Herbrand quotient

In mathematics, the Herbrand quotient is a quotient of orders of cohomology groups of a cyclic group. It was invented by Jacques Herbrand. It has an important application in class field theory.

Definition

If G is a finite cyclic group acting on a G-module A, then the cohomology groups Hn(G,A) have period 2 for n≥1; in other words

Hn(G,A) = Hn+2(G,A),

an isomorphism induced by cup product with a generator of H2(G,Z). (If instead we use the Tate cohomology groups then the periodicity extends down to n=0.)

A Herbrand module is an A for which the cohomology groups are finite. In this case, the Herbrand quotient h(G,A) is defined to be the quotient

h(G,A) = |H2(G,A)|/|H1(G,A)|

of the order of the even and odd cohomology groups.

Alternative definition

The quotient may be defined for a pair of endomorphisms of an Abelian group, f and g, which satisfy the condition fg = gf = 0. Their Herbrand quotient q(f,g) is defined as

 q(f,g) = \frac{|\mathrm{ker} f:\mathrm{im} g|}{|\mathrm{ker} g:\mathrm{im} f|}

if the two indices are finite. If G is a cyclic group with generator γ acting on an Abelian group A, then we recover the previous definition by taking f = 1 - γ and g = 1 + γ + γ2 + ... .

Properties

0 → ABC → 0

is exact, and any two of the quotients are defined, then so is the third and[2]

h(G,B) = h(G,A)h(G,C)

These properties mean that the Herbrand quotient is usually relatively easy to calculate, and is often much easier to calculate than the orders of either of the individual cohomology groups.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Cohen (2007) p.245
  2. 1 2 3 Serre (1979) p.134
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Wednesday, November 20, 2013. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.