Honolulu

This article is about the largest city and state capital city of Hawaii, within the county of Honolulu. For the county of Honolulu itself, see Honolulu County. For other uses, see Honolulu (disambiguation).
Honolulu, Hawaii
Consolidated city-county
City and County of Honolulu

Clockwise: Aerial view of Downtown Honolulu, Pearl Harbor right outside the city, statue of King Kamehameha I in downtown, Diamond Head, waterfront on Waikiki Beach, and Honolulu Hale (City Hall)

Flag
Seal
Nickname(s): Crossroads of the Pacific
Sheltered Bay
HNL
The Big Pineapple
Town ("Town" is a commonly used local nickname for Honolulu, in reference to the fact that the Honolulu, or "Town" side of the island is the most urbanized and dense part of Oahu.)
Paradise
Motto: Haʻaheo No ʻO Honolulu (The Pride of Honolulu)[1]

Location in Honolulu County and the state of Hawaii
Honolulu, Hawaii

Location in Honolulu County and the state of Hawaii

Coordinates: 21°18′N 157°49′W / 21.300°N 157.817°W / 21.300; -157.817Coordinates: 21°18′N 157°49′W / 21.300°N 157.817°W / 21.300; -157.817
Country  United States
State  Hawaii
County Honolulu
Incorporated April 30, 1907[2]
Government
 • Mayor Kirk Caldwell (D)
 • Council
Area[3]
 • City 68.4 sq mi (177.2 km2)
 • Land 60.5 sq mi (156.7 km2)
 • Water 7.9 sq mi (20.5 km2)
Elevation100 ft.-300 ft. 19 ft (6 m)
Population (2010)
 • City 390,738 (46th)
 • Density 6,458/sq mi (2,493.5/km2)
 • Metro 953,207
Demonym(s) Honolulan
Time zone Hawaiian (HST) (UTC−10)
Zip Code 96801-96850
Area code(s) 808
FIPS code 15-17000
GNIS feature ID 366212[4]
Website www.honolulu.gov

Honolulu (/ˌhɒnəˈluːluː/ or /ˌhoʊnəˈluːluː/;[5][6] Hawaiian pronunciation: [honoˈlulu]) is the state capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Hawaii.[lower-alpha 1] It is the county seat of the City and County of Honolulu. Hawaii is a major tourist destination and Honolulu, situated on the island of Oahu, is the main gateway to Hawaii and a major gateway into the United States. The city is also a major hub for international business, military defense, as well as famously being host to a diverse variety of east-west and Pacific culture, cuisine, and traditions.

Honolulu is both the westernmost and the southernmost major American city. For statistical purposes, the U.S. Census Bureau recognizes the approximate area commonly referred to as "City of Honolulu" (not to be confused with the "City and County") as a census county division (CCD).[8] Honolulu is a major financial center of the islands and of the Pacific Ocean. The population of Honolulu CCD was 390,738 at the 2010 census,[9] while the population of the consolidated city and county was 953,207.

Honolulu means "sheltered harbor"[10] or "calm port."[11] The old name is said to be Kou, a district roughly encompassing the area from Nuuanu Avenue to Alakea Street and from Hotel Street to Queen Street which is the heart of the present downtown district.[12] The city has been the capital of the Hawaiian Islands since 1845 and gained historical recognition following the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan near the city on December 7, 1941.

As of 2015, Honolulu was ranked high on world livability rankings, and was also ranked as the 2nd safest city in the United States.[13][14] It is also the most populated Oceanian city outside Australasia and ranks second only to Auckland as the most populous city in Polynesia.[15][16]

History

Port of Honolulu, as seen by Russian artist Louis Choris in 1816
Queen Street, Honolulu, 1856, by George Henry Burgess
people in street watching fire in distance
The Great Chinatown Fire

Evidence of the first settlement of Honolulu by the original Polynesian migrants to the archipelago comes from oral histories and artifacts. These indicate that there was a settlement where Honolulu now stands in the 11th century.[17] However, after Kamehameha I conquered Oʻahu in the Battle of Nuʻuanu at Nuʻuanu Pali, he moved his royal court from the Island of Hawaiʻi to Waikīkī in 1804. His court relocated in 1809 to what is now downtown Honolulu. The capital was moved back to Kailua-Kona in 1812.

In 1794, Captain William Brown of Great Britain was the first foreigner to sail into what is now Honolulu Harbor.[18] More foreign ships followed, making the port of Honolulu a focal point for merchant ships traveling between North America and Asia.

In 1845, Kamehameha III moved the permanent capital of the Hawaiian Kingdom from Lahaina on Maui to Honolulu. He and the kings that followed him transformed Honolulu into a modern capital,[19] erecting buildings such as St. Andrew's Cathedral, ʻIolani Palace, and Aliʻiōlani Hale. At the same time, Honolulu became the center of commerce in the islands, with descendants of American missionaries establishing major businesses in downtown Honolulu.[20]

Despite the turbulent history of the late 19th century and early 20th century, such as the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy in 1893, Hawaiʻi's subsequent annexation by the United States in 1898, followed by a large fire in 1900, and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Honolulu remained the capital, largest city, and main airport and seaport of the Hawaiian Islands.[21]

An economic and tourism boom following statehood brought rapid economic growth to Honolulu and Hawaiʻi. Modern air travel brings, as of 2007, 7.6 million visitors annually to the islands, with 62.3% entering at Honolulu International Airport.[22] Today, Honolulu is a modern city with numerous high-rise buildings, and Waikīkī is the center of the tourism industry in Hawaiʻi, with thousands of hotel rooms. The UK consulting firm Mercer, in a 2009 assessment "conducted to help governments and major companies place employees on international assignments", ranked Honolulu 29th worldwide in quality of living; the survey factored in political stability, personal freedom, sanitation, crime, housing, the natural environment, recreation, banking facilities, availability of consumer goods, education, and public services including transportation.[23]

Geography

Astronaut photograph of western Honolulu, HNL Airport, and Pearl Harbor taken from the International Space Station

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 68.4 square miles (177.2 km2). 60.5 square miles (156.7 km2) of it (88.44%) is land, and 7.9 square miles (20.5 km2) of it (11.56%) is water.[24]

The closest location on the mainland to Honolulu is the Point Arena Lighthouse in California, at 2,045 nautical miles (3,787 km).[25] (Nautical vessels require some additional distance to circumnavigate Makapuʻu Point.) However, part of the Aleutian Islands of Alaska are slightly closer to Honolulu than the mainland.

Neighborhoods, boroughs, and districts

Honolulu as seen from the International Space Station
Downtown at Bishop and King streets, with First Hawaiian Center (left) and Bankoh Center (right)

Climate

Honolulu experiences a tropical savannah climate (Köppen classification As), with a mostly dry summer season, due to a rain shadow effect.[28] Temperatures vary little throughout the months, with average high temperatures of 80–90 °F (27–32 °C) and average lows of 65–75 °F (18–24 °C) throughout the year. Temperatures reach or exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on an average 38 days annually,[29] with lows in the upper 50s °F (14–15 °C) occurring once or twice a year. The highest recorded temperature was 95 °F (35 °C) during a heat wave in September 1998. The highest recorded temperature in the state was also recorded later that day in Ni'ihau. The lowest recorded temperature was 52 °F (11 °C) on February 16, 1902, and January 20, 1969.

Annual average rainfall is 17.05 in (433 mm), which mainly occurs during the winter months of October through early April, with very little rainfall during the summer. However, both seasons experience a similar number of rainy days. Light showers occur in summer while heavier rain falls during winter. Honolulu has an average of 278 sunny days and 90 rainy days per year.

Although the city is situated in the tropics, hurricanes are quite rare. The last recorded hurricane that hit the area was Category 4 Hurricane Iniki in 1992. Tornadoes are also uncommon and usually strike once every 15 years. Waterspouts off the coast are also uncommon, hitting about once every five years.[30]

Honolulu falls under the USDA 12a Plant Hardiness zone.[31]

Average Sea Temperature[34]
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
76.5 °F (24.7 °C) 75.9 °F (24.4 °C) 75.7 °F (24.3 °C) 76.9 °F (24.9 °C) 77.9 °F (25.5 °C) 78.7 °F (25.9 °C) 78.9 °F (26.1 °C) 79.5 °F (26.4 °C) 80.4 °F (26.9 °C) 79.8 °F (26.6 °C) 78.5 °F (25.8 °C) 77.0 °F (25.0 °C) 78.0 °F (25.6 °C)
Panorama of Honolulu's waterfront in February 2007.

Demographics

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
189022,907—
190039,30671.6%
191052,18332.8%
192083,32759.7%
1930137,58265.1%
1940179,32630.3%
1950248,03438.3%
1960294,19418.6%
1970324,87110.4%
1980365,04812.4%
1990365,2720.1%
2000371,6571.7%
2010390,7385.1%
Est. 2013402,5003.0%
Population 1890–2010.[9][35]
The Hawaii State Capitol
DFS Galleria in Waikīkī

The population of Honolulu was 390,738 according to the 2010 U.S. Census. Of those, 192,781 (49.3%) were male and 197,957 (50.7%) were female. The median age for males was 40.0 and 43.0 for females; the overall median age was 41.3. Approximately 84.7% of the total population was 16 years and over; 82.6% were 18 years and over, 78.8% were 21 years and over, 21.4% were 62 years and over, and 17.8% were 65 years and over.[9]

In terms of race and ethnicity, 54.8% were Asian, 17.9% were White, 1.5% were Black or African American, 0.2% were American Indian or Alaska Native, 8.4% were Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 0.8% were from "some other race", and 16.3% were from two or more races. Hispanics and Latinos of any race made up 5.4% of the population.[9] In 1970, the Census Bureau reported Honolulu's population as 33.9% white and 53.7% Asian and Pacific Islander.[36]

Asian Americans represent the majority of Honolulu's population. The Asian ethnic groups are Japanese (19.9%), Filipinos (13.2%), Chinese (10.4%), Koreans (4.3%), Vietnamese (2.0%), Asian Indians (0.3%), Laotians (0.3%), Thais (0.2%), Cambodians (0.1%), and Indonesians (0.1%). People solely of Native Hawaiian ancestry made up 3.2% of the population. Samoan Americans made up 1.5% of the population, Marshallese people make up 0.5% of the city's population, and Tongan people comprise 0.3% of its population. People of Guamanian or Chamorro descent made up 0.2% of the population and numbered 841 residents.[9]

Economy

Honolulu viewed from Diamond Head crater

The largest city and airport in the Hawaiian Islands, Honolulu acts as a natural gateway to the islands' large tourism industry, which brings millions of visitors and contributes $10 billion annually to the local economy. Honolulu's location in the Pacific also makes it a large business and trading hub, particularly between the East and the West. Other important aspects of the city's economy include military defense, research and development, and manufacturing.[37]

Among the companies based in Honolulu are:

Hawaiian Airlines,[38] Island Air,[39] and Aloha Air Cargo are headquartered in the city.[40][41] Prior to its dissolution, Aloha Airlines was headquartered in the city.[42] At one time Mid-Pacific Airlines had its headquarters on the property of Honolulu International Airport.[43]

In 2009, Honolulu had a 4.5% increase in the average price of rent, maintaining it in the second most expensive rental market ranking among 210 U.S. metropolitan areas.[44]

Since no national bank chains have any branches in Hawaii, many visitors and new residents use different banks. First Hawaiian Bank is the largest and oldest bank in Hawaii and their headquarters are at the First Hawaiian Center, the tallest building in the State of Hawaii.

Cultural institutions

With symbolic native-styled architectural features, First Hawaiian Center is the tallest building in Hawaii and home to a Honolulu Museum of Art Spalding House gallery

Natural museums

The Bishop Museum is the largest of Honolulu's museums. It is endowed with the state's largest collection of natural history specimens and the world's largest collection of Hawaiiana and Pacific culture artifacts.[45] The Honolulu Zoo is the main zoological institution in Hawaii while the Waikiki Aquarium is a working marine biology laboratory. The Waikiki Aquarium is partnered with the University of Hawaii and other universities worldwide. Established for appreciation and botany, Honolulu is home to several gardens: Foster Botanical Garden, Liliʻuokalani Botanical Garden, Walker Estate, among others.

Performing arts

Established in 1900, the Honolulu Symphony is the second oldest US symphony orchestra west of the Rocky Mountains. Other classical music ensembles include the Hawaii Opera Theatre. Honolulu is also a center for Hawaiian music. The main music venues include the Hawaii Theatre, the Neal Blaisdell Center Concert Hall and Arena, and the Waikiki Shell.

Honolulu also includes several venues for live theater, including the Diamond Head Theatre.

Visual arts

Various institutions for the visual arts are located in Honolulu.

The Honolulu Museum of Art is endowed with the largest collection of Asian and Western art in Hawaii. It also has the largest collection of Islamic art, housed at the Shangri La estate. Since the merger of the Honolulu Academy of Arts and The Contemporary Museum, Honolulu (now called the Honolulu Museum of Art Spalding House) in 2011, the museum is also the only contemporary art museum in the state. The contemporary collections are housed at main campus (Spalding House) in Makiki and a multi-level gallery in downtown Honolulu at the First Hawaiian Center. The museum hosts a film and video program dedicated to arthouse and world cinema in the museum's Doris Duke Theatre, named for the museum's historic patroness Doris Duke.

The Hawaii State Art Museum (also downtown) boasts pieces by local artists as well as traditional Hawaiian art. The museum is administered by the Hawaii State Foundation on Culture and the Arts.

Honolulu also annually holds the Hawaii International Film Festival (HIFF). It showcases some of the best films from producers all across the Pacific Rim and is the largest "East meets West" style film festival of its sort in the United States.

Tourist attractions

Diamond Head and Honolulu viewed from Round Top Drive

Sports

Honolulu's climate lends itself to year-round activities. In 2004, Men's Fitness magazine named Honolulu the fittest city in the United States.[46] Honolulu has three large road races:

Ironman Hawaii was first held in Honolulu, it was the first ever Ironman and is also the World Champs.

Fans of spectator sports in Honolulu generally support the football, volleyball, basketball, rugby union, rugby league and baseball programs of the University of Hawaii at Manoa.[47] High school sporting events, especially football, are especially popular.

Honolulu has no professional sports teams. It was the home of the Hawaii Islanders (Pacific Coast League, 1961–1987), The Hawaiians (World Football League, 1974–1975), Team Hawaii (North American Soccer League, 1977), and the Hawaiian Islanders (af2, 2002–2004).

The NCAA football Hawaii Bowl is played in Honolulu. Honolulu has also hosted the NFL's annual Pro Bowl each February from 1980 to 2009. After the 2010 and 2015 games were played in Miami Gardens and Glendale, respectively, the Pro Bowl was once again in Honolulu from 2011 to 2014 with 2016 the most recent.[48][49] From 1993 to 2008, Honolulu hosted Hawaii Winter Baseball, featuring minor league players from Major League Baseball, Nippon Professional Baseball, Korea Baseball Organization, and independent leagues.

Venues

Venues for spectator sports in Honolulu include:

Aloha Stadium, a venue for American football and soccer, is located in Halawa near Pearl Harbor, just outside Honolulu.[50]

Government

Completed in 1928, Honolulu Hale is the city and county seat

Kirk Caldwell was elected mayor of Honolulu County on November 6, 2012, and began serving as the county's 14th mayor on January 2, 2013. The municipal offices of the City and County of Honolulu, including Honolulu Hale, the seat of the city and county, are located in the Capitol District, as are the Hawaii state government buildings.[51]

The Capitol District is within the Honolulu census county division (CCD), the urban area commonly regarded as the "City" of Honolulu. The Honolulu CCD is located on the southeast coast of Oahu between Makapuu and Halawa. The division boundary follows the Koolau crestline, so Makapuʻu Beach is in the Koolaupoko District. On the west, the division boundary follows Halawa Stream, then crosses Red Hill and runs just west of Aliamanu Crater, so that Aloha Stadium, Pearl Harbor (with the USS Arizona Memorial), and Hickam Air Force Base are actually all located in the island's Ewa CCD.[52]

The Hawaii Department of Public Safety operates the Oahu Community Correctional Center, the jail for the island of Oahu, in Honolulu CCD.[53]

The United States Postal Service operates post offices in Honolulu. The main Honolulu Post Office is located by the international airport at 3600 Aolele Street.[54] Federal Detention Center, Honolulu, operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, is in the CDP.[55]

Foreign missions on the island

Several countries have consular facilities in Honolulu, due to its strategically important position in the mid-Pacific. They include consulates of Japan,[56] South Korea,[57] Philippines,[58] Federated States of Micronesia,[59] Australia,[60] and the Marshall Islands.[61]

Education

Colleges and universities

Colleges and universities in Honolulu include Honolulu Community College, Kapiolani Community College, the University of Hawaii at Manoa, Chaminade University, and Hawaii Pacific University.[41] UH Manoa houses the main offices of the University of Hawaii System.[62]

Public primary and secondary schools

Queen Liliuokalani Building, Hawaii Department of Education headquarters in Honolulu CDP

Hawaii Department of Education operates public schools in Honolulu. Public high schools within the CDP area include Wallace Rider Farrington, Kaiser, Kaimuki, Kalani, Moanalua, William McKinley, and Theodore Roosevelt.[41]

Private primary and secondary schools

Private schools include Academy of the Pacific, Damien Memorial School, Hawaii Baptist Academy, Iolani School, Lutheran High School of Hawaii, Kamehameha Schools, Maryknoll School, Mid-Pacific Institute, La Pietra, Punahou School, Sacred Hearts Academy, St. Andrew's Priory School, Saint Francis School, Saint Louis School, the Education Laboratory School, Saint Patrick School, Trinity Christian School, and Varsity International School.

Public libraries

Hawaii State Library

Hawaii State Public Library System operates public libraries. The Hawaii State Library in the CDP serves as the main library of the system,[63] while the Library for the Blind and Physically Handicapped, also in the CDP area, serves handicapped and blind people.[64]

Branches in the CDP area include Aiea, Aina Haina, Ewa Beach, Hawaii Kai, Kahuku, Kailua, Kaimuki, Kalihi-Palama, Kaneohe, Kapolei, Liliha, Manoa, McCully-Moiliili, Mililani, Moanalua, Wahiawa, Waialua, Waianae, Waikiki-Kapahulu, Waimanalo, and Waipahu.[65]

Weekend educational programs

The Hawaii Japanese School - Rainbow Gakuen (ハワイレインボー学園 Hawai Rainbō Gakuen), a supplementary weekend Japanese school, holds its classes in Kaimuki Middle School in Honolulu and has its offices in another building in Honolulu.[66] The school serves overseas Japanese nationals.[67] In addition Honolulu has other weekend programs for the Japanese, Chinese, and Spanish languages.[68]

Media

Honolulu is served by one daily newspaper (the Honolulu Star-Advertiser), Honolulu Magazine, several radio stations and television stations, among other media. Local news agency and CNN-affiliate Hawaii News Now broadcasts and is headquartered out of Honolulu.

Honolulu and the island of Oahu has also been the location for many film and television projects, including Hawaii Five-0 and Lost.

Transportation

Air

Honolulu International Airport old control tower
8R "Reef Runway" of Honolulu International Airport
Aerial view of H-1 (looking east) from Honolulu Airport heading into downtown Honolulu

Located at the western end of the CDP, Honolulu International Airport (HNL) is the principal aviation gateway to the state of Hawaii. Kalaeloa Airport is primarily a commuter facility used by unscheduled air taxis, general aviation and transient and locally based military aircraft.

Highways

Honolulu has been ranked as having the nation’s worst traffic congestion, beating former record holder Los Angeles. Drivers waste on average over 58 hours per year on congested roadways.[69] The following freeways, part of the Interstate Highway System serve Honolulu:

Other major highways that link Honolulu CCD with other parts of the Island of Oahu are:

Like most major American cities, the Honolulu metropolitan area experiences heavy traffic congestion during rush hours, especially to and from the western suburbs of Kapolei, 'Ewa Beach, Aiea, Pearl City, Waipahu, and Mililani.

There is a Hawaii Electric Vehicle Demonstration Project (HEVDP).[70]

Public transport

Honolulu Authority for Rapid Transportation

In November 2010, voters approved a charter amendment to create a public transit authority to oversee the planning, construction, operation and future extensions to Honolulu's future rail system. The Honolulu Authority for Rapid Transportation (HART) currently includes a 10-member board of directors; three members appointed by the mayor, three members selected by the Honolulu City Council, and the city and state transportation directors.[71] The opening of the Honolulu Rail Transit is delayed until approximately 2018, as HART canceled the initial bids for the first nine stations and intends to rebid the work as three packages of three stations each, and allow more time for construction in the hope that increased competition on smaller contracts will drive down costs;[72] initial bids ranged from $294.5 million to $320.8 million, far surpassing HART's budget of $184 million.[73]

Bus

Main article: TheBus (Honolulu)

Established by former Mayor Frank F. Fasi as the replacement for the Honolulu Rapid Transit Company (HRT), Honolulu's TheBus system was honored in 1994–1995 and 2000–2001 by the American Public Transportation Association as "America's Best Transit System". TheBus operates 107 routes serving Honolulu and most major cities and towns on Oahu. TheBus comprises a fleet of 531 buses, and is run by the non-profit corporation Oahu Transit Services in conjunction with the city Department of Transportation Services. Honolulu is ranked 4th for highest per-capita use of mass transit in the United States.[74]

Rail

Currently, there is no urban rail transit system in Honolulu, although electric street railways were operated in Honolulu by the now-defunct Honolulu Rapid Transit Company prior to World War II. Predecessors to the Honolulu Rapid Transit Company were the Honolulu Rapid Transit and Land Company (began 1903) and Hawaiian Tramways (began 1888).[75]

The City and County of Honolulu is currently constructing a 20-mile (32 km) rail transit line that will connect Honolulu with cities and suburban areas near Pearl Harbor and in the Leeward and West Oahu regions. The Honolulu High-Capacity Transit Corridor Project is aimed at alleviating traffic congestion for West Oahu commuters while being integral in the westward expansion of the metropolitan area. The project, however, has been criticized by opponents of rail for its cost, delays, and potential environmental impacts, but the line is expected to have large ridership.

Notable people

Sister cities

Honolulu currently has 27 sister cities:[76]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ For statistical purposes, the US Census Bureau considers Honolulu to be a Census-designated place (CDP), rather than a city.[7]
  2. ↑ Official records for Honolulu have been kept at downtown from February 1877 to September 1949, and at Honolulu Int'l since October 1949. For more information, see ThreadEx

References

  1. ↑ Honolulu And Kapolei Share City Lights 2005, Honolulu, HI, USA: Honolulu County, Hawaii, November 29, 2005, retrieved June 30, 2012
  2. ↑ "About the City, Official Website of the City and County of Honolulu". City and County of Honolulu. City and County of Honolulu. April 24, 2012. Retrieved April 24, 2012.
  3. ↑ "Geographic Ientifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Urban Honolulu CDP, Hawaii". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
  4. ↑ "Honolulu". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved December 29, 2013.
  5. ↑ The Free Dictionary: Honolulu /ˌhɒnəˈluːluː/
  6. ↑ Dictionary Reference: Honolulu /ˌhɒnəˈluːluː/, (/ˌhoʊnoʊˈluːluː/)
  7. ↑ US Census Bureau - Population Division. "Places Cartographic Boundary Files Descriptions and Metadata". Washington, DC, USA: U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 14, 2012. Hawaii is the only state that has no incorporated places recognized by the U.S. Census Bureau. All places shown in the data products for Hawaii are CDPs. By agreement with the state of Hawaii, the U.S. Census Bureau does not show data separately for the city of Honolulu, which is coextensive with Honolulu County.
  8. ↑ "2010 Census - Honolulu CCD Population". United States Census Bureau, Population Division. April 1, 2010. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Urban Honolulu CDP, Hawaii". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
  10. ↑ "About the City". Honolulu.gov. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
  11. ↑ "etymonline.com entry for Honolulu". Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  12. ↑ "This Is Your City and County of Honolulu Government". honolulu.gov. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
  13. ↑ "2015 quality of living survey". Mercer. 4 March 2015.
  14. ↑ Kyte, Theresa (18 November 2015). "Honolulu ranked 2nd safest city in America". KITV. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
  15. ↑ Ash, Russell (1998). The top 10 of everything. p. 100.
  16. ↑ Long-Range Futures Research: An Application of Complexity Science, Robert Samet, 2009, 272
  17. ↑ "Honolulu History –". Hellohonolulu.com. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
  18. ↑ "Honolulu History, Hawaii". Travelgrove.com. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
  19. ↑ "About Infoplease, Part of Family Education Network". Infoplease.com. December 7, 1941. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
  20. ↑ "About the City, Official Web Site for The City and County of Honolulu". .honolulu.gov. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
  21. ↑ "Honolulu History". Honolulu-city.com. December 7, 1941. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
  22. ↑ "2007 Annual Visitor Research Report" (PDF). Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism, State of Hawaii. July 1, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2009.
  23. ↑ "Quality of Living global city rankings 2009 – Mercer survey". Mercer. April 28, 2009. Retrieved May 8, 2009.
  24. ↑ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Urban Honolulu CDP, Hawaii". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
  25. ↑ Microsoft Streets and Trips 2007 Software, Copyright 2006 by Microsoft Corp. et al.
  26. ↑ "Artsdistricthonolulu.com". Artsdistricthonolulu.com. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
  27. ↑ "Hawaii's Premier Shopping, Entertainment, and Dining Destination". Ala Moana Center. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
  28. ↑ Kottek, M.; Grieser, J. R.; Beck, C.; Rudolf, B.; Rubel, F. (2006). "World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated" (PDF). Meteorol. Z. 15 (3): 259–263. doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130.
  29. ↑ This is comparable to Washington, D.C. despite being slightly warmer during the summer, see .
  30. ↑ "Weatherbase.com". Weatherbase.com. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
  31. ↑ USDA.gov"USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map". USDA. USDA. Retrieved February 24, 2014. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  32. ↑ "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2012-01-27.
  33. ↑ "WMO Climate Normals for HONOLULU, OAHU, HI 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
  34. ↑ Copyright Global Sea Temperatures - A-Connect Ltd. "Honolulu Sea Temperature January Average, United States Water Temperatures". World Sea Temperatures. Retrieved November 26, 2015.
  35. ↑ "Census Of Population And Housing". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved May 7, 2011.
  36. ↑ "Hawaii - Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau.
  37. ↑ "Honolulu Economy". City-Data.com. Advameg Inc. 2009. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
  38. ↑ "Corporate Headquarters". Hawaiinair.com. Retrieved May 20, 2009.
  39. ↑ "General Contact Information". Honolulu, HI, USA: Island Air. Retrieved June 30, 2012.
  40. ↑ "Locations." Aloha Air Cargo. Retrieved on May 21, 2009.
  41. 1 2 3 "Honolulu CDP, HI." U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on May 21, 2009.
  42. ↑ "Aloha Airlines, Inc." BusinessWeek. Retrieved on May 21, 2009.
  43. ↑ "World Airline Directory." Flight International. May 16, 1981. 1452. "Head Office: Honolulu International Airport, Hawaii, USA."
  44. ↑ Gomes, Andrew (March 24, 2010). "Honolulu rents still 2nd priciest in U.S.". the.honoluluadvertiser.com. Honolulu, HI, USA: Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved July 14, 2012.
  45. ↑ "Welcome to the Bishop Museum". Bishopmuseum.org. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
  46. ↑ "Pacific.bizjournals.com". Pacific.bizjournals.com. January 5, 2004. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
  47. ↑ "University of Hawaii at Manoa". Uhm.hawaii.edu. May 2, 2012. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
  48. ↑ Arnett, Paul; Reardon, Dave (December 30, 2008). "Miami tackles Pro Bowl". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved December 30, 2008.
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