed into a modern city with the establishment of transport services, underground drainage, running water, electricity, telecommunications, universities, industries, and Begumpet Airport. The Nizams ruled their princely state from Hyderabad during the British Raj.[19][21]

After India gained independence, the Nizam declared his intention to remain independent rather than become part of the Indian Union.[23] The Hyderabad State Congress, with the support of the Indian National Congress and the Communist Party of India, began agitating against Nizam VII in 1948. On 17 September that year, the Indian Army took control of Hyderabad State after an invasion codenamed Operation Polo. With the defeat of his forces, Nizam VII capitulated to the Indian Union by signing an Instrument of Accession, which made him the Rajpramukh (Princely Governor) of the state until 31 October 1956.[21][25] Between 1946 and 1951, the Communist Party of India fomented the Telangana uprising against the feudal lords of the Telangana region.[26] The Constitution of India, which became effective on 26 January 1950, made Hyderabad State one of the part B states of India, with Hyderabad city continuing to be the capital.[27] In his 1955 report Thoughts on Linguistic States, B. R. Ambedkar, then chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution, proposed designating the city of Hyderabad as the second capital of India because of its amenities and strategic central location.[28] Since 1956, the Rashtrapati Nilayam in Hyderabad has been the second official residence and business office of the President of India; the President stays once a year in winter and conducts official business particularly relating to Southern India.[29]

On 1 November 1956 the states of India were reorganised by language. Hyderabad state was split into three parts, which were merged with neighbouring states to form the modern states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The nine Telugu- and Urdu-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in the Telangana region were merged with the Telugu-speaking Andhra State to create Andhra Pradesh,[30][31][32] with Hyderabad as its capital. Several protests, known collectively as the Telangana movement, attempted to invalidate the merger and demanded the creation of a new Telangana state. Major actions took place in 1969 and 1972, and a third began in 2010.[33] The city suffered several explosions: one at Dilsukhnagar in 2002 claimed two lives;[34] terrorist bombs in May and August 2007 caused communal tension and riots;[35] and two bombs exploded in February 2013.[36] On 30 July 2013 the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government of India declared that part of Andhra Pradesh would be split off to form a new Telangana state, and that Hyderabad city would be the capital city and part of Telangana, while the city would also remain the capital of Andhra Pradesh for no more than ten years. On 3 October 2013 the Union Cabinet approved the proposal,[37] and in February 2014 both houses of Parliament passed the Telangana Bill. With the final assent of the President of India in June 2014, Telangana state was formed.[38]

Geography

Topography

Large manmade lake, with Hyderabad in the far distance
Hussain Sagar lake, built during the reign of the Qutb Shahi dynasty, was once the source of drinking water for Hyderabad.[39]

Situated in the southern part of Telangana in southeastern India,[40] Hyderabad is 1,566 kilometres (973 mi) south of Delhi, 699 kilometres (434 mi) southeast of Mumbai, and 570 kilometres (350 mi) north of Bangalore by road.[41] It lies on the banks of the Musi River, in the northern part of the Deccan Plateau.[1][42] Greater Hyderabad covers 650 km2 (250 sq mi), making it one of the largest metropolitan areas in India.[1] With an average altitude of 542 metres (1,778 ft), Hyderabad lies on predominantly sloping terrain of grey and pink granite, dotted with small hills, the highest being Banjara Hills at 672 metres (2,205 ft).[42][43] The city has numerous lakes referred to as sagar, meaning "sea". Examples include artificial lakes created by dams on the Musi, such as Hussain Sagar (built in 1562 near the city centre), Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar.[42][44] As of 1996, the city had 140 lakes and 834 water tanks (ponds).[45]

Climate

Hyderabad has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen Aw) bordering on a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh).[46] The annual mean temperature is 26.6 °C (79.9 °F); monthly mean temperatures are 21–33 °C (70–91 °F).[47] Summers (March–June) are hot and humid, with average highs in the mid-to-high 30s Celsius;[48] maximum temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F) between April and June.[47] The coolest temperatures occur in December and January, when the lowest temperature occasionally dips to 10 °C (50 °F).[47] May is the hottest month, when daily temperatures range from 26 to 39 °C (79–102 °F); December, the coldest, has temperatures varying from 14.5 to 28 °C (57–82 °F).[48]

Heavy rain from the south-west summer monsoon falls between June and September,[49] supplying Hyderabad with most of its mean annual rainfall.[48] Since records began in November 1891, the heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period was 241.5 mm (10 in) on 24 August 2000. The highest temperature ever recorded was 45.5 °C (114 °F) on 2 June 1966, and the lowest was 6.1 °C (43 °F) on 8 January 1946.[50] The city receives 2,731 hours of sunshine per year; maximum daily sunlight exposure occurs in February.[49][51]

Climate data for Hyderabad
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 35.9
(96.6)		 39.1
(102.4)		 42.2
(108)		 43.3
(109.9)		 44.5
(112.1)		 45.5
(113.9)		 37.4
(99.3)		 36.1
(97)		 36.1
(97)		 36.7
(98.1)		 34.0
(93.2)		 33.8
(92.8)		 45.5
(113.9)
Average high °C (°F) 28.8
(83.8)		 31.9
(89.4)		 35.4
(95.7)		 37.9
(100.2)		 39.0
(102.2)		 34.5
(94.1)		 30.8
(87.4)		 29.8
(85.6)		 30.5
(86.9)		 30.6
(87.1)		 29.0
(84.2)		 28.0
(82.4)		 32.2
(90)
Daily mean °C (°F) 22.2
(72)		 25.1
(77.2)		 28.4
(83.1)		 31.5
(88.7)		 33.0
(91.4)		 29.3
(84.7)		 27.0
(80.6)		 26.2
(79.2)		 26.6
(79.9)		 25.7
(78.3)		 23.2
(73.8)		 21.6
(70.9)		 26.7
(80.1)
Average low °C (°F) 15.2
(59.4)		 17.6
(63.7)		 20.8
(69.4)		 24.3
(75.7)		 26.2
(79.2)		 24.0
(75.2)		 22.6
(72.7)		 22.1
(71.8)		 22.0
(71.6)		 20.3
(68.5)		 16.9
(62.4)		 14.5
(58.1)		 20.5
(68.9)
Record low °C (°F) 6.1
(43)		 8.9
(48)		 13.2
(55.8)		 16.0
(60.8)		 16.7
(62.1)		 17.8
(64)		 18.6
(65.5)		 18.7
(65.7)		 17.8
(64)		 11.7
(53.1)		 7.4
(45.3)		 7.1
(44.8)		 6.1
(43)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 13.2
(0.52)		 7.9
(0.311)		 15.3
(0.602)		 20.2
(0.795)		 35.7
(1.406)		 103.8
(4.087)		 169.9
(6.689)		 178.7
(7.035)		 158.3
(6.232)		 97.2
(3.827)		 22.4
(0.882)		 5.9
(0.232)		 828.5
(32.618)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 0.6 0.8 1.0 2.1 3.4 10.0 12.4 14.1 9.7 6.3 2.9 0.7 64.0
Average relative humidity (%) 56 49 39 37 39 61 71 74 72 63 58 57 56
Mean monthly sunshine hours 278.6 269.3 263.4 273.7 281.5 179.8 141.1 137.3 167.2 227.3 247.1 263.2 2,729.5
Source #1: India Meteorological Department (average high, average low and rainfall, 1951–2000)[52][53][54]
Source #2: NOAA of the USA (mean temperature, mean rainy days, humidity, and sun 1971–1990)[55]

Conservation

Three antelopes
Blackbucks grazing at Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park

Hyderabad's lakes and the sloping terrain of its low-lying hills provide habitat for an assortment of flora and fauna. The forest region in and around the city encompasses areas of ecological and biological importance, which are preserved in the form of national parks, zoos, mini-zoos and a wildlife sanctuary. Nehru Zoological Park, the city's one large zoo, is the first in India to have a lion and tiger safari park. Hyderabad has three national parks (Mrugavani National Park, Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park and Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park), and the Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary is about 50 km (31 mi) from the city. Hyderabad's other environmental reserves are: Kotla Vijayabhaskara Reddy Botanical Gardens, Shamirpet Lake, Hussain Sagar, Fox Sagar Lake, Mir Alam Tank and Patancheru Lake, which is home to regional birds and attracts seasonal migratory birds from different parts of the world.[56] Organisations engaged in environmental and wildlife preservation include the Telangana Forest Department,[57] Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), the Animal Welfare Board of India, the Blue Cross of Hyderabad and the University of Hyderabad.[56]

Administration

Common capital of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh

White building with multiple domes
The Telangana and Andhra Pradesh legislatures are housed in the State Assembly Building.

According to the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 part 2 Section 5:[58] "(1) On and from the appointed day, Hyderabad in the existing State of Andhra Pradesh, shall be the common capital of the State of Telangana and the State of Andhra Pradesh for such period not exceeding ten years. (2) After expiry of the period referred to in sub-section (1), Hyderabad shall be the capital of the State of Telangana and there shall be a new capital for the State of Andhra Pradesh."

The same sections also define that the common capital includes the existing area designated as the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation under the Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Act, 1955. As stipulated in sections 3 and 18(1) of the Reorganisation Act, city MLAs are members of Telangana state assembly.

Local government

The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) oversees the civic infrastructure of the city's 18 "circles", which together encompass 150 municipal wards. Each ward is represented by a corporator, elected by popular vote. The corporators elect the Mayor, who is the titular head of GHMC; executive powers rest with the Municipal Commissioner, appointed by the state government. The GHMC carries out the city's infrastructural work such as building and maintenance of roads and drains, town planning including construction regulation, maintenance of municipal markets and parks, solid waste management, the issuing of birth and death certificates, the issuing of trade licences, collection of property tax, and community welfare services such as mother and child healthcare, and pre-school and non-formal education.[59] The GHMC was formed in April 2007 by merging the Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad (MCH) with 12 municipalities of the Hyderabad, Ranga Reddy and Medak districts covering a total area of 650 km2 (250 sq mi).[60]:3 In the 2014 municipal election, the Telangana Rashtra Samithi formed the majority and the present Mayor is Bonthu Rammohan.[61] The Secunderabad Cantonment Board is a civic administration agency overseeing an area of 40.1 km2 (15.5 sq mi),[62]:93 where there are several military camps.[63]:2[64] The Osmania University campus is administered independently by the university authority.[62]:93

Law and order in Hyderabad city is supervised by the governor of Telangana.[65] The jurisdiction is divided into two police commissionerates: Hyderabad and Cyberabad, which are again divided into four and five police zones respectively. Each zone is headed by a deputy commissioner.[66][67]

The jurisdictions of the city's administrative agencies are, in ascending order of size: the Hyderabad Police area, Hyderabad district, the GHMC area ("Hyderabad city") and the area under the Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA). The HMDA is an apolitical urban planning agency that covers the GHMC and its suburbs, extending to 54 mandals in five districts encircling the city. It coordinates the development activities of GHMC and suburban municipalities and manages the administration of bodies such as the Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (HMWSSB).[68]

As the seat of the government of Telangana, Hyderabad is home to the state's legislature, secretariat and high court, as well as various local government agencies. The Lower City Civil Court and the Metropolitan Criminal Court are under the jurisdiction of the High Court.[69][70]:1 The GHMC area contains 24 State Legislative Assembly constituencies, which form five constituencies of the Lok Sabha (the lower house of the Parliament of India).[71]

Utility services

Woman sweeping the road
A GHMC sweeper cleaning the Tank Bund Road

The HMWSSB regulates rainwater harvesting, sewerage services and water supply, which is sourced from several dams located in the suburbs. In 2005, the HMWSSB started operating a 116-kilometre-long (72 mi) water supply pipeline from Nagarjuna Sagar Dam to meet increasing demand.[72][73] The Telangana Southern Power Distribution Company Limited manages electricity supply.[74] As of October 2014, there were 15 fire stations in the city, operated by the Telangana State Disaster and Fire Response Department.[75] The government-owned India Post has five head post offices and many sub-post offices in Hyderabad, which are complemented by private courier services.[42]

Pollution control

Hyderabad produces around 4,500 tonnes of solid waste daily, which is transported from collection units in Imlibun, Yousufguda and Lower Tank Bund to the dumpsite in Jawaharnagar.[76] Disposal is managed by the Integrated Solid Waste Management project which was started by the GHMC in 2010.[77] Rapid urbanisation and increased economic activity has also led to increased industrial waste, air, noise and water pollution, which is regulated by the Telangana Pollution Control Board (TPCB).[78][79] The contribution of different sources to air pollution in 2006 was: 20–50% from vehicles, 40–70% from a combination of vehicle discharge and road dust, 10–30% from industrial discharges and 3–10% from the burning of household rubbish.[80] Deaths resulting from atmospheric particulate matter are estimated at 1,700–3,000 each year.[81] Ground water around Hyderabad, which has a hardness of up to 1000 ppm, around three times higher than is desirable,[82] is the main source of drinking water but the increasing population and consequent increase in demand has led to a decline in not only ground water but also river and lake levels.[83][84] This shortage is further exacerbated by inadequately treated effluent discharged from industrial treatment plants polluting the water sources of the city.[85]

Healthcare

Building with Islamic architecture
The Nizamia Unani Hospital provides medical care using both Unani and allopathic medicine.

The Commissionerate of Health and Family Welfare is responsible for planning, implementation and monitoring of all facilities related to health and preventive services.[86][87] As of 2010–11, the city had 50 government hospitals,[88] 300 private and charity hospitals and 194 nursing homes providing around 12,000 hospital beds, fewer than half the required 25,000.[89][90] For every 10,000 people in the city, there are 17.6 hospital beds,[91] 9 specialist doctors, 14 nurses and 6 physicians.[90] The city also has about 4,000 individual clinics[92] and 500 medical diagnostic centres.[89] Private clinics are preferred by many residents because of the distance to, poor quality of care at and long waiting times in government facilities,[93]:60–61 despite the high proportion of the city's residents being covered by government health insurance: 24% according to a National Family Health Survey in 2005.[93]:41 As of 2012, many new private hospitals of various sizes were opened or being built.[92] Hyderabad also has outpatient and inpatient facilities that use Unani, homeopathic and Ayurvedic treatments.[94]

In the 2005 National Family Health Survey, it was reported that the city's total fertility rate is 1.8,[93]:47 which is below the replacement rate. Only 61% of children had been provided with all basic vaccines (BCG, measles and full courses of polio and DPT), fewer than in all other surveyed cities except Meerut.[93]:98 The infant mortality rate was 35 per 1,000 live births, and the mortality rate for children under five was 41 per 1,000 live births.[93]:97 The survey also reported that a third of women and a quarter of men are overweight or obese, 49% of children below 5 years are anaemic, and up to 20% of children are underweight,[93]:44, 55–56 while more than 2% of women and 3% of men suffer from diabetes.[93]:57

Demographics

Buildings along the lake shoreline
Panorama of Hyderabad, as seen from the Hussain Sagar lake
Hyderabad population 
CensusPop. %±
19511,085,722
—
19611,118,5533.0%
19711,796,00060.6%
19812,546,00041.8%
19913,059,26220.2%
20013,637,48318.9%
20116,809,97087.2%
Sources:[95][96][97]

When the GHMC was created in 2007, the area occupied by the municipality increased from 175 km2 (68 sq mi) to 650 km2 (250 sq mi).[1] Consequently, the population increased by 87%, from 3,637,483 in the 2001 census to 6,809,970 in the 2011 census, 24% of which are migrants from elsewhere in India,[63]:2 making Hyderabad the nation's fourth most populous city.[97][98] As of 2011, the population density is 18,480/km2 (47,900/sq mi).[99] At the same 2011 census, the Hyderabad Urban Agglomeration had a population of 7,749,334, making it the sixth most populous urban agglomeration in the country.[98] The population of the Hyderabad urban agglomeration has since been estimated by electoral officials to be 9.1 million as of early 2013 but is expected to exceed 10 million by the end of the year.[100] There are 3,500,802 male and 3,309,168 female citizens—a sex ratio of 945 females per 1000 males,[101] higher than the national average of 926 per 1000.[102] Among children aged 0–6 years, 373,794 are boys and 352,022 are girls—a ratio of 942 per 1000.[101] Literacy stands at 82.96% (male 85.96%; female 79.79%), higher than the national average of 74.04%.[103] The socio-economic strata consist of 20% upper class, 50% middle class and 30% working class.[104]

Ethnic groups, language and religion

Religions in Hyderabad
Religion Percent
Hindus
  
 55.41%
Muslims
  
 41.17%
Christians
  
 2.43%
Others
  
 0.97%

Referred to as "Hyderabadi", residents of Hyderabad are predominantly Telugu and Urdu speaking people, with minority Bengali, Gujarati (including Memon), Kannada (including Nawayathi), Malayalam, Marathi, Marwari, Odia, Punjabi, Tamil and Uttar Pradeshi communities. Hadhrami Arabs, African Arabs, Armenians, Abyssinians, Iranians, Pathans and Turkish people are also present; these communities, of which the Hadhrami are the largest, declined after Hyderabad State became part of the Indian Union, as they lost the patronage of the Nizams.[105]

Telugu is the official language of Hyderabad and Urdu is its second language.[106] The Telugu dialect spoken in Hyderabad is called Telangana, and the Urdu spoken is called Dakhani.[107]:1869–70[108] English is also used.[109] A significant minority speak other languages, including Hindi, Marathi, Odia, Tamil, Bengali and Kannada.[105]

Hindus are in the majority. Muslims are present throughout the city and predominate in and around the Old City. There are also Christian, Sikh, Jain, Buddhist and Parsi communities and iconic temples, mosques and churches can be seen.[110] According to the 2001 census, Hyderabad district's religious make-up was: Hindus (55.41%), Muslims (41.17%), Christians (2.43%), Jains (0.43%), Sikhs (0.29%) and Buddhists (0.02%); 0.23% did not state any religion.[111]

Slums

Hyderabad slum dwellers outside mud houses
Labourers in a rural area of Hyderabad

In the greater metropolitan area, 13% of the population live below the poverty line.[112] According to a 2012 report submitted by GHMC to the World Bank, Hyderabad has 1,476 slums with a total population of 1.7 million, of whom 66% live in 985 slums in the "core" of the city (the part that formed Hyderabad before the April 2007 expansion) and the remaining 34% live in 491 suburban tenements.[113] About 22% of the slum-dwelling households had migrated from different parts of India in the last decade of the 20th century, and 63% claimed to have lived in the slums for more than 10 years.[63]:55 Overall literacy in the slums is 60–80% and female literacy is 52–73%. A third of the slums have basic service connections, and the remainder depend on general public services provided by the government. There are 405 government schools, 267 government aided schools, 175 private schools and 528 community halls in the slum areas.[114]:70 According to a 2008 survey by the Centre for Good Governance, 87.6% of the slum-dwelling households are nuclear families, 18% are very poor, with an income up to ₹20000 (US$290) per annum, 73% live below the poverty line (a standard poverty line recognised by the Andhra Pradesh Government is ₹24000 (US$350) per annum), 27% of the chief wage earners (CWE) are casual labour and 38% of the CWE are illiterate. About 3.72% of the slum children aged 5–14 do not go to school and 3.17% work as child labour, of whom 64% are boys and 36% are girls. The largest employers of child labour are street shops and construction sites. Among the working children, 35% are engaged in hazardous jobs.[63]:59

Cityscape

Panorama showing buildings under construction

Neighbourhoods

People sailing in the lake regatta
Optimist and Laser dinghies during the Hyderabad Sailing Week Regatta at Hussain Sagar

The historic city established by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah on the southern side of the Musi River forms the "Old City", while the "New City" encompasses the urbanised area on the northern banks. The two are connected by many bridges across the river, the oldest of which is Purana Pul ("old bridge").[115] Hyderabad is twinned with neighbouring Secunderabad, to which it is connected by Hussain Sagar.[116]

Many historic and tourist sites lie in south central Hyderabad, such as the Charminar, the Mecca Masjid, the Salar Jung Museum, the Nizam's Museum, the Falaknuma Palace, and the traditional retail corridor comprising the Pearl Market, Laad Bazaar and Madina Circle. North of the river are hospitals, colleges, major railway stations and business areas such as Begum Bazaar, Koti, Abids, Sultan Bazaar and Moazzam Jahi Market, along with administrative and recreational establishments such as the Reserve Bank of India, the Telangana Secretariat, the Hyderabad Mint, the Telangana Legislature, the Public Gardens, the Nizam Club, the Ravindra Bharathi, the State Museum, the Birla Temple and the Birla Planetarium.[116][117][118]

North of central Hyderabad lie Hussain Sagar, Tank Bund Road, Rani Gunj and the Secunderabad Railway Station.[116] Most of the city's parks and recreational centres, such as Sanjeevaiah Park, Indira Park, Lumbini Park, NTR Gardens, the Buddha statue and Tankbund Park are located here.[39] In the northwest part of the city there are upscale residential and commercial areas such as Banjara Hills, Jubilee Hills, Begumpet, Khairatabad and Miyapur.[119] The northern end contains industrial areas such as Sanathnagar, Moosapet, Balanagar, Patancheru and Chanda Nagar. The northeast end is dotted with residential areas.[116][117][118] In the eastern part of the city lie many defence research centres and Ramoji Film City. The "Cyberabad" area in the southwest and west of the city has grown rapidly since the 1990s. It is home to information technology and bio-pharmaceutical companies and to landmarks such as Hyderabad Airport, Osman Sagar, Himayath Sagar and Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park.[120][121]

Landmarks

Heritage buildings constructed during the Qutb Shahi and Nizam eras showcase Indo-Islamic architecture influenced by Medieval, Mughal and European styles.[5][122] After the 1908 flooding of the Musi River, the city was expanded and civic monuments constructed, particularly during the rule of Mir Osman Ali Khan (the VIIth Nizam), whose patronage of architecture led to him being referred to as the maker of modern Hyderabad.[123][124] In 2012, the government of India declared Hyderabad the first "Best heritage city of India".[125]

Qutb Shahi architecture of the 16th and early 17th centuries followed classical Persian architecture featuring domes and colossal arches.[126] The oldest surviving Qutb Shahi structure in Hyderabad is the ruins of Golconda fort built in the 16th century. The Charminar, Mecca Masjid, Charkaman and Qutb Shahi tombs are other existing structures of this period. Among these the Charminar has become an icon of the city; located in the centre of old Hyderabad, it is a square structure with sides 20 m (66 ft) long and four grand arches each facing a road. At each corner stands a 56 m (184 ft)-high minaret. Most of the historical bazaars that still exist were constructed on the street north of Charminar towards Golconda fort. The Charminar, Qutb Shahi tombs and Golconda fort are considered to be monuments of national importance in India; in 2010 the Indian government proposed that the sites be listed for UNESCO World Heritage status.[123][127][128]:11–18[129]

Among the oldest surviving examples of Nizam architecture in Hyderabad is the Chowmahalla Palace, which was the seat of royal power. It showcases a diverse array of architectural styles, from the Baroque Harem to its Neoclassical royal court. The other palaces include Falaknuma Palace (inspired by the style of Andrea Palladio), Purani Haveli, King Kothi and Bella Vista Palace all of which were built at the peak of Nizam rule in the 19th century. During Mir Osman Ali Khan's rule, European styles, along with Indo-Islamic, became prominent. These styles are reflected in the Falaknuma Palace and many civic monuments such as the Hyderabad High Court, Osmania Hospital, Osmania University, the State Central Library, City College, the Telangana Legislature, the State Archaeology Museum, Jubilee Hall, and Hyderabad and Kachiguda railway stations.[123][126][130][131] Other landmarks of note are Paigah Palace, Asman Garh Palace, Basheer Bagh Palace, Errum Manzil and the Spanish Mosque, all constructed by the Paigah family.[128]:16–17[132][133]

Three-story colonnaded façade with palm trees in front
The Falaknuma Palace, constructed by the Paigah family, was inspired by Andrea Palladio's villas.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Hyderabad
four men in a traditional bridalware shops in the market
A scene of bridalware shops in Laad Bazaar, near the Charminar

Hyderabad is the largest contributor to the gross domestic product (GDP), tax and other revenues, of Telangana, and the sixth largest deposit centre and fourth largest credit centre nationwide, as ranked by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in June 2012.[134] Its US$74 billion GDP made it the fifth-largest contributor city to India's overall GDP in 2011–12.[135] Its per capita annual income in 2011 was ₹44300 (US$650).[136] As of 2006, the largest employers in the city were the governments of Andhra Pradesh (113,098 employees) and India (85,155).[137] According to a 2005 survey, 77% of males and 19% of females in the city were employed.[138] The service industry remains dominant in the city, and 90% of the employed workforce is engaged in this sector.[139]

Hyderabad's role in the pearl trade has given it the name "City of Pearls" and up until the 18th century, the city was also the only global trading centre for large diamonds.[20][140][141] Industrialisation began under the Nizams in the late 19th century, helped by railway expansion that connected the city with major ports.[142][143] From the 1950s to the 1970s, Indian enterprises, such as Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC), National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC), Bharat Electronics (BEL), Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), State Bank of Hyderabad (SBH) and Andhra Bank (AB)[117] were established in the city.[144] The city is home to Hyderabad Securities formerly known as Hyderabad Stock Exchange (HSE),[145] and houses the regional office of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).[146] In 2013, the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) facility in Hyderabad was forecasted to provide operations and transactions services to BSE-Mumbai by the end of 2014.[147] The growth of the financial services sector has helped Hyderabad evolve from a traditional manufacturing city to a cosmopolitan industrial service centre.[117] Since the 1990s, the growth of information technology (IT), IT-enabled services (ITES), insurance and financial institutions has expanded the service sector, and these primary economic activities have boosted the ancillary sectors of trade and commerce, transport, storage, communication, real estate and retail.[143]

Hyderabad's commercial markets are divided into four sectors: central business districts,[148] sub-central business centres, neighbourhood business centres and local business centres.[149] Many traditional and historic bazaars are located throughout the city, Laad Bazaar being the prominent among all is popular for selling a variety of traditional and cultural antique wares, along with gems and pearls.[150][151]

City panorama showing gardens, clean roads and modern office buildings
HITEC city, the hub of information technology companies

The establishment of Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited (IDPL), a public sector undertaking, in 1961 was followed over the decades by many national and global companies opening manufacturing and research facilities in the city.[152] As of 2010, the city manufactured one third of India's bulk drugs and 16% of biotechnology products,[153][154] contributing to its reputation as "India's pharmaceutical capital" and the "Genome Valley of India".[155] Hyderabad is a global centre of information technology, for which it is known as Cyberabad (Cyber City).[120][121] As of 2013, it contributed 15% of India's and 98% of Andhra Pradesh's exports in IT and ITES sectors[156] and 22% of NASSCOM's total membership is from the city.[136] The development of HITEC City, a township with extensive technological infrastructure, prompted multinational companies to establish facilities in Hyderabad.[120] The city is home to more than 1300 IT and ITES firms, including global conglomerates such as Microsoft (operating its largest R&D campus outside the US), Google, IBM, Yahoo!, Dell, Facebook,[63]:3[157] and major Indian firms including Tech Mahindra, Infosys, Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Polaris and Wipro.[63]:3 In 2009 the World Bank Group ranked the city as the second best Indian city for doing business.[158] The city and its suburbs contain the highest number of special economic zones of any Indian city.[136]

Like the rest of India, Hyderabad has a large informal economy that employs 30% of the labour force.[114]:71 According to a survey published in 2007, it had 40–50,000 street vendors, and their numbers were increasing.[159]:9 Among the street vendors, 84% are male and 16% female,[160]:12 and four fifths are "stationary vendors" operating from a fixed pitch, often with their own stall.[160]:15–16 Most are financed through personal savings; only 8% borrow from moneylenders.[160]:19 Vendor earnings vary from ₹50 (74¢ US) to ₹800 (US$12) per day.[159]:25 Other unorganised economic sectors include dairy, poultry farming, brick manufacturing, casual labour and domestic help. Those involved in the informal economy constitute a major portion of urban poor.[114]:71

Culture

Main article: Culture of Hyderabad
Stone mosque
Mecca Masjid constructed during the Qutb Shahi and Mughal rule in Hyderabad

Hyderabad emerged as the foremost centre of culture in India with the decline of the Mughal Empire. After the fall of Delhi in 1857, the migration of performing artists to the city particularly from the north and west of the Indian sub continent, under the patronage of the Nizam, enriched the cultural milieu.[161][162] This migration resulted in a mingling of North and South Indian languages, cultures and religions, which has since led to a co-existence of Hindu and Muslim traditions, for which the city has become noted.[163][164]:viii A further consequence of this north–south mix is that both Telugu and Urdu are official languages of Telangana.[165] The mixing of religions has also resulted in many festivals being celebrated in Hyderabad such as Ganesh Chaturthi, Diwali and Bonalu of Hindu tradition and Eid ul-Fitr and Eid al-Adha by Muslims.[166]

Traditional Hyderabadi garb also reveals a mix of Muslim and South Asian influences with men wearing sherwani and kurta–paijama and women wearing khara dupatta and salwar kameez.[167][168][169] Most Muslim women wear burqa and hijab outdoors.[170] In addition to the traditional Indian and Muslim garments, increasing exposure to western cultures has led to a rise in the wearing of western style clothing among youths.[171]

Literature

In the past, Qutb Shahi rulers and Nizams attracted artists, architects and men of letters from different parts of the world through patronage. The resulting ethnic mix popularised cultural events such as mushairas (poetic symposia).[172] The Qutb Shahi dynasty particularly encouraged the growth of Deccani Urdu literature leading to works such as the Deccani Masnavi and Diwan poetry, which are among the earliest available manuscripts in Urdu.[173] Lazzat Un Nisa, a book compiled in the 15th century at Qutb Shahi courts, contains erotic paintings with diagrams for secret medicines and stimulants in the eastern form of ancient sexual arts.[174] The reign of the Nizams saw many literary reforms and the introduction of Urdu as a language of court, administration and education.[175] In 1824, a collection of Urdu Ghazal poetry, named Gulzar-e-Mahlaqa, authored by Mah Laqa Bai—the first female Urdu poet to produce a Diwan—was published in Hyderabad.[176]

Hyderabad has continued with these traditions in its annual Hyderabad Literary Festival, held since 2010, showcasing the city's literary and cultural creativity.[177] Organisations engaged in the advancement of literature include the Sahitya Akademi, the Urdu Academy, the Telugu Academy, the National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language, the Comparative Literature Association of India, and the Andhra Saraswata Parishad. Literary development is further aided by state institutions such as the State Central Library, the largest public library in the state which was established in 1891,[178] and other major libraries including the Sri Krishna Devaraya Andhra Bhasha Nilayam, the British Library and the Sundarayya Vignana Kendram.[179]

Music and films

South Indian music and dances such as the Kuchipudi and Kathakali styles are popular in the Deccan region. As a result of their culture policies, North Indian music and dance gained popularity during the rule of the Mughals and Nizams,[180] and it was also during their reign that it became a tradition among the nobility to associate themselves with tawaif (courtesans). These courtesans were revered as the epitome of etiquette and culture, and were appointed to teach singing, poetry and classical dance to many children of the aristocracy.[181] This gave rise to certain styles of court music, dance and poetry. Besides western and Indian popular music genres such as filmi music, the residents of Hyderabad play city-based marfa music, dholak ke geet (household songs based on local Folklore), and qawwali, especially at weddings, festivals and other celebratory events.[182][183] The state government organises the Golconda Music and Dance Festival, the Taramati Music Festival and the Premavathi Dance Festival to further encourage the development of music.[184]

Although the city is not particularly noted for theatre and drama,[185] the state government promotes theatre with multiple programmes and festivals[186][187] in such venues as the Ravindra Bharati, Shilpakala Vedika and Lalithakala Thoranam. Although not a purely music oriented event, Numaish, a popular annual exhibition of local and national consumer products, does feature some musical performances.[188] The city is home to the Telugu film industry, popularly known as Tollywood[189] and as of 2012, produces the second largest number of films in India with the largest number being produced by Bollywood.[190] Films in the local Hyderabadi dialect are also produced and have been gaining popularity since 2005.[191] The city has also hosted international film festivals such as the International Children's Film Festival and the Hyderabad International Film Festival.[192] In 2005, Guinness World Records declared Ramoji Film City to be the world's largest film studio.[193]

Art and handicrafts

Decorated metal vase
An 18th century Bidriware cup with lid, displayed at the V&A Museum

The region is well known for its Golconda and Hyderabad painting styles which are branches of Deccani painting.[194] Developed during the 16th century, the Golconda style is a native style blending foreign techniques and bears some similarity to the Vijayanagara paintings of neighbouring Mysore. A significant use of luminous gold and white colours is generally found in the Golconda style.[195] The Hyderabad style originated in the 17th century under the Nizams. Highly influenced by Mughal painting, this style makes use of bright colours and mostly depicts regional landscape, culture, costumes and jewellery.[194]

Although not a centre for handicrafts itself, the patronage of the arts by the Mughals and Nizams attracted artisans from the region to Hyderabad. Such crafts include: Bidriware, a metalwork handicraft from neighbouring Karnataka, which was popularised during the 18th century and has since been granted a Geographical Indication (GI) tag under the auspices of the WTO act;[123][196] and Zari and Zardozi, embroidery works on textile that involve making elaborate designs using gold, silver and other metal threads.[197] Another example of a handicraft drawn to Hyderabad is Kalamkari, a hand-painted or block-printed cotton textile that comes from cities in Andhra Pradesh. This craft is distinguished in having both a Hindu style, known as Srikalahasti and entirely done by hand, and an Islamic style, known as Machilipatnam that uses both hand and block techniques.[198] Examples of Hyderabad's arts and crafts are housed in various museums including the Salar Jung Museum (housing "one of the largest one-man-collections in the world"[199]), the AP State Archaeology Museum, the Nizam Museum, the City Museum and the Birla Science Museum.[200]

Cuisine

Main article: Hyderabadi cuisine
Hyderabadi biryani

Hyderabadi cuisine comprises a broad repertoire of rice, wheat and meat dishes and the skilled use of various spices.[201] Hyderabadi biryani and Hyderabadi haleem, with their blend of Mughlai and Arab cuisines,[202] have become iconic dishes of India.[203] Hyderabadi cuisine is highly influenced by Mughlai and to some extent by French,[204] Arabic, Turkish, Iranian and native Telugu and Marathwada cuisines.[169][202] Other popular native dishes include nihari, chakna, baghara baingan and the desserts qubani ka meetha, double ka meetha and kaddu ki kheer (a sweet porridge made with sweet gourd).[169][205]

Media

Main article: Media in Hyderabad

One of Hyderabad's earliest newspapers, The Deccan Times, was established in the 1780s.[206] In modern times, the major Telugu dailies published in Hyderabad are Eenadu, Andhra Jyothy, Sakshi and Namaste Telangana, while the major English papers are The Times of India, The Hindu and The Deccan Chronicle. The major Urdu papers include The Siasat Daily, The Munsif Daily and Etemaad. Many coffee table magazines, professional magazines and research journals are also regularly published.[207][208] The Secunderabad Cantonment Board established the first radio station in Hyderabad State around 1919. Deccan Radio was the first radio public broadcast station in the city starting on 3 February 1935,[209] with FM broadcasting beginning in 2000.[210] The available channels in Hyderabad include All India Radio, Radio Mirchi, Radio City, Red FM and Big FM.[211]

Television broadcasting in Hyderabad began in 1974 with the launch of Doordarshan, the Government of India's public service broadcaster,[212] which transmits two free-to-air terrestrial television channels and one satellite channel. Private satellite channels started in July 1992 with the launch of Star TV.[213] Satellite TV channels are accessible via cable subscription, direct-broadcast satellite services or internet-based television.[210][214] Hyderabad's first dial-up internet access became available in the early 1990s and was limited to software development companies.[215] The first public internet access service began in 1995, with the first private sector internet service provider (ISP) starting operations in 1998.[216] In 2015, high-speed public WiFi was introduced in parts of the city.[217]

Education

Large pink granite building
Osmania University College of Arts

Public and private schools in Hyderabad are governed by the Central Board of Secondary Education and follow a "10+2+3" plan. About two-thirds of pupils attend privately run institutions.[218] Languages of instruction include English, Hindi, Telugu and Urdu.[219] Depending on the institution, students are required to sit the Secondary School Certificate[220] or the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education. After completing secondary education, students enroll in schools or junior colleges with a higher secondary facility. Admission to professional graduation colleges in Hyderabad, many of which are affiliated with either Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad (JNTUH) or Osmania University (OU), is through the Engineering Agricultural and Medical Common Entrance Test (EAM-CET).[221][222]

There are 13 universities in Hyderabad: two private universities, two deemed universities, six state universities and three central universities. The central universities are the University of Hyderabad,[223] Maulana Azad National Urdu University and the English and Foreign Languages University.[224] Osmania University, established in 1918, was the first university in Hyderabad and as of 2012 is India's second most popular institution for international students.[225] The Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University, established in 1982, is the first distance learning open university in India.[226]

Hyderabad is also home to a number of centres specialising in particular fields such as biomedical sciences, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals,[227] such as the National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) and National Institute of Nutrition (NIN).[228] Hyderabad has five major medical schools—Osmania Medical College, Gandhi Medical College, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Deccan College of Medical Sciences and Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences[229]—and many affiliated teaching hospitals. The Government Nizamia Tibbi College is a college of Unani medicine.[230] Hyderabad is also the headquarters of the Indian Heart Association, a non-profit foundation for cardiovascular education.[231]

Institutes in Hyderabad include the National Institute of Rural Development, the Indian School of Business, the Institute of Public Enterprise, the Administrative Staff College of India and the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy. Technical and engineering schools include the International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad (IIITH), Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Hyderabad (BITS Hyderabad) and Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad (IIT-H) as well as agricultural engineering institutes such as the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University. Hyderabad also has schools of fashion design including Raffles Millennium International, NIFT Hyderabad and Wigan and Leigh College. The National Institute of Design, Hyderabad (NID-H), will offer undergraduate and postgraduate courses from 2015.[232][233]

Sports

Three Hyderabadi boys playing with cricket bats and a ball
Kids practicing Backyard cricket—( is an informal variant of cricket played in the bylanes of the city almost by all age groups), in an available open space in Hyderabad.

The most popular sports played in Hyderabad are cricket and association football.[234] At the professional level, the city has hosted national and international sports events such as the 2002 National Games of India, the 2003 Afro-Asian Games, the 2004 AP Tourism Hyderabad Open women's tennis tournament, the 2007 Military World Games, the 2009 World Badminton Championships and the 2009 IBSF World Snooker Championship. The city hosts a number of venues suitable for professional competition such as the Swarnandhra Pradesh Sports Complex for field hockey, the G. M. C. Balayogi Stadium in Gachibowli for athletics and football,[235] and for cricket, the Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium and Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, home ground of the Hyderabad Cricket Association.[236] Hyderabad has hosted many international cricket matches, including matches in the 1987 and the 1996 ICC Cricket World Cups. The Hyderabad cricket team represents the city in the Ranji Trophy—a first-class cricket tournament among India's states and cities. Hyderabad is also home to the Indian Premier League franchise Sunrisers Hyderabad. A previous franchise was the Deccan Chargers, which won the 2009 Indian Premier League held in South Africa.[237]

During British rule, Secunderabad became a well-known sporting centre and many race courses, parade grounds and polo fields were built.[238]:18 Many elite clubs formed by the Nizams and the British such as the Secunderabad Club, the Nizam Club and the Hyderabad Race Club, which is known for its horse racing[239] especially the annual Deccan derby, still exist.[240] In more recent times, motorsports has become popular with the Andhra Pradesh Motor Sports Club organising popular events such as the Deccan ¼ Mile Drag,[241] TSD Rallies and 4x4 off-road rallying.[242]

International-level sportspeople from Hyderabad include: cricketers Ghulam Ahmed, M. L. Jaisimha, Mohammed Azharuddin, V. V. S. Laxman, Venkatapathy Raju, Shivlal Yadav, Arshad Ayub, Syed Abid Ali and Noel David; football players Syed Abdul Rahim, Syed Nayeemuddin and Shabbir Ali; tennis player Sania Mirza; badminton players S. M. Arif, Pullela Gopichand, Saina Nehwal, P. V. Sindhu, Jwala Gutta and Chetan Anand; hockey players Syed Mohammad Hadi and Mukesh Kumar; rifle shooters Gagan Narang and Asher Noria and bodybuilder Mir Mohtesham Ali Khan.[243]

Transport

Circle and intersecting lines representing the city roads
Map representing the Intermediate Ring Road that connects the Inner Ring Road with the Outer Ring Road

The most commonly used forms of medium distance transport in Hyderabad include government owned services such as light railways and buses, as well as privately operated taxis and auto rickshaws.[244] Bus services operate from the Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station in the city centre[245] and carry over 130 million passengers daily across the entire network.[246]:76 Hyderabad's light rail transportation system, the Multi-Modal Transport System (MMTS), is a three line suburban rail service used by over 160,000 passengers daily.[247] Complementing these government services are minibus routes operated by Setwin (Society for Employment Promotion & Training in Twin Cities).[248] Intercity rail services also operate from Hyderabad; the main, and largest, station is Secunderabad Railway Station, which serves as Indian Railways' South Central Railway zone headquarters and a hub for both buses and MMTS light rail services connecting Secunderabad and Hyderabad. Other major railway stations in Hyderabad are Hyderabad Deccan Station, Kachiguda Railway Station, Begumpet Railway Station, Malkajgiri Railway Station and Lingampally Railway Station.[249] The Hyderabad Metro, a new rapid transit system, is to be added to the existing public transport infrastructure and is scheduled to operate three lines by 2015.[250]

As of 2012, there are over 3.5 million vehicles operating in the city, of which 74% are two-wheelers, 15% cars and 3% three-wheelers. The remaining 8% include buses, goods vehicles and taxis.[251] The large number of vehicles coupled with relatively low road coverage—roads occupy only 9.5% of the total city area[62]:79—has led to widespread traffic congestion[252] especially since 80% of passengers and 60% of freight are transported by road.[253]:3 The Inner Ring Road, the Outer Ring Road, the Hyderabad Elevated Expressway, the longest flyover in India,[254] and various interchanges, overpasses and underpasses were built to ease the congestion. Maximum speed limits within the city are 50 km/h (31 mph) for two-wheelers and cars, 35 km/h (22 mph) for auto rickshaws and 40 km/h (25 mph) for light commercial vehicles and buses.[255]

Hyderabad sits at the junction of three National Highways linking it to six other states: NH-7 runs 2,369 km (1,472 mi) from Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, in the north to Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, in the south; NH-9, runs 841 km (523 mi) east-west between Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh, and Pune, Maharashtra; and the 280 km (174 mi) NH-163 links Hyderabad to Bhopalpatnam, Chhattisgarh. Five state highways, SH-1, SH-2, SH-4, SH-5 and SH-6, either start from, or pass through, Hyderabad.[256]:58

Air traffic was previously handled via Begumpet Airport, but this was replaced by Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (RGIA) (IATA: HYD, ICAO: VOHS) in 2008,[257] with the capacity of handling 12 million passengers and 100,000 tonnes of cargo per annum.[258] In 2011, Airports Council International, an autonomous body representing the world's airports, judged RGIA the world's best airport in the 5–15 million passenger category and the world's fifth best airport for service quality.[259]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ According to the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 part 2 Section 5:(1) On and from the appointed day, Hyderabad in the existing State of Andhra Pradesh, shall be the common capital of the State of Telangana and the State of Andhra Pradesh for such period not exceeding ten years.
    (2) After expiry of the period referred to in sub-section (1), Hyderabad shall be the capital of the State of Telangana and there shall be a new capital for the State of Andhra Pradesh.
    The common capital is defined as the existing area notified as the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation under the Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Act, 1955. Though Andhra Pradesh uses facilities in Hyderabad during the transition period, Telangana state is responsible for day-to-day administration of the city. City MLAs are members of the Legislature of Telangana (§ 3 and 18(1) of the Act).

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation". www.ghmc.gov.in. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  2. ↑ "Telangana (India): Districts, Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts".
  3. ↑ "Number of GHMC wards to remain at 150". The New Indian Express (Hyderabad). 29 September 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
  4. 1 2 Everett-Heath, John (2005). Concise dictionary of world place names. Oxford University Press. p. 223. ISBN 978-0-19-860537-9.
  5. 1 2 Petersen, Andrew (1996). Dictionary of Islamic architecture. Routledge. p. 112. ISBN 0-415-06084-2.
  6. 1 2 McCann, Michael W. (1994). Rights at work: pay equity reform and the politics of legal mobilization. University of Chicago Press. p. 6. ISBN 0-226-55571-2.The march of India. Publications Division, Ministry of Informations and Broadcasting, Government of India. 1959. p. 89. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
    • Khan, Masud Ḥusain (1996). Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 14–15. ISBN 978-81-260-0233-7.
    • Reddy, Gayatri (2005). With respect to sex: negotiating hijra identity in south India. University of Chicago Press. p. 6. ISBN 0-226-70755-5.
    • Kakar, Sudhir (1996). The colors of violence: cultural identities, religion, and conflict. University of Chicago Press. p. 23. ISBN 0-226-42284-4.
  7. ↑ Room, Adrian (2006). Placenames of the world: origins and meanings of the names for 6,600 countries, cities, territories, natural features and historic sites. McFarland. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-7864-2248-7.
  8. ↑ Venkateshwarlu, K. (10 September 2008). "Iron Age burial site discovered". The Hindu. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
  9. ↑ Ramachandran, Priya (4 February 2012). "Golconda fort: Hyderabad's time machine". The Siasat Daily. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
  10. ↑ Kolluru, Suryanarayana (1993). Inscriptions of the minor Chalukya dynasties of Andhra Pradesh. Mittal Publications. p. 1. ISBN 81-7099-216-8.
  11. 1 2 3 Sardar, Marika (2007). Golconda through time: a mirror of the evolving Deccan. ProQuest. pp. 19–41. ISBN 0-549-10119-5.
    • Jaisi, Sidq (2004). The nocturnal court: life of a prince of Hyderabad. Oxford University Press. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-0-19-566605-2.
    • Sastri, Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta (1976). A history of south India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar. Oxford University Press. p. 192. ISBN 0-19-560686-8.
  12. ↑ Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2008). Historical dictionary of medieval India. The Scarecrow Press. pp. 85 and 141. ISBN 978-0-8108-5503-8.
  13. ↑ Ghose, Archana Khare (29 February 2012). "Heritage Golconda diamond up for auction at Sotheby's". The Times of India. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  14. ↑ Nayeem, M.A (28 May 2002). "Hyderabad through the ages". The Hindu. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  15. ↑ Matsuo, Ara (22 November 2005). "Golconda". University of Tokyo. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  16. ↑ Olson, James Stuart; Shadle, Robert (1996). Historical dictionary of the British empire. Greenwood Press. p. 544. ISBN 978-0-313-27917-1.
  17. ↑ Aleem, Shamim; Aleem, M. Aabdul, eds. (1984). Developments in administration under H.E.H. the Nizam VII. Osmania University Press. p. 243. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  18. ↑ Bansal, Sunita Pant (2005). Encyclopedia of India. Smriti Books. p. 61. ISBN 978-81-87967-71-2.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 Richards, J. F. (1975). "The Hyderabad Karnatik, 1687–1707". Modern Asian Studies (Cambridge University Press) 9 (2): 241–260. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00004996. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  20. 1 2 Hansen, Waldemar (1972). The Peacock throne: the drama of Mogul India. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 168 and 471. ISBN 81-208-0225-X.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 Ikram, S.M. (1964). "A century of political decline: 1707–1803". In Embree, Ainslie T. Muslim civilization in India. Columbia University. ISBN 978-0-231-02580-5. Retrieved 7 October 2011.
  22. ↑ Mehta, Jaswant Lal (2005). Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: 1707–1813. Sterling Publishing. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-932705-54-6.
    • Roy, Olivier (2011). Holy Ignorance: When Religion and Culture Part Ways. Columbia University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-231-80042-6.
  23. 1 2 3 Regani, Sarojini (1988). Nizam-British relations, 1724–1857. Concept Publishing. pp. 130–150. ISBN 81-7022-195-1.
    • Farooqui, Salma Ahmed (2011). A comprehensive history of medieval India. Dorling Kindersley. p. 346. ISBN 978-81-317-3202-1.
    • Malleson, George Bruce (2005). An historical sketch of the native states of India in subsidiary alliance with the British government. Asian Education Services. pp. 280–292. ISBN 978-81-206-1971-5.
    • Townsend, Meredith (2010). The annals of Indian administration, Volume 14. BiblioBazaar. p. 467. ISBN 978-1-145-42314-5.
  24. ↑ Dayal, Deen (2013). "The mills, Hyderabad.". Europeana. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  25. ↑ Venkateshwarlu, K (17 September 2004). "Momentous day for lovers of freedom, democracy". The Hindu. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
  26. ↑ Sathees, P.V.; Pimbert, Michel; The DDS Community Media Trust (2008). Affirming life and diversity. Pragati Offset. pp. 1–10. ISBN 978-1-84369-674-2.
  27. ↑ "Demand for states along linguistic lines gained momentum in the '50s". The Times of India. 10 January 2011. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  28. ↑ Ambedkar, Mahesh (2005). The Architect of Modern India Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar. Diamond Pocket Books. pp. 132–133. ISBN 978-8-12880-954-5.
  29. ↑ "Rashtrapati bhavan:presidential retreats". presidentofindia.nic. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  30. ↑ Falzon, Mark-Anthony (2009). Multi-sited ethnography: theory, praxis and locality in contemporary research. Ashgate Publishing. pp. 165–166. ISBN 978-0-7546-9144-0.
  31. ↑ Chande, M.B (1997). The Police in India. Atlantic Publishers. p. 142. ISBN 978-81-7156-628-0.
  32. ↑ Guha, Ramachandra (30 January 2013). "Living together, separately". The Hindu. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  33. ↑ "How Telangana movement has sparked political turf war in Andhra". Rediff.com. 5 October 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  34. ↑ "Timeline:history of blasts in Hyderabad". First Post (India). 22 February 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
  35. ↑ "At least 13 killed in bombing, riots at mosque in India". CBC News. 18 May 2007. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  36. ↑ Mahr, Krista (21 February 2013). "Hyderabad bomb blasts:two deadly explosions leave terror cloud over India". Time (magazine). Retrieved 22 February 2013.
  37. ↑ Naqshbandi, Aurangzeb (31 July 2013). "Telangana at last: India gets a new state, demand for other states gets a boost". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  38. ↑ "what you need to know about India's newest state-Telangana". Daily News and Analysis. 2 June 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
  39. 1 2 Kodarkar, Mohan. "Implementing the ecosystem approach to preserve the ecological integrity of urban lakes: the case of lake Hussain sagar, Hyderabad, India" (PDF). Ecosystem approach for conservation of lake Hussainsagar. International Lake Environment Committee Foundation. p. 3. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
  40. ↑ Momin, Umar farooque; Kulkarni, Prasad.S; Horaginamani, Sirajuddin M; M, Ravichandran; Patel, Adamsab M; Kousar, Hina (2011). "Consecutive days maximum rainfall analysis by gumbel’s extreme value distributions for southern Telangana" (PDF). Indian Journal Of Natural Sciences 2 (7): 411. ISSN 0976-0997. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  41. ↑ Google (6 January 2013). "Hyderabad" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
  42. 1 2 3 4 "Physical Feature" (PDF). AP Government. 2002. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
  43. ↑ "Hyderabad geography". JNTU. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
  44. ↑ "Water sources and water supply" (PDF). rainwaterharvesting.org. 2005. p. 2. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
  45. ↑ Singh, Sreoshi (2010). "Water security in peri-urban south Asia" (PDF). South Asia Consortium for Interdisciplinary Water Resources Studies. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
  46. ↑ Climate and food security. International Rice Research Institute. 1987. p. 348. ISBN 978-971-10-4210-3.
    • Norman, Michael John Thornley; Pearson, C.J; Searle, P.G.E (1995). The ecology of tropical food crops. Cambridge University Press. pp. 249–251. ISBN 978-0-521-41062-5.
  47. 1 2 3 "Weatherbase entry for Hyderabad". Canty and Associates LLC. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
  48. 1 2 3 "Hyderabad". India Meteorological Department. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
  49. 1 2 Yimene, Ababu Minda (2004). An African Indian community in Hyderabad. Cuvillier Verlag. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-3-86537-206-2.
  50. ↑ "Extreme weather events Overall". Meteorological Centre, Hyderabad. December 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  51. ↑ "Historical weather for Hyderabad, India". Weatherbase. Retrieved 3 October 2008.
  52. ↑ World Meteorological Organization, World Weather Information Service. "Hyderabad". Hong Kong Observatory. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  53. ↑ "Monthly mean maximum & minimum temperature and total rainfall based upon 1901-2000 data" (pdf). India Meteorological Department. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  54. ↑ "Ever recorded Maximum and minimum temperatures up to 2010" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Retrieved March 31, 2015.
  55. ↑ "Hyderabad climate normals 1971–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the USA. Retrieved March 31, 2015.
  56. 1 2 "Annual administration report 2011-2012" (PDF). Andhra Pradesh Forest Department. p. 78. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  57. ↑ "T'gana forest dept to develop 10 nature parks around Hy'bad". Business Standard. 8 October 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  58. ↑ "AP Reorganisation Bill, 2014" (PDF). prsindia.org. 2014. Retrieved 2014-07-29.
  59. ↑ "Citizen's charter" (PDF). GHMC. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  60. ↑ Ramachandraia, C (2009). "Drinking water: issues in access and equity". jointactionforwater.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-12-13. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  61. ↑ Rohit, PS (12 February 2016). "Bonthu Rammohan of TRS named Hyderabad Mayor". The Hindu (Hyderabad). Retrieved 13 February 2016.
  62. 1 2 3 "Exploring urban growth management in three developing country cities" (PDF). World Bank. 15 June 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  63. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Survey of child labour in slums of Hyderabad: final report" (PDF). Center for Good Governance, Hyderabad. 17 December 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-29. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
  64. ↑ "Information hand book under right to information act Secunderabad cantonment board" (PDF). Secunderabad Cantonment Board. p. 6. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  65. ↑ "Andhra Pradesh, Telangana spar over governor powers; Centre to take law department advice". The Times of India. 29 November 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
  66. ↑ "About us". Hyderabad City Police. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  67. ↑ "Know your police station". Cyberabad police. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  68. ↑ "Welcome to HMDA". Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority. Retrieved 7 October 2011.
  69. ↑ Nagaraju, Jinka (1 August 2013). "Advantage Telangana over immovable assets". The Times of India. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  70. ↑ "India" (PDF). Redress (charitable organisation). 2002. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  71. ↑ "GHMC polls: all set for the d-day". The Hindu. 22 November 2009. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  72. ↑ "Profile". Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  73. ↑ Anon (2011). "Hyderabad" (PDF). Centre for Science and Environment: 331–341. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  74. ↑ "About TSSPDCL". Telangana Southern Power Distribution Company Limited. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  75. ↑ Lasania, Yunus Y (20 October 2014). "Telangana has fewer fire stations than A.P.". The Hindu. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  76. ↑ "Twin festivals pile more garbage load on GHMC". The Hindu. 3 September 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
  77. ↑ "Waste management project gets nod". The Times of India. 18 January 2010. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
  78. ↑ Guttikunda, Sarath (March 2008). "Co-benefits analysis of air pollution and GHG emissions for Hyderabad,India" (PDF). Integrated Environmental Strategies Program. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  79. ↑ "Pollution up in Hyderabad post Pollution Control Board split". The Deccan Chronicle. 17 November 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  80. ↑ Gurjar, Bhola R.; Molina, Luisa T.; Ojha, Chandra S.P., eds. (2010). Air pollution:health and environmental impacts. Taylor and Francis. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-4398-0963-1.
  81. ↑ "50 research scholars to study pollution". CNN-IBN. 3 January 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
  82. ↑ "Ground water in city unfit for use". The Deccan Chronicle. 30 August 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
  83. ↑ "If Singur, Manjira dry up, there's Krishna". The Times of India. 11 February 2005. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
  84. ↑ "City stares at water scarcity". The Times of India. 13 January 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
  85. ↑ Chunduri, Mridula (29 November 2003). "Manjira faces pollution threat". The Times of India. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
  86. ↑ "Welcome to Commissionerate of Health and Family Welfare". Government of Telangana state. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  87. ↑ Kennedy, Loraine; Duggal, Ravi; Lama-Rewal, Stephanie Tawa (2009). "7: Assessing urban governance through the prism of healthcare services in Delhi, Hyderabad and Mumbai". In Ruet, Joel; Lama-Rewal, Stephanie Tawa. Governing India's metropolises: case studies of four cities. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-55148-9.
  88. ↑ "Government hospitals". GHMC. 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
  89. 1 2 Bhargava, Gopal K.; Bhatt, S.C. (2006). Land and people of Indian states and union territories. Volume 2: Andhra Pradesh. Kalpaz Publication. p. 312. ISBN 81-7835-358-X.
  90. 1 2 "Hyderabad hospital report" (PDF). Northbridge Capital. 2010. p. 8. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
  91. ↑ As of 2011, the census city population was 6,809,970 and there were 12,000 available hospital beds, giving the derived rate.
  92. 1 2 Gopal, M.Sai (18 January 2012). "Healthcare sector takes a leap in city". The Hindu. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
  93. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Gupta, Kamla; Arnold, Fred; Lhungdim, H. (2009). "Health and living conditions in eight Indian cities" (PDF). National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), India, 2005–06. International Institute for Population Sciences. Retrieved 13 June 2012. The cities surveyed were Delhi, Meerut, Kolkata, Indore, Mumbai, Nagpur, Chennai and Hyderabad.
  94. ↑ Garari, Kaniza (5 August 2014). "168 professors needed in Ayush department". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  95. ↑ Gopi, K.N (1978). Process of urban fringe development: A model. Concept Publishing Company. p. 25. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  96. ↑ Iyer, Neelakantan Krishna; Kulkarni, Sumati; Raghavaswam, V. (13 June 2007). "Economy, population and urban sprawl a comparative study of urban agglomerations of Banglore and Hyderabad, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques" (PDF). circed.org. p. 21. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  97. 1 2 "Cities having population 1 lakh and above, census 2011" (PDF). Government of India. 2011. p. 11. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  98. 1 2 "Urban agglomerations/cities having population 1 lakh and above" (PDF). Government of India. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  99. ↑ "Sex ratio goes up in state". The Times of India. 1 April 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
  100. ↑ "Greater Hyderabad population set to cross 1 crore mark". The Times of India. 22 January 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  101. 1 2 "Hyderabad (greater Hyderabad) city". Census of India, 2011. 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2012.
  102. ↑ "Urban sex ratio below national mark". The Times of India. 21 September 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2012.
  103. ↑ Henry, Nikhila (23 May 2011). "AP slips further in national literacy ratings". The Times of India. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  104. ↑ Dandona, Rakhi; Kumar, Anil; Ameer, Md Abdul; Ahmed, G Mushtaq; Dandona, Lalit (16 November 2009). "Incidence and burden of road traffic injuries in urban India". Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention (National Center for Biotechnology Information) 14 (6): 354–359. doi:10.1136/ip.2008.019620. PMC 2777413. PMID 19074239.
  105. 1 2 Krank, Sabrina (2007). "Cultural, spatial and socio-economic fragmentation in the Indian megacity Hyderabad" (PDF). Irmgard Coninx Foundation. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
    • Freitag, Ulrike; Clarence-Smith, W.G. (1997). Hadhrami traders, scholars, and statesmen in the Indian ocean, 1750s–1960s. Brill Publishers. pp. 77–81. ISBN 90-04-10771-1.
    • Ifthekhar, J.S. (10 June 2012). "Hyderabad appeal endures". The Hindu. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
  106. ↑ "Name doesnt sound as well in other languages!". CNN-IBN. 17 November 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  107. ↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world 4. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-32384-4.
  108. ↑ Austin, Peter K (2008). 1000 languages: living, endangered, and lost. University of California Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-520-25560-9.
  109. ↑ "MCH plans citizens' charter in Telugu, Urdu". The Times of India. 1 May 2002. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
  110. ↑ Khan, Masood Ali (16–31 August 2004). "Muslim population in AP". The Milli Gazette. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
    • Hyderabad: an expat survival guide. Chillibreeze. 2007. p. 21. ISBN 978-81-904055-5-3.
    • Leonard, Karen (2011). "Hindu temples in Hyderabad: State patronage and politics in South Asia". South Asian History and Culture 2 (3): 352. doi:10.1080/19472498.2011.577568.
  111. ↑ "Census of India – socio-cultural aspects". Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs. Retrieved 19 May 2012. On this page, select the "State" radio button, select "Andhra Pradesh" from the drop-down that appears, and click "Submit". When a new page appears, select the "District" radio button, select "Hyderabad" from the new drop-down, and again click "Submit". The new page displayed is Hyderabad's religious make-up.
  112. ↑ "Poverty reduction at city level: strategy development for Hyderabad" (PDF). Center for Good Governance, Hyderabad. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  113. ↑ "World bank team visits Hyderabad slums". The Times of India. 12 June 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
  114. 1 2 3 "Basic services to the urban poor" (PDF). City development plan. Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
  115. ↑ "Puranapul 'rented' out to vendors by extortionist". The Deccan Chronicle. 24 June 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
  116. 1 2 3 4 Alam, Shah Manzoor; Reddy, A. Geeta; Markandey, Kalpana (2011). Urban growth theories and settlement systems of India. Concept Publishing. pp. 79–99. ISBN 978-81-8069-739-5.
  117. 1 2 3 4 Rao, Nirmala (2007). Cities in transition. Routledge. pp. 117–140. ISBN 0-203-39115-2.
  118. 1 2 Gopi, K.N (1978). Process of urban fringe development:a model. Concept Publishing. pp. 13–17. ISBN 978-81-7022-017-6.
    • Nath, Viswambhar; Aggarwal, Surinder K (2007). Urbanization, urban development, and metropolitan cities in India. Concept Publishing. pp. 375–380. ISBN 81-8069-412-7.
    • Alam, Shah Manzoor; Khan, Fátima Ali (1987). Poverty in metropolitan cities. Concept Publishing. pp. 139–157.
  119. ↑ "Miyapur most 'searched' on web". The Hindu. 2 March 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
  120. 1 2 3 Roy, Ananya; Aihwa, Ong (2011). Worlding cities: Asian experiments and the art of being global. John Wiley & Sons. p. 253. ISBN 978-1-4051-9277-4.
  121. 1 2 "An Amazon shot for city". The Times of India. 13 October 2011. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
  122. ↑ Burton-Page, John; Michell, George (2008). Indian Islamic architecture: forms and typologies, sites and monuments. Brill Publishers. pp. 146–148. ISBN 978-90-04-16339-3.
  123. 1 2 3 4 Bloom, Jonathan; Blair, Sheila (2009). The grove encyclopedia of Islamic art and architecture, volume 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 179 and 286. ISBN 978-0-19-530991-1.
  124. ↑ "Architecture of Hyderabad during the CIB period". aponline.gov.in. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  125. ↑ "Heritage award for Hyderabad raises many eyebrows". The Times of India. 2 March 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
  126. 1 2 Michell, George (1987). The new Cambridge history of India, volumes 1–7. Cambridge University Press. pp. 218–219. ISBN 0-521-56321-6.
  127. ↑ "The Qutb Shahi monuments of Hyderabad Golconda Fort, Qutb Shahi tombs, Charminar". UNESCO World Heritage Site. 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
  128. 1 2 Tourist guide to Andhra Pradesh. Sura Books. 2006. ISBN 978-81-7478-176-5. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
  129. ↑ "Qutb Shahi style (mainly in and around Hyderabad city)". aponline.gov.in. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  130. ↑ "UNESCO Asia-Pacific heritage awards for culture heritage conservation". UNESCO. 2010. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  131. ↑ "Palaces of the Nizam: Asaf Jahi style (mainly in and around Hyderabad city)". aponline.gov.in. 24 February 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  132. ↑ "Structure so pure". The Hindu. 31 December 2003. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
  133. ↑ "The Paigah Palaces (Hyderabad city)". aponline.gov.in. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  134. ↑ "India's 25 most competitive cities". Rediff.com. 10 December 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
  135. ↑ "India's top 15 cities with the highest GDP Photos | Pictures – Yahoo! India Finance". Yahoo! Finance. 28 September 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  136. 1 2 3 Sivaramakrishnan, K.C. (12 July 2011). "Heat on Hyderabad". The Times of India. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
  137. ↑ "Employee census 2006". Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Andhra Pradesh Government. 2006. Archived from the original on 2010-12-26. Retrieved 17 May 2010.
  138. ↑ "Employment-unemployment situation in million plus cities of India" (PDF). Delhi Government. 2005: 15. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  139. ↑ "Country briefing:India–economy". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1 September 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  140. ↑ Werner, Louis (1998). "City of Pearls". Saudi Aramco. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
  141. ↑ de Bruyn, Pippa; Bain, Keith; Allardice, David; Joshi, Shonar (2010). Frommer's India. Wiley Publishing. p. 403. ISBN 978-0-470-55610-8.
  142. ↑ "Other Albion CX19". Albion CX19 restoration project. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  143. 1 2 Economy, population and urban sprawl (PDF). Urban population, development and environment dynamics in developing countries. 13 June 2007. pp. 7–19. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  144. ↑ Bharadwaj Chand, Swati (14 November 2011). "Brand Hyderabad loss of gloss?". The Times of India. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  145. ↑ Laskar, Anirudh (28 January 2013). "Sebi allows exit of Hyderabad stock exchange". Mint (newspaper). Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  146. ↑ "Sebi opens local office in the city". The Times of India. 26 February 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  147. ↑ "Hyderabad realty sector looking up". The Hindu. 26 November 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  148. ↑ Bharadwaj-Chand, Swati (6 May 2012). "Despite Telangana heat, city's information technology cup brimming over: report". The Times of India. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
  149. ↑ Scott, Peter (2009). Geography and retailing. Rutgers University Press. pp. 137–138. ISBN 978-0-202-30946-0.
  150. ↑ Kumar, Abhijit Dev (22 February 2008). "Laad bazaar traders cry foul". The Hindu. Retrieved 22 February 2008.
    • Abram, David; Edwards, Nick; Ford, Mike (1982). The rough guide to south India. The Penguin Group. p. 553. ISBN 1-84353-103-8.
  151. ↑ Venkateshwarlu, K. (10 March 2004). "Glory of the gates". The Hindu. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
  152. ↑ Pletcher, Kenneth (2011). The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places. Britannica educational publishing. p. 188. ISBN 978-1-61530-202-4.
  153. ↑ "Biotechnology and pharmaceutical opportunities in India" (PDF). UK Trade & Investment. 2010. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  154. ↑ "Biotech industry India" (PDF). Department of Information Technology, Biotechnology and Science & Technology, Government of Karnataka. 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  155. ↑ "Hyderabad: India's genome valley". Rediff.com. 30 November 2004. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
  156. ↑ "Special governance for Hyderabad needed for growth". The Times of India. 25 June 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  157. ↑ Prasso, Sheridan (23 October 2007). "Tour Google India". CNN. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
  158. ↑ "Ease of doing business in Hyderabad – India (2009)". World Bank Group. Retrieved 8 February 2011.
  159. 1 2 Wipper, Marlis; Dittrich, christoph (2007). "Urban street food vendors in the food provisioning system of Hyderabad" (PDF). Analysis and action for sustainable development of Hyderabad. Humboldt University of Berlin. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  160. 1 2 3 Bhowmik, Sharit K.; Saha, Debdulal (2012). "Street vending in ten cities in India" (PDF). Tata Institute of Social Sciences. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  161. ↑ "The courtesans of Hyderabad & Mehboob Ki Mehendi". Times of India. 23 December 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
  162. ↑ Jaisi, sadiq; Luther, Narendra (2004). The Nocturnal Court: The Life of a Prince of Hyderabad. Oxford University Press. p. xlii. ISBN 978-0-19-566605-2.
  163. ↑ Hyderabad: an expat survival guide. Chillibreeze. 2007. p. 9. ISBN 978-81-904055-5-3.
  164. ↑ Lynton, Harriet Ronken (1987). Days of the beloved. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-0-86311-269-0.
  165. ↑ "Languages". Government of Andhra Pradesh. 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
  166. ↑ Naseeruddin, Md (11 August 2011). "Mosques in Hyderabad remain a picture of neglect". The Times of India. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  167. ↑ Rajamani, Radhika (21 March 2002). "Clothes make-over for men". The Hindu. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
  168. ↑ "Changing trends in city's culture". The Times of India. 8 July 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
  169. 1 2 3 Leonard, Karen Isaksen (2007). Locating home: India's Hyderabadis abroad. Stanford University Press. pp. 14 and 248–255. ISBN 978-0-8047-5442-2.
  170. ↑ Imam, Syeda (2008). The Untold Charminar. Penguin. p. 187. ISBN 978-8-18-475971-6.
  171. ↑ "Efforts should be made to preserve traditional wear". The Hindu. 23 March 2009. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
  172. ↑ "Anjuman Muhibban-e-Urdu to hold international mushaira". The Siasat Daily. 13 April 2012. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
  173. ↑ Hussain Khan, Masud (1996). Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 50–77. ISBN 81-260-0233-6.
  174. ↑ Husain, Ali Alber (2001). Scent in the Islamic Garden: A Study of Deccani Urdu Literary Sources. Oxford University Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-19-579334-5.
  175. ↑ Datta, Amaresh (2005). Encyclopaedia of Indian literature: Devraj to Jyoti, Volume 2. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 1260, 1746–1748. ISBN 81-260-1194-7.
  176. ↑ Tharu, Susie J.; Lalita, K. (1991). Women writing in India volume 1, 600 BC to the early twentieth century. The Feminist Press. pp. 120–122. ISBN 1-55861-027-8.
  177. ↑ "Celebrating creativity". Hyderabad Literary Festival 2012. 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
  178. ↑ Singh, T. Lalith (6 August 2005). "State central library to sport a grand look again". The Hindu. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
  179. ↑ "The original Urdu research centre (URC)". Digital South Asia Library. 29 September 2009. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
  180. ↑ Nigam, Mohan Lal; Bhatnagar, Anupama (1997). Romance of Hyderabad culture. Deva Publication. p. 44. OCLC DS 486 .H9 N54 1997.
  181. ↑ Rekha, Pande (2012). Tiwari, Pushpa, ed. "Women in the Hyderabad State in 19th and 20th centuries". Journal of History and Social Science. ISSN 2229-5798. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  182. ↑ Kumar, Abhijit Dev (23 October 2008). "It's "teen maar" for marriages, festivals". The Hindu. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  183. ↑ K Gupta, Harsh; Parasher Sen, Aloka; Balasubramanian, Dorairajan (2000). Deccan Heritage. Universities Press. p. 218. ISBN 9788173712852.
  184. ↑ "Doorway to culture in the name of Taramati". The Times of India. 28 December 2003. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  185. ↑ Kumar, S. Sandeep (19 January 2009). "Theatre is catching up in Hyderabad". The Hindu. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  186. ↑ Srihari, Gudipoodi (15 April 2011). "Verse drama feast". The Hindu. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  187. ↑ "Andhra Pradesh state film television and theater development corporation limited" (PDF). aponline.gov.in. 31 March 2008. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  188. ↑ "Exhibition named 'Numaish' at last". The Siasat Daily. 20 December 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  189. ↑ "Tollywood loses top slot". The Times of India. 22 August 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
  190. ↑ Krishnamoorthy, Suresh (23 March 2012). "Telugu film industry MoU with Motion pictures association of America". The Hindu. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
  191. ↑ Kavirayani, Suresh (1 May 2011). "New breed of Hyderabadi stars". The Times of India. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
  192. ↑ "17th international children's film fest starts in Hyderabad". CNN-IBN. 26 December 2011. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
  193. ↑ Largest film studio. Guinness World Records. 1 January 2005. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
  194. 1 2 "Miniature painting". Centre for Cultural Resources and Training. Archived from the original on 2013-03-18. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
  195. ↑ Zebrowski, Mark (1983). Deccani painting. University of California Press. pp. 40–66. ISBN 0-85667-153-3.
    • James, Ralph; Lefèvre, L (2010). National exhibition of works of art, at Leeds, 1868: official catalogue. The Executive Committee. pp. 301–313. ISBN 978-1-165-04393-4.
  196. ↑ "Proving their mettle in metal craft". The Times of India. 2 January 2012. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
  197. ↑ "Geographical indications journal no:49" (PDF). Government of India 1 (49): 15. 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  198. ↑ Mohammed, Syed (20 January 2012). "Kalamkari losing Islamic thread". The Times of India. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
    • Imperial Gazetteer of India, Provincial Series (1991) [1909]. Hyderabad state. Atlantic Publishers. p. 42.
  199. ↑ "Partnership with the Salar Jung museum, Hyderabad". World collections programme. British Museum. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
  200. ↑ "Muffakham Jah opens city museum". The Hindu. 12 March 2012. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
  201. ↑ Hahne, Elsa (2008). You are where you eat: stories and recipes from the neighborhoods of New Orleans. University Press of Mississippi. pp. 47–49. ISBN 978-1-57806-941-5.
  202. 1 2 Kapoor, Sanjeev (2008). Royal Hyderabadi cooking. Popular Prakashan. p. 3. ISBN 978-81-7991-373-4.
  203. ↑ "Hyderabadi haleem now close to being patented". NDTV. 2 September 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
  204. ↑ Sen, Colleen Taylor (2004). Food culture in India. Greenwood Publication. p. 90. ISBN 0-313-32487-5.
  205. ↑ "A plateful of culture". The Hindu. 25 November 2010. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  206. ↑ Masood Ali, Khan (1995). The history of Urdu press: a case study of Hyderabad. Classical Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 81-7054-221-7.
  207. ↑ "Magazine publishers of India". Publishers Global. p. 1. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
  208. ↑ "Hyderabad Urdu papers launch campaign for simple weddings". The Indian Express. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  209. ↑ "The long and interesting story of all India Radio, Hyderabad – part 1". ontheshortwaves.com. 15 August 2010. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
  210. 1 2 "South Asia: India". Central Intelligence Agency. 12 April 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
  211. ↑ "Radio stations in Andhra Pradesh, India". asiawaves.net. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
  212. ↑ "Kendra's origin". Doordarshan Kendra Hyderabad. 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2011.
  213. ↑ Manchanda, Usha (1998). "Invasion from the skies: the impact of foreign television in India". Australian Studies in Journalism 7: 146.
  214. ↑ "Consolidated list of channels allowed to be carried by cable operators/ multi system operators/ DTH licensees in India". Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-26. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
  215. ↑ Fortner, Robert.S; Fackler, P. Mark (2011). The handbook of global communication and media ethics. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-8812-8.
  216. ↑ "Information and communication technologies throughout the world" (PDF). UNESCO. 1998. p. 210. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  217. ↑ "Hyderabad begins rollout of public WiFi". Livemint. 16 April 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
  218. ↑ Bajaj, Vikas; Yardley, Jim (30 December 2011). "Many of India's poor turn to private schools". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
  219. ↑ "Centre extends 40-cr aid to Urdu schools". The Times of India. 27 February 2002. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
  220. ↑ "SSC results: girls score higher percentage". The Hindu. 22 May 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
  221. ↑ "Vice chancellor's speech about Osmania university". Osmania University. Archived from the original on 2007-11-12. Retrieved 15 November 2007.
  222. ↑ "EAMCET 2013" (PDF). Andhra Pradesh State Council of Higher Education. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-01. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  223. ↑ "Annual report 2005–2006" (PDF). University Grants Commission (India). pp. 195–217. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
  224. ↑ "Central universities". Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
  225. ↑ Reddy, T. Karnakar (30 March 2012). "OU to hike fee for foreign students". CNN-IBN. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
  226. ↑ Reddy, R. Ravikanth (22 August 2005). "Distance no bar". The Hindu. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
  227. ↑ Iype, George (30 November 2004). "Hyderabad: India's Genome Valley". Rediff.com. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
  228. ↑ "A fillip to pharma sector". The Hindu. 21 September 2009. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
  229. ↑ "List of colleges teaching MBBS". Medical Council of India. 2010. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
  230. ↑ "Blow to students as Unani PG seats slashed". The Times of India. 9 August 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
  231. ↑ Indian Heart Association Webpage. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
  232. ↑ "Fashion and Textile Design Institutes". Design in India. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  233. ↑ "Anand Sharma lays foundation for National Institute of Design, Hyderabad". The Times of India. 25 May 2011. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  234. ↑ Kapadia, Novy (2001). "Triumphs and disaster: the story of Indian football, 1889–2000" (PDF). Soccer and Society 2 (2): 19. doi:10.1080/714004851. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  235. ↑ "Synthetic track at GMC Balayogi stadium will be protected:SAAP". The Hindu. 15 December 2005. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
  236. ↑ "Stadiums in India". World Stadium. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
  237. ↑ "Last in 2008, toppers this year: Deccan script IPL fairytale". The Indian Express. 24 May 2009. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  238. ↑ Prasad, Dharmendra (1986). Social and cultural geography of Hyderabad city: a historical perspective. Inter-India Publications. ISBN 978-81-210-0045-1.
  239. ↑ "Race course slows traffic in Malakpet". The Times of India. 5 March 2004. Retrieved 5 March 2004.
  240. ↑ "Starsky claims The Hindu Deccan Derby". The Hindu. 3 October 2001. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  241. ↑ "Excitement unlimited at drag race". The Hindu. 14 December 2009. Retrieved 25 November 2012.
  242. ↑ "Gokak racer wins off-road rally in Mumbai". The Hindu. 18 July 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2012.
  243. ↑ Sen Gupta, Abhijit (7 November 2002). "Remembering unsung heroes". The Hindu. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
  244. ↑ Ifthekhar, J.S. (30 August 2005). "Now pedal is out of fashion". The Hindu. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  245. ↑ "Chaos reigns supreme at MGBS". The Hindu. 22 October 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  246. ↑ Vijay, V; Prasad, Durga (2011). "Passenger amenities of Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC): a study" (PDF). Asian Journal of Business Management Studies 2 (2): 76–83. ISSN 2222-1387. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
  247. ↑ "Will railway budget give impetus to MMTS-II". The Hindu. 23 February 2010. Retrieved 23 February 2010.
  248. ↑ "SETWIN buses back on roads". The Hindu. 4 September 2006. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
  249. ↑ "History". Indian Railways. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
  250. ↑ "L&T set to bag Rs 12,132-cr Hyderabad metro rail project". Business Line. 14 July 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2010.
  251. ↑ Rao, A Srinivasa (26 October 2012). "32 per cent of Hyderabad traffic cops suffering from lung disorders due to automobile pollution: Study". India Today. Retrieved 14 May 2013.
  252. ↑ "Pre-feasibility study for bus rapid transit" (PDF). Institute for Transportation and Development Policy. March 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-08. Retrieved 11 September 2012. pp. 2–3
  253. ↑ Ramani, K.V. (22 April 2008). "Co-benefits from transportation sector: A case study-Hyderabad, India". Institute for Global Environmental Strategies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-10. Retrieved 14 May 2013.
  254. ↑ "India's longest flyover opens". The Indian Express. 20 October 2009. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
  255. ↑ "Speed limits fixed for vehicles on city roads". The Hindu. 10 January 2010. Retrieved 25 May 2012.
  256. ↑ "Municipal infrastructure" (PDF). Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  257. ↑ Kurmanath, K.V (3 March 2010). "A hub beginning to take roots". Business Line. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
  258. ↑ Sinha, Kounteya (16 May 2013). "London mayor showers praises on Hyderabad airport". The Times of India. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  259. ↑ "Delhi, Hyderabad airports among top in the world". The Times of India. 16 February 2011. Retrieved 16 February 2011.

Further reading

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Sunday, February 14, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.