Hippeastreae
| Hippeastreae | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Hippeastrum striatum | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Amaryllidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Amaryllidoideae |
| Tribe: | Hippeastreae Sweet |
| Type genus | |
| Hippeastrum (L.) Herb. | |
| Subtribes | |
Hippeastreae is a tribe of plants belonging to the subfamily Amaryllidoideae of the Amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae). Species in this tribe are distributed in South America. Flowers are large and showy, zygomorphic, with the stamens in varying lengths, inflorescence bracts are often fused basally (along one side). The seeds are flattened, winged or D-shaped. Reported basic chromosome numbers are x= 8-13, 17, and higher. All the species in this tribe present a remarkable aesthetic interest and horticultural value.[1][2]
Taxonomy
While morphological phylogeny has been frustrated by the perversive homoplasy typical of the Amaryllidaceae,[3] application of molecular phylogenetics to the Amaryllidaceae did not indicate clear tribal divisions but rather broad biogeographical clades. However the American clade resolved the Hippeastreae tribe.[4] A later examination of the deeper relationships of the American genera suggested the two subclades, Andean and hippeastroid and within the latter separated the Brazilian Griffineae as sister to the remaining hippeastroids. The larger and more diverse grouping of hippeastroids formed two smaller monophyletic groups. The smaller contained Hippeastrum (with the exception of Hippeastrum blumenavium)[lower-alpha 1], but also a Rhodophiala. With the exception of Rodophilia (Brazil) all specimens were from Chile and Argentina. The second group corresponded to those genera variously included in tribe Zephyrantheae (Traub) or subtribe Zephyranthinae (Müller-Doblies), but only including some Zephyranthes species. The hippeastroid clade is predominantly diploid and extra-Andean by comparison to the Andean clade which is predominantly tetraploid, and contain those genera traditionally included in Hippeastreae. The precise position of Griffineae remained unresolved since its sister status to Hippeastrae was weak, leaving the possibility that it could be sister to the whole American clade.[1]
Phylogeny
The placement of Hippeastreae within subfamily Amaryllidoideae is shown in the following cladogram, where this tribe is shown as a sister group to the Griffineae, forming the Hippeastroid subclade, of two American clades:[1]
| Cladogram: Tribes of subfamily Amaryllidoideae | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Subdivision
The Hippeastreae tribe have been treated as having two subtribes, e.g. Müller-Doblies (1996), Hippeastrinae and Zephyranthinae.[5]. In the study of Meerow et al. (2000) Zephyranthinae (Zephyranthae of Traub)[6] were clearly polyphyletic, largely due to the polyphyly of Zephyranthes itself. This subgroup has been broadly characterised as having a chromosome number, x=6, but with considerable variation.[1]
- subtribe Hippeastrineae - includes species of medium height and often with many flowers in each inflorescence and inflorescence bracts are different in size and fused basally. Genera in this subtribe include Placea, Hippeastrum, Phycella (includes Famatina), Eithea (=Griffiniopsis), Rhodophiala, and Traubia.[2]
- subtribe Zephyranthinea - includes species of small height with solitary flowers. Inflorescence bracts are fused forming a tube surrounding the pedicel of the flower. Genera in this subtribe are Sprekelia, Habranthus, Cooperia, and Zephyranthes.[2][7]
Genera
Tribe Hippeastreae includes ten to thirteen genera and about 180 species.[3]
Distribution and habitat
Hippeasteae have a major center of diversification in central Chile and western (Andean) Argentina, together with minor centres in eastern Brazil, the north east of Argentina and with more distant centers in Mexico, the Greater Antilles and southern United States (Habranthus, Zephyranthes).[3]
Uses
The economic significance of the tribe lies in its horticultural usage.[3]
Notes
References
Bibliography
- García Berguecio, Nicolás (2015). Systematics and evolution of Amaryllidaceae tribe Hippeastreae (Asparagales) (PhD Thesis). University of Florida.
- García, Nicolás; Meerow, Alan W.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S. (1 March 2014). "Testing Deep Reticulate Evolution in Amaryllidaceae Tribe Hippeastreae (Asparagales) with ITS and Chloroplast Sequence Data". Systematic Botany 39 (1): 75–89. doi:10.1600/036364414X678099.
- Meerow, A.W.; Fay, M.F.; Guy, C.L.; Li, Q.-B.; Zaman, F.Q.; Chase, M.W. (1999). "Systematics of Amaryllidaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid rbcL and trnL-F sequence data". Am. J. Bot. 86 (9): 1325–1345. doi:10.2307/2656780. JSTOR 2656780. PMID 10487820.
- Meerow, A.W.; Guy, C.L.; Li, Q.-B.; Yang, S.-L. (2000). "Phylogeny of the American Amaryllidaceae Based on nrDNA ITS Sequences" (PDF). Systematic Botany 25 (4): 708–726. doi:10.2307/2666729. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
- Vigneron, Pascal (2008). "Amaryllidaceae". Amaryllidaceae.org (in French). Retrieved 23 October 2014.
- Stevens, P.F. (2001–2012), Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Amaryllidoideae
- Müller-Doblies, U.; Müller-Doblies, D. (1996). "Tribes and subtribes and some species combinations in Amaryllidaceae J St Hil R Dahlgren & al. 1985". Feddes Repertorium 107 (5–6): S.c.1–S.c.9.
- Traub, H.P. (1963). Genera of the Amaryllidaceae. La Jolla, California: American Plant Life Society.
- GRIN (2016). "GRIN Taxonomy for Plants". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
External links
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Wikispecies has information related to: Hippeastreae |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hippeastreae. |
| External identifiers for Hippeastreae | |
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| Also found in: wikidata, Amaryllidaceae project |
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