Heteroreceptor
A heteroreceptor is a receptor regulating the synthesis and/or the release of mediators other than its own ligand.[1]
Heteroreceptors are receptors that respond to neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, or neurohormones released from adjacent neurons or cells; they are opposite to autoreceptors, which are sensitive only to neurotransmitters or hormones released by the cell in whose wall they are embedded.[2]
Examples
- Norepinephrine can influence the release of acetylcholine from parasympathetic neurons by acting on α2 adrenergic (α2A, α2B, and α2C) heteroreceptors.[3]
- Acetylcholine can influence the release of norepinephrine from sympathetic neurons by acting on muscarinic-2 and muscarinic-4 heteroreceptors.
- CB1 negatively modulates the release of GABA[4][5] and glutamate,[6] playing a crucial role in maintaining a homeostasis between excitatory and inhibitory transmission.
- Glutamate released from excitatory neuron escapes synaptic cleft and preferentially effects mGluR III receptors on presynaptic terminal of interneurons. Glutamate spillover leads to inhibition of GABA release, modulating GABAergic transmission.[7][8]
See also
References
- ↑ Millan, M. J.; Lejeune, F.; Gobert, A. (2000). "Reciprocal autoreceptor and heteroreceptor control of serotonergic, dopaminergic and noradrenergic transmission in the frontal cortex: Relevance to the actions of antidepressant agents". Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) 14 (2): 114–138. doi:10.1177/026988110001400202. PMID 10890307.
- ↑ Schlicker, E.; Malinowska, B.; Kathmann, M.; Göthert, M. (1994). "Modulation of neurotransmitter release via histamine H3 heteroreceptors". Fundamental & clinical pharmacology 8 (2): 128–137. doi:10.1111/j.1472-8206.1994.tb00789.x. PMID 8020871.
- ↑ Ma, D.; Rajakumaraswamy, N.; Maze, M. (2004). "2-Adrenoceptor agonists: Shedding light on neuroprotection?". British Medical Bulletin 71: 77–92. doi:10.1093/bmb/ldh036. PMID 15684247.
- ↑ Katona, I.; Sperlágh, B.; Sík, A.; Käfalvi, A.; Vizi, E. S.; MacKie, K.; Freund, T. F. (1999). "Presynaptically located CB1 cannabinoid receptors regulate GABA release from axon terminals of specific hippocampal interneurons". The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 19 (11): 4544–4558. PMID 10341254.
- ↑ Sousa, V. C.; Assaife-Lopes, N. L.; Ribeiro, J. A.; Pratt, J. A.; Brett, R. R.; Sebastião, A. M. (2010). "Regulation of Hippocampal Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor Actions by Adenosine A1 Receptors and Chronic Caffeine Administration: Implications for the Effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol on Spatial Memory". Neuropsychopharmacology 36 (2): 472–487. doi:10.1038/npp.2010.179. PMC 3055664. PMID 20927050.
- ↑ Hoffman, A. F.; Laaris, N.; Kawamura, M.; Masino, S. A.; Lupica, C. R. (2010). "Control of Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor Function on Glutamate Axon Terminals by Endogenous Adenosine Acting at A1 Receptors". Journal of Neuroscience 30 (2): 545–555. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4920-09.2010. PMC 2855550. PMID 20071517.
- ↑ Semyanov, A; Kullmann, D. M. (2000). "Modulation of GABAergic signaling among interneurons by metabotropic glutamate receptors". Neuron 25 (3): 663–72. doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)81068-5. PMID 10774733.
- ↑ Kullmann, D. M.; Semyanov, A (2002). "Glutamatergic modulation of GABAergic signaling among hippocampal interneurons: Novel mechanisms regulating hippocampal excitability". Epilepsia. 43 Suppl 5: 174–8. doi:10.1046/j.1528-1157.43.s.5.12.x. PMID 12121316.
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