Hermann Wissmann

Hermann von Wissmann
Nickname(s)	Deutschlands größter Afrikaner
Born	4 September 1853 Frankfurt (Oder), German Empire
Died	15 June 1905 (1905-06-16) (aged 51) Weißenbach, Austria-Hungary
Allegiance	German Empire
Service/branch	German Army
Years of service	1873–1896
Rank	Major

Hermann Wilhelm Leopold Ludwig Wissmann, after 1890 Hermann von Wissmann (4 September 1853 – 15 June 1905), was a German explorer and administrator in Africa.

Early life

Born in Frankfurt an der Oder, Wissmann was enlisted in the Army in 1870 and was commissioned a Lieutenant four years later. Wissmann served Mecklenburg in Füsilierregiment No. 90 posted at Rostock. During this time he had to serve a four-month prison sentence for wounding an opponent in a duel.^[1] An 1879 chance meeting with the explorer Dr. Paul Pogge changed his life.^[2]

Africa

Granted a leave of absence from the army, in 1880, Wissmann accompanied explorer Paul Pogge on a journey through the Congo Basin. In the eastern Congo, Pogge and Wissmann parted company. Pogge stayed to build an agricultural research station for a Congolese chief, while Wissmann trekked to the Indian Ocean via present-day Tanzania. He was awarded the 1888 Founder's Gold Medal of the Royal Geographical Society for his explorations.^[3] Afterwards Wissmann was in the employ of King Leopold II of Belgium, who was in the process of creating his personal African empire, known as the Congo Free State.

In March 1883 Wissmann gave the name "Zappo Zap" to a Songye leader known as Nsapu Nsapu who ruled over the town of Mpengie, part of the Ben'Eki kingdom in the eastern Kasai region. This was a settlement with more than a thousand people, many of them slave warriors, to the east of the Sankuru River between Kabinda and Lusambo.^[4] Zappo Zap's people became allies and auxiliaries of the Congo Free State authorities. In 1899 they were sent out by the colonial administration to collect taxes. They massacred many villagers, causing an international outcry.^[5]

When in 1888 the attempts of the German East Africa Company to start a dominion collapsed in face of African resistance, it asked Bismarck for help, which was at first refused. In 1889, Wissmann was promoted to Captain and appointed as Reichskommissar for the German East Africa region where he was tasked with suppression of the Abushiri Revolt led by Abushiri ibn Salim al-Harthi. Wissmann was only given one order: "Victory".

On his way to East Africa Wissmann hired a mercenary force of mostly Sudanese soldiers from decommissioned units of the Anglo-Egyptian army to whom later a number of Zulus from South Africa were added, all under the command of German officers. The German forces, along with British naval assistance, fortified Bagamoyo, Dar es Salaam and retook Tanga and Pangani. Wissmann's forces with superior firepower also retook the rest of the Coastal Strip. They fortified the interior garrison of Mpwapwa and reopened the main caravan route through the area, using Lts. Langheld, Sigle, Charles Stokes & Sergeant Bauer. Soon afterwards, Abushiri was arrested and executed in Pangani on 16 December 1889. In January 1890, Wissmann issued a general pardon to the remaining rebels.

Wissmann was promoted to Major in 1890 and given a hero's welcome on his return to Germany.^[6] In 1891 he was named Commissioner for the western region of German East Africa and became Governor in 1895. Ill health forced him to return to Germany in 1896 where he authored several books and lectured throughout Germany. He died in a hunting accident on 15 June 1905.

Legacy

Major Hermann Wissmann, from an 1891 illustration by Rudolf Hellgrewe

Though he was highly esteemed by his officers and non-commissioned officers, he came under heavy criticism from some German diplomatic and military observers. He was harshly attacked for burning villages and laying waste to agricultural fields, executing great numbers of natives and tolerating no opposition. For the German General-Consul at Zanzibar Michelies he was a military dictator. Rear Admiral Deinhard- of the German East African naval detachment charged him with arrogance, tactlessness, being undiplomatic, and lack of organizing or administrative skills.

The term "Wissmanntruppe" was used for the military and police units under Wissmann's command. They formed the core of the later Schutztruppe which came into life after the German government took over East Africa from the failed company.

In 1890 a single screw steamship christened SMS Hermann von Wissmann was built by the Hamburg Janssen and Schilinsky shipyard.^[7] It was built in sections in Germany shipped to East Africa, transported overland and launched in Lake Nyasa in September 1893. It was captured at Liuli by the British in the first naval action of World War I.^[8] A similar but smaller version christened the SMS Hedwig von Wissmann after Hermann's wife was launched on Lake Tanganyika in September 1900. She was sunk in 1916 in a battle with HMS Mimi and HMS Toutou.

Writings

• Im Innern Afrikas (In Africa's Interior, 3d ed. 1891)
• Unter deutscher Flagge quer durch Afrika, 1880-83 (Across Africa under a German flag, 7th ed. 1890)
• Meine zweite Durchquerung Aequatorial-Afrikas vom Kongo zum Zambesi während der Jahre 1886 u. 1887 (My second crossing of Equatorial Africa from the Congo to the Zambezi during the years 1886 and 1887, 1890)
• Schilderungen und Ratschläge zur Vorbereitung für den Aufenthalt und den Dienst in den deutschen Schutzgebieten (Description and advice for preparation and service in the German territories, 1895)

Notes

External links

• Afrika: Schilderungen und Rathschläge zur Vorbereitung für den Aufenthalt und den Dienst in den deutschen Schutzgebieten by Hermann Wissmann at Google Books
•  "Wissmann, Hermann von". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.  This work in turn cites:
  • Ruhle, Hermann von Wissmann (Münster, 1892)