Hekhalot literature

Jewish mysticism
Forms Prophetic Judaism 800–500 BCE Apocalyptic Judaism 300–100 BCE Rabbinic mysticism c. 1 – 130s CE Merkabah-Hekhalot 100 BCE – 1000 CE Proto-Kabbalah 200–600 CE Chassidei Ashkenaz c. 1150–1250 CE Medieval Kabbalah Meditative-Prophetic Practical Kabbalah c. 1175–1570 CE Safed Kabbalah 1500s CE Lurianic Kabbalah 1570 CE–today Sabbatean movements 1665–c. 1800 CE Hasidic Judaism Hasidic schools 1730s CE–today Neo-Hasidism/Kabbalah c. 1900s–today Mystical Zionism c. 1910s–today Academic study c. 1920s–today

The Hekhalot literature (sometimes transliterated Heichalot) from the Hebrew word for "Palaces", relating to visions of ascents into heavenly palaces. The genre overlaps with Merkabah or "Chariot" literature, concerning Ezekiel's chariot, so the two are sometimes referred to together as "Books of the Palaces and the Chariot" (ספרות ההיכלות והמרכבה). The Hekhalot literature is a genre of Jewish esoteric and revelatory texts produced some time between late antiquity – some believe from Talmudic times or earlier – to the early Middle Ages.

Many motifs of later Kabbalah are based on the Hekhalot texts, and the Hekhalot literature itself is based upon earlier sources, including traditions about heavenly ascents of Enoch found among the Dead Sea scrolls and the Hebrew Bible pseudepigrapha.^[1]

Texts

Some of the Heichalot texts are:^[2]

• Hekhalot Zutartey ("The Lesser Palaces"), which details an ascent of Rabbi Akiva;
• Hekhalot Rabbati ("The Greater Palaces"), or Pirkei Hekhalot, which details an ascent of Rabbi Ishmael;
• Maaseh Merkabah ("Account of the Chariot"), a collection of hymns recited by the "descenders" and heard during their ascent;
• Merkavah Rabba ("The great Chariot"):
• Sepher Hekhalot ("Book of Palaces," also known as 3 Enoch)

Other similar texts are:^[3]

• Re'uyyot Yehezqel ("The Visions of Ezekiel")
• Massekhet Hekhalot ("The Tractate of the Palaces")
• Shi'ur Qomah ("Divine Dimensions")
• Sepher Ha-Razim ("Book of the Mysteries")
• Harba de Moshe ("The Sword of Moses")
• Alphabet of Akiba ben Joseph

Dating and genre

The Hekhalot literature is post-rabbinical, and not a literature of the rabbis, but since it seeks to stand in continuity with the Rabbinic literature often pseudepigraphical.^[4]

See also

• Merkabah mysticism
• Smaller Midrashim
• Seven Heavens
• Kabbalah: Primary texts

References

1. ↑ Scholem, Gershom, Jewish Gnosticism, Merkabah Mysticism, and the Talmudic Tradition, 1965.
2. ↑ Schäfer, Peter (1992). The hidden and manifest God: some major themes in early Jewish mysticism. p. 7. ISBN 9780791410448. 
3. ↑ Don Karr. "Notes on the Study of Merkabah Mysticism and Hekhalot Literature in English" (PDF). Retrieved 21 December 2010. 
4. ↑ Judaism in late antiquity: Volume 1 - Page 36 Jacob Neusner, Alan Jeffery Avery-Peck, Bruce Chilton - 2001 "The Hekhalot literature is "not a literature of the rabbis, yet it seeks to stand in continuity with the Rabbinic literature" (p. 293); this literature is deeply pseudepigraphical and as such post-rabbinical."

External links

• The Zoharic Seven Heavens
• The Heichalot & the Merkavah, (The Palaces & The Chariot)
• Notes on the Study of Merkabah Mysticism and Hekhalot Literature in English
• English translation of the Hekhalot Rabbati