Heinrich Hoffmann (photographer)

Heinrich Hoffmann in 1945

Heinrich Hoffmann (12 September 1885 – 15 December 1957) was a German photographer, art dealer, art collector, and magazine publisher who was for many years Adolf Hitler's official photographer and a part of his intimate circle. Historian Alan Bullock succinctly described Hoffmann as an "earthy Bavarian with a weakness for drinking parties and hearty jokes"[1] who "enjoyed the license of a court jester" with Hitler.[2]

Life and career

Hoffmann worked in his father's photographic shop and as a photographer in Munich from 1908.[3] In 1919 he published a collection of photographs taken during the short-lived post-war Bavarian Soviet Republic, Ein Jahr bayrische Revolution im Bilde ("One Year of Bavarian Revolution in Pictures"). The accompanying text by Emil Herold suggested a connection between the "Jewish features" shown in the photographs and the subjects' left-wing policies.[4]

Hoffmann photograph supposedly showing Hitler celebrating the outbreak of World War I in the Odeonsplatz in Munich. A modern expert has claimed that Hoffmann doctored the image to add Hitler to the crowd.

Odeonsplatz picture

A noted photograph taken by Hoffmann in Munich's Odeonsplatz on 2 August 1914 apparently shows a young Hitler among the crowd cheering the outbreak of World War I. This was later used in Nazi propaganda, although its authenticity has been questioned.[5]

Hoffmann claimed that he only discovered Hitler in the photograph in 1929, after the Nazi leader had visited the photographer's studio. Learning that Hoffmann had photographed the crowd in the Odeonsplatz, Hitler told Hoffmann that he had been there, and Hoffmann said he then searched the glass negative of the image until he found Hitler. The photograph was then published in the 12 March 1932 issue of the Illustrierte Beobachter ("Illustrated Observer"), a Nazi newspaper. After the war, the glass negative was not found.[6]

After years of consideration of the photograph, in 2010 Professor Gerd Krumeuch, a noted German expert on the First World War, came to the conclusion that Hoffmann had doctored the image. Krumeich examined other images of the rally and was unable to find Hitler in the place where Hoffmann's photograph placed him. Also, in different version of Hoffman's photo in the Bavarian State Archive, Hitler looks different then in the published image. Other analysts have pointed out that Hitler's moustache in the image is not the same style that can be seen in photographs of Hitler while he was serving in the German Army. They also point out that Hitler makes no mention in his book Mein Kampf of having been in the Odeonsplatz crowd.[7]

As a result of the doubt raised by these considerations, the curators of a 2010 Berlin exhibition about the Hitler cult inserted a notice saying that they could not vouch for the image's authenticity.[8]

Nazi Party

Hoffmann joined the Nazi Party on 6 April 1920.[3] After Hitler took over the party in 1921, he named Hoffmann his official photographer, a post he held for over a quarter-century. No other photographer but Hoffmann was allowed to take pictures of Hitler,[notes 1] and Hoffmann himself was forbidden to take candid shots. Once, at the Berghof, Hitler's mountain retreat, Hoffmann took a picture of Hitler playing with his mistress Eva Braun's terrier. Hitler told Hoffmann that he could not publish the picture, because "A statesman does not permit himself to be photographed with a little dog. A German sheepdog is the only dog worthy of a real man."[9] Hitler strictly controlled his public image in all respects, having himself photographed in any new suit before he would wear it in public, according to Hoffmann, and ordering in 1933 that all images of himself wearing lederhosen be withdrawn from circulation. He also expressed his disapproval of Benito Mussolini allowing himself to be photographed in his bathing suit.[10]

Hoffman's photographs were a significant part of Hitler's propaganda campaign to present himself and the Nazi Party as a significant mass phenomenon. In 1926, Hoffman's images of the Party's rally in Weimar in Thuringia – one of the few German states in which Hitler was not banned from speaking at the time – showed the impressive march-past of 5,000 stormtroopers, saluted by Hitler for the first time with the straight-armed "Roman" or Fascist salute. These pictures were printed in the main Nazi newspaper, the Völkischer Beobachter, and distributed by the thousands throughout Germany. That rally was the progenitor of the Party's annual mass rallies which were staged quasi-annually in Nuremberg.[11] Later, Hoffmann's book, The Hitler Nobody Knows (1933) was an important part of Hitler's strenuous effort to manipulate and control his public image.[12]

Hitler and Hoffmann became close friends. Hoffman was part of the small party which drove to Landsberg Prison to get Hitler when he was released from prison on parole on December 20, 1924, and took his picture.[13] Later, Hoffmann often dined with Hitler at the Berghof or at the Führer's favorite restaurant in Munich, the Osteria Bavaria, gossiping with him and sharing stories about the painters from Schwabing that Hoffmann knew.[14] He accompanied Hitler on his unprecedented election campaign by air during the Presidential election against Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg in 1932.[15]

In the autumn of 1929, Hoffmann and his second wife Erna introduced his Munich studio assistant, Eva Braun, to Hitler.[16] According to Hoffmann, Hitler thought she was "an attractive little thing" – Hitler preferred woman to be seen and not heard – but Braun actively pursued him, telling her friends that Hitler was in love with her and claiming she would get him to marry her. Hoffmann reports, however, that even though Braun eventually became a resident of the Berghof – after the death of Geli Raubal (see below) – and was then constantly at Hitler's side during the times he was with his private entourage, she was not immediately his mistress; he believes that did happen at some point, even though Hitler's outward attitude to her never changed. Ultimately, to the surprise of his intimate circle,[17] Hitler married Braun in the Führer bunker in Berlin on 29 April 1945, and the couple committed suicide together, the following day.[18]

On 17 September 1931, Hitler was with Hoffmann on a trip from Munich to Hamburg when the Fǖhrer got word that his niece, Geli Raubal – whom he adored and who accompanied him to almost all social events – had committed suicide by shooting herself. In his post-war memoir, Hitler Was My Friend, Hoffmann expressed the opinion that Raubal killed herself because she was in love with someone other than Hitler, and could not take Hitler's rabidly jealous control of her life, especially after he found out that she had had an affair with Emil Maurice, Hitler's old comrade and chaffeur.[19]

Under Hitler's reign

When Hitler became the ruler of Germany, Hoffmann was the only person authorized to take official photographs of him.[3] Hoffmann's photographs were published as postage stamps, postcards, posters and picture books. Following Hoffmann's suggestion, both he and Hitler received royalties from all uses of Hitler's image, even on postage stamps, which made both Hitler and Hoffmann millionaires: the postage-stamp royalty amounted to at least $75 million over the course of Hitler's reign.[20]

In 1933 Hoffman was elected to the Reichstag,[3] which after the passage of the Enabling Act of 1933 had become a powerless entity with little function except to serve as a stage setting for some of Hitler's policy speeches.[21] As a one-party state, an "election" in Nazi Germany meant marking a ballot approving the Führer's list of candidates; no alternative choices were presented or allowed.

Hitler with his staff at his "Wolf's Lair" field headquarters in May or June 1940. Heinrich Hoffmann is in the front row on the far right

The personal esteem Hitler held for Hoffmann is indicated by the fact that in 1935 he allowed the photographer to issue a limited edition of a portfolio of seven paintings Hitler had made during World War I, even though since becoming Chancellor he had downplayed his desire to become a painter in his youth. In later years, Hitler would forbid any publication of or commentary about his work as a painter.[22] Also in 1935, for Hoffmann's 50th birthday, Hitler gave the photographer one of his own paintings of the courtyard of the Alte Residenz ("Old Royal Palace") in Munich, a favorite subject of Hitler's, and one he had painted many times when he was a struggling artist.[23] Hoffmann came to own at least four of Hitler's watercolors – one was purchased in 1944, which provoked the remark from Hitler that it would have been "insane" to have paid more than 150 or 200 marks for it, at most[notes 2] – which were seized by the U.S. Army at the end of the war,[24] and were never returned to Germany.[25]

In 1937, when the selection jury Hitler had chosen to put together the first Great German Art Exhibition to inaugurate the opening of the House of German Art in Munich outraged and angered the Führer with their choices, he dismissed the panel and put Hoffmann in charge. This dismayed the artistic community, who felt that Hoffmann was unqualified for the role. Frederic Spotts, in Hitler and the Aesthetics of Power, reports that Hoffmann was "an alcoholic and cretin who know little more about painting than did the average plumber." Hoffmann's answer to his critics was that he knew what Hitler wanted and what would appeal to him. Nevertheless, even some of Hoffmann's choices were dismissed from the exhibition by Hitler; a room full of somewhat more modern paintings which Hoffmann had selected as possibilities were angrily dismissed by Hitler with a gesture. Hoffmann remained in charge for subsequent annual Great German Art Exhibitions, making the preliminary selections which were then hung for Hitler to approve or veto.[26][27] Hoffmann preferred the conventional work of painters from southern Germany, what Propaganda Minister Josef Goebbels called in his diary "Munich-school kitsch", over that of the more experimental painters from the north.[28]

Along with sculptor Arno Breker, stage designer Benno von Arent, architect Gerdy Troost, and museum director Hans Posse, Hoffmann was one of the few people whose artistic judgment Hitler trusted.[29] He bestowed the honorific of "Professor" on Hoffmann in 1938,[3] something he did for many of his favorites in the arts, such as Leni Riefenstahl, the actress and film director; architects Albert Speer and Hermann Giesler; sculptors Breker and Josef Thorak; Wilhelm Furtwängler, conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic; and actor Emil Jannings; among others.[30]

Hoffman accompanied Hitler on his state visit to Italy in 1938, in which the Führer was much taken by the beauty of the Italian cities of Rome, Naples and Florence and the artworks and architecture they contained.[31] Hoffmann was also one of the party that went to the Soviet Union when Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop secretly negotiated the Non-Aggression Treaty with Vyacheslav Molotov in 1939, which enabled Hitler to invade Poland. Hitler specifically asked Hoffmann to take a close-up photograph of Stalin's earlobes, by which he thought he could determine if the Soviet leader was Jewish or not. Earlobes that were "ingrown" would indicate Jewish blood, while those that were "separate" would be Aryan; Hoffmann took the requisite image, and Hitler determined to his own satisfaction that Stalin was not Jewish.[32] Hitler would not allow Hoffman to publish photographs of Stalin if he was smoking a cigarette, deeming it inappropriate for a leader of Stalin's status to be shown in that way.[33]

Besides introducing him to Eva Braun, Hoffmann also connected Hitler with art dealer Maria Almas Dietrich, who used this connection to sell hundreds of paintings to Hitler himself – for the collection of Hitler's planned Führermuseum in his hometown of Linz, Austria – to other high-ranking Nazis, and to various German museums.[34] In 1941, Hoffmann was chief among the many Nazi bigwigs who took advantage of the occupation of the Netherlands to buy paintings and other artworks from Dutch dealers, sometimes at inflated prices. This drove the art market up, much to the consternation of Hans Posse, who had been commissioned by Hitler to assemble a collection for the planned museum. Posse appealed to Hitler to put a stop to it, but Hitler refused the request.[35]

Hoffmann was also the person who recommended Dr. Theodor Morell to Hitler for treatment of his eczema.[36] Morell, who was a member of the Nazi Party, became Hitler's personal physician and treated him for numerous complaints with a panoply of drugs, including amphetamines, cocaine, oxycodone, barbiturates, morphine, strychnine, and testosterone, which may have contributed to Hitler's degraded physical condition by the end of the war.[37]

After about 1941, Hoffman began to lose favor with Hitler, primarily because Martin Bormann – Hitler's personal secretary after Rudolph Hess flew to Scotland in a quixotic attempt to broker a peace deal – did not like him, and in large part controlled access to Hitler. Bormann also fed Hitler misinformation and innuendo about his rivals for Hitler's attention, such as Hoffman.[34]

Youth Around Hitler, a Hoffmann picture book

Family

Hoffmann married Therese "Lelly" Baumann, who was very fond of Hitler,[38] in 1911. Their daughter Henriette ("Henny") was born on 3 February 1913 and followed by a son, Heinrich ("Heini") on 24 October 1916. Henriette married National Hitler Youth Leader Baldur von Schirach, who provided introductions to many of Hoffmann's picture books, in 1932. Therese Hoffmann died a sudden and unexpected death in 1928.

Hoffmann remarried shortly afterwards; his second wife was named Erna.

Publications

During the Third Reich Hoffmann assembled many photo-books on Hitler, such as The Hitler Nobody Knows (1933) – a book that Ron Rosenbaum calls "central to Hitler's extremely shrewd, extremely well-controlled effort to manipulate his image ... to turn his notoriously non-Nordic-looking foreignness, his much-remarked-upon strangeness, into assets to his charisma"[12] – and Jugend um Hitler ("Youth Around Hitler") in 1934. In 1938 Hoffmann wrote three books, Hitler in Italy, Hitler befreit Sudetenland ("Hitler Liberates Sudentenland") and Hitler in seiner Heimat ("Hitler in his Home"). His Mit Hitler im Westen ("With Hitler in the West") was published in 1940. His final book of this period, Das Antlitz des Führers ("The Face of the Führer"), was written shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War.

After the war, Hoffmann published his memoirs in London in 1955 under the title Hitler Was My Friend.

Adolf Hitler rehearsing poses for his speeches in photos reportedly taken in 1927.

Later life

Hoffmann was arrested by the United States Army on 10 May 1945, and he was later tried and sentenced to four years for war profiteering.[3] Upon his release from prison on 31 May 1950, he settled in the small village of Epfach in the Munich area, where he died seven years later at age 72. His widow, Erna, continued to live there together with the former silent-movie star Wera Engels.

Photographic archive

A large archive of Hoffman's photographs was seized by the United States Army during the Allied occupation of Germany. These are now held by the National Archives and Records Administration and comprise an important source of images for scholars of the Third Reich. These photographs are in the public domain in the US owing to their status as seized Nazi property, otherwise their copyrights would not yet have expired.[39]

There is also an archive called the 'Bildarchiv Hoffmann', at the Bavarian State Library (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek) in Munich, Germany.[40]

Secret photos of Hitler

Nine photographs taken by Hoffmann reveal how Adolf Hitler rehearsed poses and hand gestures for his public speeches. He asked Hoffmann to take these shots so he could see what he would look like to his audience, then used them to help shape his performances, which he was constantly refining.[41][42] Hitler asked that the photographs be destroyed, a request which Hoffmann did not honor.[43]

See also

References

Explanatory notes

  1. ↑ An exception to this was that Hitler gave Wieland Wagner, a son of his favorite composer, Richard Wagner, sole permission to take and exploit photographs of Hitler at the annual Bayreuth Festival, where Wagner's music was showcased, and of which Hitler was a strong supporter. Hitler had an avuncular relationship with Wieland. Spotts (2002), p.255
  2. ↑ About $106 - $141 in 2015 dollars; Spotts (2002), p.143 and CPI Inflation Calculator United States Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics

Citations

  1. ↑ Bullock (1992), p.83
  2. ↑ Bullock (1962), p.81
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Joachimsthaler 1999, p. 304.
  4. ↑ Burke, Christopher (2013). Burke, Christopher; Kindel, Eric; Walker, Sue, eds. The Gesellschafts- und Wirtschaftsmuesum in Wien. Isotype: design and contexts 1925-1971 (London: Hyphen). ISBN 9780907259473.
  5. ↑ Kellerhoff, Sven Felix (14 October 2010). "Berühmtes Hitler-Foto möglicherweise gefälscht". Die Welt (in German). Retrieved 30 September 2011.
  6. ↑ "Famous Hitler rally picture probably faked" The Local (14 October 2010)
  7. ↑ Hall, Allan. "Who do you think you are kidding Mr Hitler? Famous image showing Fuhrer celebrating start of the First World War could be FAKE... and it's down to length of his moustache" Daily Mail (5 August 2014)
  8. ↑ "Famous Hitler photograph declared a fake" Sydney Morning Herald (20 October 2010)
  9. ↑ Fest (1970), p.80
  10. ↑ Fest (1970), p.475 n23
  11. ↑ Bullock (1962), p.139
  12. 1 2 Rosenbaum 1998, pp.168-70
  13. ↑ Bullock (1962), p.127
  14. ↑ Spotts (2002) pp.82;92
  15. ↑ Fest (1975), p.320
  16. ↑ Kershaw 2008, p. 219.
  17. ↑ Bullock (1962), pp.394-95, citing Hoffmann, Heinrich. (1955) Hitler Was My Friend Burke, London. pp.162-63
  18. ↑ Kershaw 2008, pp. 947, 948, 955.
  19. ↑ Bullock (1962), pp.393-4, citing Hoffmann, Heinrich. (1955) Hitler Was My Friend Burke, London. pp.148-49
  20. ↑ Spotts (2002), p. 81
  21. ↑ Bullock (1992) p.317
  22. ↑ Spotts (2002), p.140
  23. ↑ Spotts (2002), p.131
  24. ↑ Spotts (2002), p.133
  25. ↑ Spotts (2002), p.180 footnote
  26. ↑ Spotts (2002), pp.169-173
  27. ↑ Bullock (1962), p.386
  28. ↑ Spotts (2002), p.177
  29. ↑ Spotts (2002), p.155
  30. ↑ Spotts (2002), p.79
  31. ↑ Spotts (2002), p. 118
  32. ↑ Bullock (1992), p.610
  33. ↑ Fest (1975), p.518
  34. 1 2 Plaut, James S. "Hitler's Capital" The Atlantic (October 1946)
  35. ↑ Spotts (2002), p.202
  36. ↑ Snyder, Louis (1994) [1976]. Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. Da Capo Press. p. 232. ISBN 978-1-56924-917-8.
  37. ↑ Durlacher, Chris (producer and director). Hitler's Hidden Drug Habit Waddell Media Production for Channel 4 in association with National Geographic Channels (2014)
  38. ↑ Langer, Walter C.. (1972). The Mind of Adolf Hitler, New York: Basic Books p.99 ISBN 0465046207
  39. ↑ Culbert, David (1997). "The Heinrich Hoffmann Photo Archive: Price vs United States (United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit, 20 November, 1995)". Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television 17 (2).
  40. ↑ Lambert, Angela (2007). The Lost Life of Eva Braun. St. Martin's Press. p. 4. ISBN 0-312-36654-X.
  41. ↑ Enoch, Nick (8 February 2012). "Mein Camp: Unseen pictures of Hitler . . . in a very tight pair of Lederhosen". Daily Mail (London).
  42. ↑ Rosenbaum (1998), p.111
  43. ↑ Wright, Terence (13 September 2013). "The Photography Handbook". Routledge. pp. 183–184. Retrieved 20 July 2015.

Bibliography

External links


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