Glassy-winged sharpshooter

Glassy-winged sharpshooter
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Homoptera
Family: Cicadellidae
Genus: Homalodisca
Species: H. vitripennis
Binomial name
Homalodisca vitripennis
(Germar, 1821)
Synonyms [1]
  • Tettigonia vitripennis Germar, 1821
  • Tettigonia coagulata Say, 1832
  • Homalodisca coagulata (Say, 1832)

The glassy-winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca vitripennis, formerly known as H. coagulata) is a large leafhopper insect from the family Cicadellidae, similar to other species of sharpshooter.

Description

Glassy-winged sharpshooter underside

These sharpshooters are about 12 millimetres (0.5 in) in length. Their color is dark brown to black with black-and-yellow undersides, with yellow eyes, and the upper parts of the head and back are speckled with ivory or yellowish spots. The wings are transparent with reddish veins.[2]

They have piercing, sucking mouthparts and rows of fine spines on their hind legs.[3]

Distribution

It is native to North America (northeastern Mexico), but has spread into the United States, where it has become an agricultural pest.[1]

Glassy-winged sharpshooters usually lay a mass of eggs on the underside of leaves, and they cover them with powdery white protective secretions kept in dry form (called "brochosomes") on the wings. After the nymphs hatch, the remaining egg mass leaves a brown mark on the leaf's surface. The nymphs feed within the vascular system of the small stems on the plant where the eggs were deposited. After several molts, the nymphs become adult glassy-winged sharpshooters.[2]

The glassy-winged sharpshooter feeds on a wide variety of plants. Scientists estimate the host plants for this sharpshooter include over 70 different plant species. Among the hosts are grapes, citrus trees, almonds, stone fruit, and oleanders. Because of the large number of hosts, glassy-winged sharpshooter populations are able to flourish in both agricultural and urban areas. They feed on a plant by inserting their needle-like mouth parts into the plant's xylem. While feeding, sharpshooters squirt small droplets of waste from the anus (filtered xylem fluid, basically water with trace solutes, especially carbohydrates), often called "leafhopper rain." These droplets are messy and, when the water evaporates, leave a residue that gives plants and fruit a whitewashed appearance.[2]

Their feeding method, along with their voracious appetite for so many different hosts, makes glassy-winged sharpshooters an effective vector for the Xylella fastidiosa bacterium. Once they feed on an infected plant, X. fastidiosa colonizes the sharpshooter by forming a biofilm on its mouth-parts.[4] The sharpshooter then transmits the disease to additional plants while feeding. A plant that is not affected by any of the diseases caused by X. fastidiosa becomes a reservoir, holding the bacterium for other sharpshooters to pick up and carry to other plants. X. fastidiosa is linked to many plant diseases, including phoney peach disease in the southern United States, oleander leaf scorch and Pierce's disease in California, and citrus X disease in Brazil.[2]

Management

Successful efforts using integrated pest management (IPM) of the glassy-winged sharpshooter include the use of insecticides, parasitoids (especially wasps in the family Mymaridae), and the impact of naturally occurring pathogens like viruses, bacteria, and fungi. One of the newly discovered pathogens is a virus specific to sharpshooters. The leafhopper-infecting virus, Homalodisca coagulata virus-1 (HoCV-1, Dicistroviridae), has been shown to increase leafhopper mortality.[5][6] The virus occurs in nature and is spread most readily at high population densities through contact among infected individuals, contact with virus-contaminated surfaces, and/or as an aerosol in leafhopper excreta. One of the most successful biocontrol efforts has been the mass rearing and release of four different leafhopper parasitoids (in the mymarid genus Gonatocerus), which have been very successful in reducing the number of eggs that survive. The traditional means of insect management, such as scouting and land owner reports of leafhopper presence, followed by highly focused insecticide treatments, have also been of great value in reducing leafhopper numbers; all of these impacts have produced a system wherein reasonable, environmentally sound management of this insect pest is being maintained.[6]

References

  1. 1 2 Daniela M. Takiya, Stuart H. McKamey & Rodney R. Cavichioli (2006). "Validity of Homalodisca and of H. vitripennis as the name for glassy-winged sharpshooter (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae)" (PDF). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 99 (4): 648–655. doi:10.1603/0013-8746(2006)99[648:vohaoh]2.0.co;2.
  2. 1 2 3 4 APHIS. 2002. Glassy-winged Sharpshooter and Pierce's Disease in California
  3. ↑ USDA - Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter
  4. ↑ "Patterns of Xylella fastidiosa Colonization on the Precibarium of Sharpshooter Vectors Relative to Transmission to Plants" (PDF). Retrieved 31 August 2014.
  5. ↑ W. B. Hunter, C. S. Katsar & J. X. Chaparro (2006). "Molecular analysis of capsid protein of Homalodisca coagulata virus-1, a new leafhopper-infecting virus from the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca coagulata". Journal of Insect Science 6: 28. doi:10.1673/2006_06_28.1.
  6. 1 2 Laura E. Hunnicutt, Wayne B. Hunter, Ronald D. Cave, Charles A. Powell & Jerry J. Mozoruk (2006). "Genome sequence and molecular characterization of Homalodisca coagulata virus-1, a novel virus discovered in the glassy-winged sharpshooter (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)". Virology 350 (1): 67–78. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2006.02.034. PMID 16574186.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Homalodisca vitripennis.

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Sunday, December 20, 2015. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.