Endocrine disease

Endocrine disease
Major endocrine glands. (Male left, female on the right.) 1. Pineal gland 2. Pituitary gland 3. Thyroid gland 4. Thymus 5. Adrenal gland 6. Pancreas 7. Ovary 8. Testes
Classification and external resources
Specialty	Endocrinology
ICD-10	E00-E35
ICD-9-CM	240-259
MeSH	D004700

Endocrine diseases are disorders of the endocrine system. The branch of medicine associated with endocrine disorders is known as endocrinology.

Types of disease

Broadly speaking, endocrine disorders may be subdivided into three groups:^[1]

Endocrine gland hyposecretion (leading to hormone deficiency)
Endocrine gland hypersecretion (leading to hormone excess)
Tumours (benign or malignant) of endocrine glands

Endocrine disorders are often quite complex, involving a mixed picture of hyposecretion and hypersecretion because of the feedback mechanisms involved in the endocrine system. For example, most forms of hyperthyroidism are associated with an excess of thyroid hormone and a low level of thyroid stimulating hormone.^[2]

List of diseases

Adrenal disorders

Adrenal insufficiency
- Addison's disease
- Mineralocorticoid deficiency
  - Diabetes

Adrenal hormone excess

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (adrenogenital syndrome)
Adrenocortical carcinoma

Glucose homeostasis disorders

Diabetes mellitus

Hypoglycemia
- Idiopathic hypoglycemia
- Insulinoma

Glucagonoma

Thyroid disorders

Calcium homeostasis disorders and Metabolic bone disease

Parathyroid gland disorders

Osteoporosis
Osteitis deformans (Paget's disease of bone)
Rickets and osteomalacia

Pituitary gland disorders

Menstrual function or fertility disorders
- Amenorrhea
- Polycystic ovary syndrome

Tumours of the endocrine glands not mentioned elsewhere

Multiple endocrine neoplasia

Carcinoid syndrome

Endocrine emergencies

In endocrinology, medical emergencies include diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, hypoglycemic coma, acute adrenocortical insufficiency, phaeochromocytoma crisis, hypercalcemic crisis, thyroid storm, myxoedema coma and pituitary apoplexy.^[3]

Emergencies arising from decompensated pheochromocytomas or parathyroid adenomas are sometimes referred for emergency resection when aggressive medical therapies fail to control the patient's state, however the surgical risks are significant, especially blood pressure lability and the possibility of cardiovascular collapse after resection (due to a brutal drop in respectively catecholamines and calcium, which must be compensated with gradual normalization).^[4]^[5] It remains debated when emergency surgery is appropriate as opposed to urgent or elective surgery after continued attempts to stabilize the patient, notably in view of newer and more efficient medications and protocols.^[6]^[7]^[8]

References

↑ "Endocrine Disorders". webmd.
↑ "Diagnosing Hyperthyroidism: Overactivity of the Thyroid Gland". endocrineweb.
↑ Savage, M W; P Mah; A Weetman; J Newell-Price (1 September 2004). "Endocrine emergencies". Postgraduate Medical Journal 80 (947): 506–515. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2003.013474.
↑ Brouwers, FM; Eisenhofer, G; Lenders, JW; Pacak, K (December 2006). "Emergencies caused by pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, or ganglioneuroma.". Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America 35 (4): 699–724, viii. doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2006.09.014. PMID 17127142.
↑ Tahim, AS; Saunders, J; Sinha, P (2010). "A parathyroid adenoma: benign disease presenting with hyperparathyroid crisis.". Case Reports in Medicine 2010: 596185. doi:10.1155/2010/596185. PMC 3014839. PMID 21209735. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
↑ Newell, KA; Prinz, RA; Pickleman, J; Braithwaite, S; Brooks, M; Karson, TH; Glisson, S (August 1988). "Pheochromocytoma multisystem crisis. A surgical emergency.". Archives of surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960) 123 (8): 956–9. doi:10.1001/archsurg.1988.01400320042007. PMID 2899426. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
↑ Scholten, A.; Cisco, R. M.; Vriens, M. R.; Cohen, J. K.; Mitmaker, E. J.; Liu, C.; Tyrrell, J. B.; Shen, W. T.; Duh, Q.-Y. (2 January 2013). "Pheochromocytoma Crisis Is Not a Surgical Emergency". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 98 (2): 581–591. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3020. PMID 23284003. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
↑ Phitayakorn, R; McHenry, CR (June 2008). "Hyperparathyroid crisis: use of bisphosphonates as a bridge to parathyroidectomy.". Journal of the American College of Surgeons 206 (3): 1106–15. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.11.010. PMID 18501807. |access-date= requires |url= (help)

External links

Endocrine system diseases at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
MedlinePlus Overview endocrinediseases
Overview at Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy
Endotext

ICD-9-CM: Medical conditions and ICD-9 code

(Disease / Disorder / Syndrome / Sequence, Symptom / Sign, Injury, etc.)

(A/B, 001–139)

(C/D,
140–239 &
279–289)

Cancer (C00–D48, 140–239)	Neoplasm

Myeloid hematologic (D50–D77, 280–289)	Anemia Coagulopathy

Lymphoid immune (D80–D89, 279)	Immunodeficiency Immunoproliferative disorder Hypersensitivity

(E, 240–278)

(F, 290–319)

Mental disorder

(G, 320–359)

(H, 360–389)

(I, 390–459)

Cardiovascular disease
- Heart disease
- Vascular disease

(J, 460–519)

Respiratory disease

(K, 520–579)

(L, 680–709)

(M, 710–739)

(N, 580–629)

(O, 630–679)

(P, 760–779)

Fetal disease

(Q, 740–759)

Congenital disorder
- Congenital abnormality

(R, 780–799)

(S/T, 800–999)

Diseases of the endocrine system (E00–E35, 240–259)

Pancreas/
glucose
metabolism

Hypofunction	Diabetes mellitus types: type 1 type 2 MODY 1 2 3 4 5 6 complications coma angiopathy ketoacidosis nephropathy neuropathy retinopathy cardiomyopathy insulin receptor (Rabson–Mendenhall syndrome) Insulin resistance

Hyperfunction	Hypoglycemia beta cell (Hyperinsulinism) G cell (Zollinger–Ellison syndrome)

Hypothalamic/
pituitary axes

Hypothalamus

gonadotropin
- Kallmann syndrome
- Adiposogenital dystrophy
CRH (Tertiary adrenal insufficiency)
vasopressin (Neurogenic diabetes insipidus)
general (Hypothalamic hamartoma)

Pituitary

Hyperpituitarism	anterior Acromegaly Hyperprolactinaemia Pituitary ACTH hypersecretion posterior (SIADH) general (Nelson's syndrome)

Hypopituitarism	anterior Kallmann syndrome Growth hormone deficiency Hypoprolactinemia ACTH deficiency/Secondary adrenal insufficiency GnRH insensitivity FSH insensitivity LH/hCG insensitivity posterior (Neurogenic diabetes insipidus) general Empty sella syndrome Pituitary apoplexy Sheehan's syndrome Lymphocytic hypophysitis

Thyroid

Hypothyroidism	Iodine deficiency Cretinism Congenital hypothyroidism Myxedema Euthyroid sick syndrome

Hyperthyroidism	Hyperthyroxinemia Thyroid hormone resistance Familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia Hashitoxicosis Thyrotoxicosis factitia Graves' disease

Thyroiditis	Acute infectious Subacute De Quervain's Subacute lymphocytic Autoimmune/chronic Hashimoto's Postpartum Riedel's

Goitre	Endemic goitre Toxic nodular goitre Toxic multinodular goiter Thyroid nodule

Parathyroid

Hypoparathyroidism	Hypoparathyroidism Pseudohypoparathyroidism Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism

Hyperparathyroidism	Primary Secondary Tertiary Osteitis fibrosa cystica

Adrenal

Hyperfunction	aldosterone: Hyperaldosteronism/Primary aldosteronism Conn syndrome Bartter syndrome Glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism AME Liddle's syndrome 17α CAH cortisol: Cushing's syndrome (Pseudo-Cushing's syndrome) sex hormones: 21α CAH 11β CAH

Hypofunction/ Adrenal insufficiency (Addison's, WF)	aldosterone: Hypoaldosteronism 21α CAH 11β CAH cortisol: CAH Lipoid 3β 11β 17α 21α sex hormones: 17α CAH

Gonads

general: Hypogonadism (Delayed puberty)
Hypergonadism
- Precocious puberty
Hypoandrogenism
Hypoestrogenism
Hyperandrogenism
Hyperestrogenism
Postorgasmic illness syndrome

Height

Multiple

Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome multiple
- APS1
- APS2
Carcinoid syndrome
Multiple endocrine neoplasia
- 1
- 2A
- 2B
Progeria
Woodhouse-Sakati syndrome

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