Humanitarian crisis

A humanitarian crisis (or "humanitarian disaster") is defined as a singular event or a series of events that are threatening in terms of health, safety or well being of a community or large group of people.[1] It may be an internal or external conflict and usually occurs throughout a large land area. Local, national and international responses are necessary in such events.[2]

Each humanitarian crisis is caused by different factors and as a result, each different humanitarian crisis requires a unique response targeted towards the specific sectors affected. This can result in either short-term or long-term damage. Humanitarian crises can either be natural disasters, man-made disasters or complex emergencies. In such cases, complex emergencies occur as a result of several factors or events that prevent a large group of people from accessing their fundamental needs, such as food, clean water or safe shelter.

Examples of humanitarian crises include armed conflicts, epidemics, famine, natural disasters and other major emergencies. All such crises may cause, involve or lead to a humanitarian crisis.[3] As such, humanitarian crises are often interconnected and complex and several national and international agencies play roles in the repercussions of the incidences.

Categories

There is no simple categorization of humanitarian crises. Different communities and agencies tend to have definitions related to the concrete situations they face. A local fire service will tend to focus on issues such as flooding and weather induced crises. Medical and health related organizations are naturally focused on sudden crises to the health of a community.

An ongoing or lingering pandemic may amount to a humanitarian crisis, especially where there are increasing levels of virulence, or rates of infection as in the case of AIDS, bird flu or Tuberculosis. Major health-related problems such as cancer, global warming typically require an accentuated or punctuated mass-event to justify a label of "crisis" or "disaster".

The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) lists categories which include different types of natural disasters, technological disasters (i.e. hazardous material spills, Chernobyl-type of nuclear accidents, chemical explosions) and long-term man-made disasters related to "civil strife, civil war and international war".[4]) Internationally, the humanitarian response sector has tended to distinguish between natural disasters and complex emergencies which are related to armed conflict and wars.[5]

Impacts: Women’s Social Status in Humanitarian Crises

Socially, women and children (mostly girls) receive a significantly decreased amount of attention in response to humanitarian crises. Women and children make up 3 quarters of refugees or displaced persons at risk post-crisis. A quarter of this population is of reproducing age and a fifth of this population is likely to be pregnant. In times of emergency and such crises, deaths associated with pregnancy, reproductive health, sexual violence and sexual exploitation increase drastically especially amongst females. During such emergencies, women lose access to family planning services, prenatal care, postpartum care and other health services. The heightened risk of female health and safety makes them vulnerable to disease, violence and death.[6]

Non-profit organizations such as the Women's Refugee Commission deal with aiding particularly women suffering from various types of humanitarian crises.[7] According to the Women’s Refugee Commission, during the first hours of a humanitarian crisis, women and young children are at most risk. During such an event, agencies and organizations approach matters variably. However, the top critical requirements within hours and months of the crises include: keeping the refugees and internally displaced persons away from danger, allowing access to fundamental needs such as food and healthcare, identification information, preventing sexual violence and others.[8]

Impacts: Socio-economic Realities of Humanitarian Crises

Economic issues can lead to humanitarian crises or humanitarian crises can lead to economic downfalls. If it occurs after a humanitarian crisis affects a nation, it is imperative to return the livelihoods in the economic settings of the nation.[9] One of the critical needs on the Women’s Refugee Commission’s list is providing education and economic opportunities in order to maintain the economic qualities of the region. It is done by using the skills of the displaced persons or refugees involved to provide them with opportunities to gain income.[10]

If it occurs as a cause of humanitarian crisis, the society would have been in a state of civil insecurity and economic shortfalls, which could cause the government to collapse. This can also result from food insecurity, famines, corruptions and various other issues. Direct effects of this situation include human rights violations, violence and mass murders.[11]

Impacts: Environmental and Ecological Impacts

In the cases of humanitarian crises, especially natural disasters such as tornadoes, tsunamis and earthquakes, these incidences leave environmental and ecological impacts on the regions affected. The aftermaths of natural disasters can lead to a significant decrease in natural resources while making the region prone to future issues.[12] For example, if a forest fire occurs in a large region, the area may be susceptible to air pollution, dust clouds, release of carcinogenic gases and others. Forest ecological wildlife, for example, is severely impacted by such events. In the cases of water natural disasters such as floods and tsunamis, extensive damage due to the water is prevalent.[13] Fish, corals and other ocean life is impacted, which further impacts the livelihoods of fishermen.[14]

Sustainable Solutions

There is no singular solution to any one humanitarian crisis. Often, the primary cause of a humanitarian crisis is intertwined with several other factors. Further, one repercussion can lead to another which may lead to another. For instance, in the case of a flood, fish and ocean life is impacted, an environmental and ecological impact. This can further impact humans the source of income for fishermen, an economical impact. This causes the residents of this particular area to be stripped from their source of food and their culture of consuming sea fish. This can lead to women and children being forced to work in dangerous conditions to gain income and food, a social impact. Evidently, one crisis can have many impacts that are interconnected with one another and there is no single solution.

Preparing for humanitarian crises

In dealing with humanitarian crises, emergency preparedness plays a critical role by building national capacity to reduce the cost of long-term response. However, humanitarian finance is released after a crisis and instead of providing support through a continued preparedness system, isolated ‘preparedness activities’ take priority. Emergency preparedness is largely underfunded and existing financing is complicated, fragmented and disorganised. To better respond to humanitarian crises, a report by the Overseas Development Institute suggests that although there are advantages to improving existing financing mechanisms, incremental changes will still leave gaps and a new system must be considered to save lives and aid disaster risk reduction. [15]

Examples

Recent humanitarian crises include the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake (Asian tsunami), 2005 Kashmir earthquake, Hurricane Katrina in August 2005, Rwanda genocide, Sri Lankan civil war, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Afghan Civil War, Kivu Conflict, Darfur Conflict, Iraq War, May 2008 Sichuan earthquake, Cyclone Nargis, 2010 Haiti earthquake,[16] 2010 Pakistan floods and 2011 Pakistan floods, 2011 East Africa drought, 2012 Sahel drought, 2013 Madagascar locust infestation, Syrian Civil War, 2013 Zamboanga City crisis and 2014 West Africa Ebola outbreak.

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ "What Is a Humanitarian Crisis", Humanitarian Coalition, Retrieved on 6 May 2013.
  2. ↑ "Complex Humanitarian Emergency Program." EDUCATION & TRAINING. <http://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/education-training/complex-humanitarian-emergency-program> Retrieved on 4 May 2013.
  3. ↑ "Humanitarian workshop flyer", Retrieved on 7 May 2013.
  4. ↑ "Page or file not found". ifrc.org. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  5. ↑ Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs handbook for complex emergencies
  6. ↑ "UNFPA - United Nations Population Fund - Protecting Women in Emergency Situations". unfpa.org. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  7. ↑ Matthew Mesa. "Women's Refugee Commission - Humanitarian Crises Around the World". womensrefugeecommission.org. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  8. ↑ Caitlin Kelley. "Women's Refugee Commission - Top 10 Needs Facing Refugees and Those Displaced in Emergencies". womensrefugeecommission.org. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  9. ↑ "Themes". humanitarianstudiesconference.org. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  10. ↑ "Humanitarian coordination - The international humanitarian system". unicef.org. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  11. ↑ "Conflict, economic crisis and drought a humanitarian emergency out of control - Humanitarian Practice Network". odihpn.org. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  12. ↑ "Groupe URD - Trainer’s Guide “Integrating the Environment into Humanitarian Action and Early Recovery”". urd.org. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  13. ↑ http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2012/chapter-2-the-pre-travel-consultation/natural-disasters-and-environmental-hazards.htm
  14. ↑ "WWF - Ecological Consequences of Natural Disasters: Tsunami". panda.org. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  15. ↑ “Dare to prepare: taking risk seriously” Kellett, J. and Peters, K. (2013) Overseas Development Institute. Retrieved 12 December 2013
  16. ↑ Witnesses to past disasters see hard choices ahead in Haiti'. CNN. 16 January 2010. Retrieved on 2010-01-16

External links

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