The Four Feathers
| Author | A. E. W. Mason |
|---|---|
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Macmillan |
Publication date | 1902 |
| OCLC | 848975 |
The Four Feathers is a 1902 adventure novel by British writer A. E. W. Mason that has inspired many films of the same title. In December 1901, Cornhill Magazine announced the title as one of two new serial stories to be published in the forthcoming year.[1] Against the background of the Mahdist War, young Faversham disgraces himself by quitting the army, which others perceive as cowardice, symbolized by the four white feathers they give him. He redeems himself with acts of great courage and wins back the heart of the woman he loves.[2]
Plot summary
The novel tells the story of a British officer, Harry Faversham, who resigns from his commission in the Royal North Surrey Regiment just after Lord Garnet Wolseley's 1882 expedition to Egypt to suppress the rising of Colonel Ahmed Orabi. He is censured for cowardice by three of his comrades, Captain Trench as well as Lieutenants Castleton and Willoughby, which is signified by their delivery of three white feathers to him. His fiancée, Ethne Eustace, breaks off their engagement and also gives him a white feather. His best friend in the regiment, Captain Durrance, becomes a rival for Ethne.
Harry talks with Lieutenant Sutch, a friend of his father, who is an imposing retired general. He questions his own motives, but says he will redeem himself by acts that will convince his critics to take back the feathers. He travels on his own to Egypt and Sudan, where in 1882 Muhammad Ahmed proclaimed himself the Mahdi (Guided One) and raised a Holy War. On 26 January 1885, his Dervish forces captured Khartoum and killed its British governor, General Charles George Gordon. Most of the action over the next six years takes place in the eastern Sudan, where the British and Egyptians held Suakin. Durrance is blinded by sunstroke and invalided. Castleton is reportedly killed at Tamai, where a British square is briefly broken by a Mahdi attack.
Harry's first success comes when he recovers lost letters of Gordon. He is aided by a Sudanese Arab, Abou Fatma. Later, disguised as a mad Greek musician, Harry gets imprisoned in Omdurman, where he rescues Captain Trench, who had been captured on a reconnaissance mission. They escape.
Learning of his actions, Willoughby and Trench give Ethne the feathers they had taken back from Harry. He returns to England, and sees Ethne for what he thinks is one last time, as she has decided to devote herself to the blind Durrance. But Durrance tells her his blindness is incurable and frees her for Harry. Ethne and Harry wed, and Durrance travels to "the East" as a civilian.
The story is rich in characters and subplots, which the filmed versions trim. Some versions have made major changes in the story line. The best-known 1939 version is set at the time of the 1898 campaign and battle of Omdurman, but this is a future event only hinted at in the novel.
Film, TV and theatrical adaptations
This novel's story has been adapted as films several times, with all films retaining much of the same storyline. For example, the celebrated 1939 cinematic version, produced by Alexander Korda and Ralph Richardson, begins just after the death of Gordon in 1885. Most of its action takes place over a three-year period between 1895 and 1898, climaxing with the Battle of Omdurman.
In the 1929 silent version, a square of Highlanders is broken, but saved by Faversham and the Egyptian garrison of a besieged fort. Set in the 1880s, its great moment comes when wild hippos in a river attack the Dervishes pursuing Faversham.
The films each feature a British square broken in a dramatic battle sequence. This is only mentioned in the novel, in a battle in which the square recovered. The various film versions differ in the precise historical context.
The 2002 version starring Heath Ledger is set during the 1884–85 campaign. Critics consider it to be the worst adaptation of the novel. While the British infantry square was briefly broken in this battle, the British in reality won the battle though their advance was delayed. The film version portrays their being defeated in this battle. Critics complained that the film did not explore the characters sufficiently, and had historical inaccuracies in uniform dress. The central battle is more accurately treated in the film Khartoum (1966).
The many versions differ in the ethnicity of the Sudanese guide, Abou Fatma, who assists young Faversham in his desert adventure. For instance, in the 1977 film, he is an Arab, and in 2002 version, he is a black African.
The enemy forces, Islamic rebels called Dervishes, of The Mahdi, are the same, as are the geographic settings of Britain, Egypt and the Sudan).
The various film versions are as follows:
| Year | Title | Country | Director | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1915 | Four Feathers | USA | J. Searle Dawley | Black-and-white, silent |
| 1921 | The Four Feathers | UK | René Plaissetty | Roger Livesey appeared in a minor role. Black-and-white, silent. |
| 1929 | The Four Feathers | US | Merian C. Cooper Lothar Mendes Ernest B. Schoedsack | Richard Arlen, Fay Wray, Clive Brook. |
| 1939 | The Four Feathers | UK | Zoltan Korda | Starring Ralph Richardson, John Clements, C. Aubrey Smith, June Duprez. Considered by many to be the best of the film versions,[3][4][5] this was lavishly filmed in colour in many of the real African locations. |
| 1955 | Storm Over the Nile | UK | Terence Young, Zoltan Korda | Starring Anthony Steel, James Robertson Justice, Ian Carmichael, Ronald Lewis, Michael Hordern. A low-budget colour remake, using much of the location footage shot for the 1939 version of The Four Feathers, and exactly the same script – one of the few instances in which this was done (see Shot-for-shot for other examples). |
| 1977 | The Four Feathers | UK | Don Sharp | Starring Robert Powell, Simon Ward, Beau Bridges and Jane Seymour. Completely remade for a new generation (though several scenes have been inserted from the 1939 version (e.g. the troops boarding the train in London, a panorama featuring dhows on the Nile, the British Army on parade) with a great deal of skill. The integration of these excerpts is far from obvious to those who have not seen the 1939 version). The classic tale retains its imperial stiff upper lip and Boys Own style of adventure heroics. |
| 2002 | The Four Feathers | US | Shekhar Kapur | Starring Heath Ledger, Wes Bentley, and Kate Hudson. Made by an Indian director, this version takes a revisionist stance on the original novel's themes of masculinity, empire and the clash of Western and Islamic civilisations. Unlike earlier versions, this one bases its big battle scene on the 1885 Battle of Abu Klea (thirteen years before Omdurman). The British soldiers also wear their iconic scarlet tunics when they had already changed to wearing khaki. Since the film seeks to portray the British Empire negatively, in this film the British lose the battle of Abu Klea, which in reality they won, by having their square broken, in a fashion that alludes to the famous poem, Vitai Lampada. |
References
- ↑ Classified Ad 5, The Observer; 22 December 1901
- ↑ Books & Bookmen, The Manchester Guardian; 2 April 1914
- ↑ Michael Sragow (11 October 2011). "The Four Feathers: Breaking the British Square". The Criterion Collection. Retrieved 5 September 2013.
- ↑ Dennis Schwartz (2 November 2011). "Four Feathers, The". Retrieved 5 September 2013.
- ↑ "The Four Feathers". Time Out. Retrieved 5 September 2013.
External links
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