Hiroshima Castle

Hiroshima Castle 広島城
Hiroshima, Japan
Reconstructed main keep.
Coordinates	34°24′10″N 132°27′33″E / 34.402726°N 132.459047°E / 34.402726; 132.459047Coordinates: 34°24′10″N 132°27′33″E / 34.402726°N 132.459047°E / 34.402726; 132.459047
Type	Azuchi-Momoyama castle
Height	12.4 meters (stone base), 26.6 meters (reconstructed keep, five stories)
Site information
Controlled by	Mōri clan (1592–1600), Fukushima Masanori (1600–1619), Asano clan (1619–1869),  Japan (1869–1945)
Condition	Reconstructed, serves as history museum
Site history
Built	1592–1599 (original) 1958 (reconstruction)
Built by	Mōri Terumoto
In use	1592–1945
Materials	stone, wood, plaster walls (original); concrete, steel, wood, stone, plaster (reconstruction)
Demolished	6 August 1945 as a result of the atomic bombing.

The tenshu prior to its destruction in 1945.

Hiroshima Castle (広島城, Hiroshima-jō), sometimes called Carp Castle (鯉城, Rijō) was a castle in Hiroshima, Japan which was the home of the daimyō (feudal lord) of the Hiroshima han (fief). The castle was constructed in the 1590s, but was destroyed by the atomic bombing on 6 August 1945. It was rebuilt in 1958, a replica of the original which now serves as a museum of Hiroshima's history prior to World War II.

History

Mōri Terumoto, one of Toyotomi Hideyoshi's council of Five Elders, established Hiroshima castle in 1589 at the delta of the Otagawa river. There was no Hiroshima city or town at the time, and the area was called Gokamura, meaning 'five villages.' Beginning in 1591, Mōri governed nine provinces from this castle, including much of what is now Shimane, Yamaguchi, Tottori, Okayama and Hiroshima Prefectures.

When construction on the castle began, Gokamura was renamed Hiroshima, as a more impressive name was called for. "Hiro" was taken from Ōe no Hiromoto, an ancestor of the Mōri family, and "Shima" was taken from Fukushima Motonaga, who helped Mōri Terumoto choose the castle site. Some accounts state that the name 'Hiroshima', meaning literally 'wide island', comes from the existence of several large islands in the delta of the Otagawa, near the castle's site.

Following the battle of Sekigahara in 1600, Mōri was forced out of the castle, retreating to Hagi in today's Yamaguchi prefecture. Fukushima Masanori became the lord of Aki and Bingo provinces (which today comprise Hiroshima prefecture) and of Hiroshima castle. However, the new Tokugawa shogunate forbade any castle construction without permission from Edo; this was part of how the shogunate kept the daimyō from gaining power and overthrowing the shogunate. When Fukushima repaired the castle following a flood in 1619, he was dispatched to Kawanakajima in today's Nagano prefecture. Asano Nagaakira then became lord of the castle.

From 1619 until the abolition of the feudal system during the Meiji Restoration (1869), the Asano family were lords of Aki and Bingo provinces.

After the Meiji Restoration, the castle came to serve as a military facility, and the Imperial General Headquarters was based there during the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894–1895. The foundations of several of the GHQ outbuildings, just a few hundred paces from the castle's main tower, remain today.

During the final months of World War II, the castle served as the headquarters of the 2nd General Army and Fifth Division to deter the projected Allied invasion of the Japanese mainland, thus making a castle, along with other military and industrial facilities in the city, a legitimate military target. As a result, it was destroyed in the atomic bomb blast of August 6, 1945, and for many years, it was believed the castle structure was blown away by the explosion that destroyed Hiroshima, but newly discovered evidence suggests the explosion only destroyed the lower pillars of the castle, and the rest of it collapsed as a result.^[1]

The present tower, constructed largely of concrete, was completed in 1958.

Daimyō of Hiroshima

1. Mōri Terumoto (1591–1600)*; 1,120,000 koku
2. Fukushima Masanori (1600–1619); 498,223 koku
3. Asano Nagaakira (1619–1632); 426,500 koku**
4. Asano Mitsuakira (1632–1672)
5. Asano Tsunaakira (1672–1673)
6. Asano Tsunanaga (1673–1708)
7. Asano Yoshinaga (1708–1752)
8. Asano Munetsune (1752–1763)
9. Asano Shigeakira (1763–1799)
10. Asano Narikata (1799–1830)
11. Asano Naritaka (1831–1858)
12. Asano Yoshiteru (1858–1858)
13. Asano Nagamichi (1858–1869)
14. Asano Nagakoto (1869–1869)

*The years listed are those in which the lord occupied Hiroshima castle, not the years of his life.

**All of the lords after Asano Nagaakira enjoyed the same 426,500 koku.

Structure

Part of the reconstructed ninomaru.

Part of the reconstructed castle.

Map stone memorial.

Overview of the reconstructed building.

The castle was originally constructed in wood, pine primarily, and had attached wings to the east and to the south. It was completed sometime between 1592 and 1599, and was designated a National Treasure in 1931. The reconstructed castle features the main tower (tenshu) only, which is made primarily of reinforced concrete. Its five floors stand 26.6 meters above the stone foundation which, in turn, is 12.4 meters high off the ground. However, in 1994, a gate and a yagura in the ninomaru were re-constructed out of wood using the original methods.

An excellent example of a hirajiro or flatlands (plains) castle, Hiroshima castle once had three concentric moats in addition to the Otagawa river to the west (now called the Hongawa), which provided an additional natural barrier. The two outer moats were filled in during the late 19th & early 20th centuries, and much of what was once within the castle grounds is now modern urban areas, including homes, schools, offices and shops. A number of secondary castle buildings, towers and turrets once stood, and a Shinto shrine called Hiroshima Gokoku Jinja is located within the innermost moat, having been moved there after 1945.

Within the castle walls, three trees survived the atomic bombing: a eucalyptus and a willow at approximately 740m from the hypocenter,^[2] and a holly approximately 910m from the hypocenter.^[3] Both specimens are preserved just beyond the Honmaru. Also located inside the Honmaru is the concrete bunker from which the first radio broadcast out of Hiroshima following the atomic bombing was made.

See also

• Japanese castle

References

• Hiroshima Castle tourist brochure obtained at the castle.

Literature

• Schmorleitz, Morton S. (1974). Castles in Japan. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Co. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-8048-1102-6. 
• Motoo, Hinago (1986). Japanese Castles. Tokyo: Kodansha. p. 200 pages. ISBN 0-87011-766-1. 

Notes

External links

Media related to Hiroshima Castle at Wikimedia Commons

• Hiroshima Castle official site
  (note: students from abroad studying in Japan, show your Japanese school ID, then entrance fee will be free)
• Junji Akechi, "New theory offered for collapse of Hiroshima Castle tower in the bombing" Chugoku Shimbun Website