Hunnum

Coordinates: 55°00′36″N 2°00′22″W / 55.010°N 2.006°W / 55.010; -2.006

Onnum (Halton Chesters)

The gateway to Halton Castle is located near the middle of the former fort
Onnum (Halton Chesters)
Onnum (Halton Chesters) shown within Northumberland
OS grid reference NY998685
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Northumberland

Hunnum (also known as Onnum, and with the modern name of Halton Chesters) was a Roman fort north of the modern-day village of Halton, Northumberland in North East England. The Latinized Brittonic name “Onnum” may mean "Stream/Water", "Ash (tree)", or “Rock”;[1] if it means "Stream", it may be a reference to the Fence Burn, where a stream touches the line of Hadrian's Wall,[2] but if it means "Rock", it may refer to Down Hill situated to the east of it. It was the fifth fort on Hadrian's Wall, after Segedunum (Wallsend), Pons Aelius (Newcastle), Condercum and Vindobala. It is situated about seven and a half miles west of Vindobala, and is two and a half miles north of Corstopitum. The site of the fort is bisected by the B6318 Military Road, which runs along the route of the wall at that point.

Description

The fort guards Dere Street as it crosses the Roman Wall through the valley immediately to the west of it. The original fort was an oblong, measuring 460 feet (140 m) north to south by 410 feet (120 m) east to west, but at a later date the section south of the Wall was extended to the west making the south wall of the fort 570 feet (170 m) long and giving the fort an L-shaped appearance. The areas occupied by the northern and southern sections are 4.3 and 4.8 acres (19,000 m2) respectively. There were four main gates, at the main points of the compass, with double portals with guard chambers. At various times some of the portals have been blocked up and both portals of the west gate were blocked almost at once. There were towers at each corner of the fort, and also on either side of the main gates. It is believed that the fort was built between 122 AD and 126 AD.

The Vallum passed some short distance south of the fort, and was crossed by a road leading from the south gate to vicus just south of the Vallum.

Garrison

A dedicatory slab from the west gate of the fort tells us that the Sixth Legion were responsible for the initial building work. The fort was initially garrisoned, probably, by a cohort of 500 partly mounted troops. In the third century it held a regiment of cavalry, the Ala I Pannoniorum Sabiniana, also called Ala Sabiniana, and named after Sabinus who first raised it

Excavations

The field north of the Military Road containing the northern section of the fort was first ploughed in 1827, and a fine bath-house was found. This contained dry and moist hot rooms, a warm room and cold rooms, and a dressing room. Such a large bath-house is a rarity on the Wall.

References

  1. ↑ Rivet, A.L.F., Smith, Colin, The Place-names of Roman Britain, B.T. Batsford, London, 1979, pp. 431-433.
  2. ↑ Rivet, A.L.F., Smith, Colin, The Place-names of Roman Britain, B.T. Batsford, London, 1979, p. 433.

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