Harry Gordon Selfridge

Harry Gordon Selfridge, Sr. (11 January 1858 – 8 May 1947)^[1][3] was an American retail magnate who founded the London-based department store Selfridges. His 30-year leadership of Selfridges led to his becoming one of the most respected and wealthy retail magnates in the United Kingdom.

Born in Ripon, Wisconsin, Selfridge delivered newspapers and left school at 14 when he found work at a bank in Jackson, Michigan. After another series of jobs, Selfridge found a position at Marshall Field's in Chicago, where he stayed for the next 25 years. In 1890 he married Rose Buckingham of the prominent Chicago Buckingham family.

In 1906, following a trip to London, Selfridge invested £400,000 in his own department store in what was then the unfashionable western end of Oxford Street. The new store opened to the public on 15 March 1909 and Selfridge remained chairman until he retired in 1941. In later life, Selfridge lost most of his fortune.

He died 8 May 1947, in Putney, of London, aged 89 and was buried in St Mark's Churchyard at Highcliffe, Dorset next to his wife and mother.^[4]

Early life

Selfridge was born in Ripon, Wisconsin,^[5] on 11 January 1858,^{Note 1} one of three boys. Within months of his birth the family moved to Jackson, Michigan, as his father had acquired the town's general store. At the outbreak of the American Civil War, his father Robert Oliver Selfridge joined the Union Army. Rising to the rank of major, although he had been honorably discharged, he did not return home after the war ended and abandoned his children.^[6]

This left his wife Lois to bring up three young boys. Selfridge’s two brothers died at a very young age shortly after the war ended, so Harry became his mother’s only child. She found work as a schoolteacher and struggled financially to support both of them. She supplemented her low income by painting greeting cards, and eventually became headmistress of Jackson High School. Selfridge and his mother enjoyed each other’s company and they were good friends; they lived together all their lives.^[7]

Career

Selfridge in around 1880

At the age of 10, Selfridge began to contribute to the family income by delivering newspapers. Aged 12, he started working at the Leonard Field's dry-goods store. This allowed him to fund the creation of a boys' monthly magazine with schoolfriend Peter Loomis, making money from the advertising carried within.

Selfridge left school at 14 and found work at a bank in Jackson. After failing his entrance examinations to the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, Selfridge became a bookkeeper at the local furniture factory of Gilbert, Ransom & Knapp. However, the company closed down four months later, and Selfridge moved to Grand Rapids to work in the insurance industry.

In 1876, his ex-employer, Leonard Field, agreed to write Selfridge a letter of introduction to Marshall Field in Chicago, who was a senior partner in Field, Leiter & Company, one of the most successful stores in the city (which became Marshall Field and Company, and, after a series of acquisitions beginning in 1882, became part of Macy's). Initially employed as a stock boy in the wholesale department, over the following 25 years, Selfridge worked his way up the commercial ladder. He was eventually appointed a junior partner, married Rosalie Buckingham (of the prominent Chicago Buckinghams) and amassed a considerable personal fortune.^[3]

After their marriage, the couple lived for some time with Rose's mother on Rush Street in Chicago. They later moved to their own house on Lake Shore Drive. The Selfridges also built an imposing mansion called Harrose Hall in mock Tudor style on Geneva Lake in Wisconsin, complete with large greenhouses and extensive rose gardens.^[8] Over the next decade the couple had five children – Chandler born in 1891, who died shortly thereafter, Rosalie born in 1893, Violette in 1897, Gordon in 1900 and Beatrice in 1901.^[9] Throughout their married life, Harry's mother, Lois, lived with the family.

While at Marshall Field, Selfridge was the first to promote Christmas sales with the phrase "Only _____ Shopping Days Until Christmas", a catchphrase that was quickly picked up by retailers in other markets. Either he or Marshall Field is also credited with popularizing the phrase "The customer is always right."^[10]

In 1904, Harry opened his own department store called Harry G. Selfridge and Co. in Chicago. However, after only two months he sold the store at a profit to Carson, Pirie and Co.^[11] He then decided to retire and for the next two years pottered around his properties, mainly Harrose Hall.^[8] He also bought a steam yacht, which he rarely used, and played golf.^[12]

London and the Selfridges department store

Advertisement for the opening of the London store in 1909.

Original Oxford Street store in London

In 1906, when Selfridge travelled to London on holiday with his wife, he noticed that while the city was a leader in all aspects of culture and commerce, its stores could not rival Field's in Chicago or the great galleries of Parisian department stores. Recognizing a gap in the market, Selfridge, who had become bored with his retirement, decided to invest £400,000 in a new department store of his own, locating it in what was then the unfashionable western end of Oxford Street but which was opposite an entrance to the Bond Street tube station.^[13] The new store opened to the public on 15 March 1909, setting new standards for the retailing business.^[14]

Selfridge promoted the radical notion of shopping for pleasure rather than necessity. The store was extensively promoted through advertising. The shop floors were structured so that goods could be made more accessible to customers. There were elegant restaurants with modest prices, a library, reading and writing rooms, special reception rooms for French, German, American and "Colonial" customers, a First Aid Room, and a Silence Room, with soft lights, deep chairs, and double-glazing, all intended to keep customers in the store as long as possible. Staff members were taught to be on hand to assist customers, but not too aggressively, and to sell the merchandise. Oliver Lyttleton observed that, when one called on Selfridge, he would have nothing on his desk except one's letter, smoothed and ironed.^[15]

Selfridge also managed to obtain from the GPO the privilege of having the number "1" as its own phone number, so anybody had to just ask the operator for Gerrard 1 to be connected to Selfridge's operators.^[16] In 1909, Selfridge proposed a subway link to Bond Street station; however, contemporaneous opposition quashed the idea.^[13]

Selfridge's prospered well during World War I and up to the mid-1930s. The Great Depression was already taking its toll on Selfridge’s retail business and his lavish spending had run up a £150,000 debt to his store. He became a British subject in 1937.^[2] By 1940 he owed £250,000 in taxes and was in debt to the bank. The Selfridges board forced him out in 1941.^[17] In 1951 the original Oxford Street Selfridges was acquired by the Liverpool-based Lewis's chain of department stores, which was in turn taken over in 1965 by the Sears Group owned by Charles Clore.^[18] Expanded under the Sears group to include branches in Manchester and Birmingham,^[19] in 2003 the chain was acquired by Canada's Galen Weston for £598 million.^[20]

Personal life

Rose Selfridge, circa 1910

In 1890, Selfridge married Rosalie "Rose" Buckingham of the prominent Buckingham family of Chicago. Her father was Benjamin Hale Buckingham,^[21] who was a member of a very successful family business established by her grandfather, Alvah Buckingham.^[22] A 30-year-old successful property developer, she had inherited money and expertise from her family. Rose had purchased land in Harper Ave, Hyde Park, Chicago and built 42 villas and artists cottages within a landscaped environment.^[23] The couple had five children, three girls and two boys.^[9]

At the height of his success, Selfridge leased Highcliffe Castle in Hampshire (now Dorset), from Major General Edward James Montagu-Stuart-Wortley. In addition, he purchased Hengistbury Head, a mile-long promontory on England's southern coast, where he planned to build a magnificent castle; these plans never got off the drawing board, however, and in 1930 the Head was put up for sale. Although only a tenant at Highcliffe, he set about fitting modern bathrooms, installing steam central heating and building and equipping a modern kitchen.^[24] During World War I, Rose opened a tented retreat called the Mrs Gordon Selfridge Convalescent Camp for American Soldiers on the castle grounds. Selfridge gave up the lease in 1922.

Selfridge's wife Rose died during the influenza pandemic of 1918; his mother died in 1924. As a widower, Selfridge had numerous liaisons, including those with the celebrated Dolly Sisters and the divorcée Syrie Barnardo Wellcome, who would later become better known as the decorator Syrie Maugham. He also began and maintained a busy social life and entertained lavishly at his home in Lansdowne House located at 9 Fitzmaurice Place, in Berkeley Square. Today, the house displays a blue plaque noting that Gordon Selfridge lived there from 1921 to 1929.^[25]

Later years and death

During the years of the Great Depression, Selfridge's fortune rapidly declined and then disappeared — a situation not helped by his continuous free-spending ways. He gambled frequently and often lost. He also spent money on various showgirls.^[17] In 1941, he was forced out of Selfridges.^[17] On a reduced pension, he retired, aged 83, to a rented three-bedroom flat with Rosalie, his eldest surviving child.^[26]

On 8 May 1947, Harry Gordon Selfridge died of bronchial pneumonia at his home in Putney, south-west London, aged 89.^[2][27][28] At the time of his death, Selfridge was destitute.^[2][17] His funeral was held on 12 May at St. Mark's Church in Highcliffe after which he was buried in St Mark's Churchyard next to his wife and his mother.^[29][30]

Selfridge's children were Chandler, who died shortly after birth; Rosalie, the daughter who married Serge de Bolotoff, later Wiasemsky; Violette (who wrote the book "Flying gypsies : the chronicle of a 10,000 mile air vagabondage"); Harry Jr; and Beatrice.

Selfridge's grandson, Oliver, who died in 2008, became a pioneer in artificial intelligence.^[31]

Writings

Selfridge wrote a book, The Romance of Commerce, published by John Lane—The Bodley Head, in 1918, but actually written several years prior. In it, he has chapters on ancient commerce, China, Greece, Venice, Lorenzo de' Medici, the Fugger family, the Hanseatic League, fairs, guilds, early British commerce, trade and the Tudors, the East India Company, north England’s merchants, the growth of trade, trade and the aristocracy, Hudson’s Bay Company, Japan, and representative businesses of the 20th century.

Among the more popular quotations attributed to Selfridge:

• "People will sit up and take notice of you if you will sit up and take notice of what makes them sit up and take notice."
• "The boss drives his men; the leader coaches them."
• "The boss depends upon authority, the leader on goodwill."
• "The boss inspires fear; the leader inspires enthusiasm."
• "The boss says 'I'; the leader, 'we'."
• "The boss fixes the blame for the breakdown; the leader fixes the breakdown."
• "The boss knows how it is done; the leader shows how."
• "The boss says 'Go'; the leader says 'Let's go!'"
• "The customer is always right."

Television

In the 2013 British period television drama series, Mr Selfridge, about Harry Gordon Selfridge and his store, the role of Harry Gordon Selfridge is portrayed by Jeremy Piven.^[17]

Secrets of Selfridges, produced by the independent UK company Pioneer Productions in its "Secrets of Britain" series, was an hour-long documentary about the London store and Harry Selfridge.^[13]

Notes

1.^ Other sources, including the Selfridges company history,^[32] place his birthdate in 1856, 1857 or as late as 1864.

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harry Gordon Selfridge.

• Online facsimile of The Romance of Commerce by H. Gordon Selfridge, from the Internet Archive (digitized by Google from the library of the University of California)
• Selfridges
• Gordon Selfridge: The Gambler
• Biography from the DNB
• Lansdowne House