Henry George theorem
The Henry George theorem, named for 19th century U.S. political economist and activist Henry George, states that under certain conditions, aggregate spending by government on public goods will increase aggregate rent based on land value (land rent) more than that amount, with the benefit of the last marginal investment equaling its cost. This general relationship, first noted by the French physiocrats in the 18th century, is one basis for advocating the collection of a tax based on land rents to help defray the cost of public investment that helps create land values. Henry George popularized this method of raising public revenue in his works (especially in Progress and Poverty), which launched the 'single tax' movement.
In 1977, Joseph Stiglitz showed that under certain conditions, beneficial investments in public goods will increase aggregate land rents by at least as much as the investments cost. This result was dubbed by economists the "Henry George theorem", as it characterizes a situation where Henry George's 'single tax' on land values, is not only efficient, it is also the only tax necessary to finance public expenditures.[1] Henry George had famously advocated for the replacement of all other taxes with a land value tax, arguing that as the location value of land was improved by public works, its economic rent was the most logical source of public revenue.[2]
Although the conditions specified in Stiglitz's paper do not strictly exist in reality, actual conditions are often close enough to the theoretical ideals that the great majority of government spending does indeed appear as increased land value. Subsequent studies have generalized the principle and found that the theorem holds even after relaxing the assumptions.[3] Studies indicate that even existing land prices, which are depressed due to the existing burden of taxation on labor and investment, are great enough to replace taxes at all levels of government[4][5][6]
More recent economists have discussed whether the theorem provides a practical guide for determining optimal population sizes of cities and private enterprises. Mathematical treatments of the theorem suggest that an entity obtains optimal population when the opposing marginal costs and marginal benefits of additional residents are balanced.
See also
References
- ↑ Arnott, Richard J.; Joseph E. Stiglitz (Nov 1979). "Aggregate Land Rents, Expenditure on Public Goods, and Optimal City Size". Quarterly Journal of Economics 93 (4): 471–500. doi:10.2307/1884466. JSTOR 1884466.
- ↑ George, Henry (1879). Progress and Poverty. The often cited passage is titled "The unbound Savannah."
- ↑ http://www.cirje.e.u-tokyo.ac.jp/research/dp/2010/2010cf773.pdf The Henry George Theorem in A Second-Best World; November 2010
- ↑ Adequacy of Land as a Tax Base
- ↑ Gaffney, Mason. The Hidden Taxable Capacity of Land: Enough and to Spare 2009
- ↑ Foldvary, Fred. The Ultimate Tax Reform: Public Revenue from Land Rent January 2006
External links
- David Robinson (2002-06-07). "A Rule Called George: Fixing the Property Tax System". The Institute for Northern Ontario Research and Development. Retrieved 2007-11-03.
- Masahisa Fujita and Jacques-François Thisse (2002). Economics of Agglomeration: Cities, Industrial Location, and Regional Growth, p.140. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 2007-11-04. ISBN 978-0-521-80524-7
- Richard Arnott (November 2004). "Does the Henry George Theorem provide a practical guide to optimal city size?". The American Journal of Economics and Sociology. Retrieved 2007-11-03.
- Mattauch, Linus; Siegmeier, Jan; Edenhofer, Ottmar; Creutzig, Felix. (2013). Financing Public Capital through Land Rent Taxation: A Macroeconomic Henry George Theorem. CESifo Working Paper, No. 4280.