Haplogroup NO

Haplogroup NO
Possible time of origin 34.600±4.700 years BP[1]
Possible place of origin Southeast Asia or Southern China [1]
Ancestor K2
Descendants N; O
Defining mutations M214, P188, P192, P193, P194, P195.

Haplogroup NO (M214) also known as K2a is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.

The parent of Haplogroup NO is K2, itself a child of the greater Haplogroup K.

NO is a phylogenetic sibling of the macrogroup K2b (the descendants of which include the major haplogroups M, P, Q, R and S). NO is also a sibling of the rare haplogroups K2c (P261), K2d (P402) and K2e (M147).

Origins

Haplogroup NO (M214) originated in East Asia. Its subclades Haplogroup N and Haplogroup O are overwhelmingly dominant in most populations of North and East Eurasia.

Distribution

No confirmed case of basal Haplogroup NO* has been found. NO-M214 (xN1-LLY22g, O-M175), which potentially may belong either to Haplogroup NO* or to Haplogroup N*-M231(xN1-LLY22g), has been found in 5.7% (2/35) of a sample of Buyi males,[2] and in 2.9% (6/210) of a pool of four samples of Japanese males, particularly in Tokushima (4/70 = 5.7%).[3]

M214 (xN1-LLY22g, O-M175) also has been found sporadically in samples of Yizu,[3] Malays,[3] Mongolians,[3] Daurs,[2] Manchurian Evenks,[2] Hezhes,[2] Huis,[2] Yaos,[2] South Koreans,[2] and Sô.[4] Two Han Chinese males previously thought to be M214 (xN1-LLY22g, O-M175) subsequently have been found to belong to N*-M231(xN1-LLY22g).[5]

(A sample from South India that was thought initially to be "pre-NO" was provisionally labelled "Haplogroup X".[6] It was, however, subsequently identified as a sibling of NO, within Haplogroup K2 [K-M526] and renamed K2e [K-M147].)

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree[7] and subsequent published research.

See also

Evolutionary tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]
"Y-chromosomal Adam"
A00 A0-T [χ 3]
A0 A1[χ 4]
A1a A1b
A1b1 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
F1 F2 F3 GHIJK
G HIJK
H IJK
IJ K
I J LT [χ 5]  K2
L T NO [χ 6] K2b [χ 7]   K2c K2d K2e [χ 8]
N O K2b1 [χ 9]    P
M S [χ 10] Q R
  1. ↑ Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809.
  2. ↑ International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)
  3. ↑ Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A0'1'2'3'4.
  4. ↑ Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.
  5. ↑ Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.
  6. ↑ Haplogroup NO (M214) is also known as Haplogroup K2a (although the present Haplogroup K2e was also previously known as "K2a").
  7. ↑ Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.
  8. ↑ Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a, also known as Haplogroup NO).
  9. ↑ Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is similiar to the former Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.
  10. ↑ Haplogroup S (S-M230) was previously known as Haplogroup K5.

References

  1. 1 2 Rootsi, Siiri; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Baldovič, Marian; Kayser, Manfred; Kutuev, Ildus A; Khusainova, Rita; Bermisheva, Marina A; Gubina, Marina; Fedorova, Sardana A; Ilumäe, Anne-Mai; Khusnutdinova, Elza K; Voevoda, Mikhail I; Osipova, Ludmila P; Stoneking, Mark; Lin, Alice A; Ferak, Vladimir; Parik, Jüri; Kivisild, Toomas; Underhill, Peter A; Villems, Richard; et al. (2007). "A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics 15 (2): 204–211. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201748. PMID 17149388.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Xue, Yali; Zerjal, Tatiana; Bao, Weidong; Zhu, Suling; Shu, Qunfang; Xu, Jiujin; Du, Ruofu; Fu, Songbin; Li, Pu; et al. (2006). "Male demography in East Asia: a north-south contrast in human population expansion times". Genetics 172 (4): 2431–2439. doi:10.1534/genetics.105.054270. PMC 1456369. PMID 16489223.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Hammer et al. (2005) "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes," The Japan Society of Human Genetics, 2005
  4. ↑ Cai, X; Qin, Z; Wen, B; Xu, S; Wang, Y; Lu, Yan; Wei, Lanhai; Wang, Chuanchao; Li, Shilin; Huang, Xingqiu; Jin, Li; Li, Hui; et al. (2011). "Human Migration through Bottlenecks from Southeast Asia into East Asia during Last Glacial Maximum Revealed by Y Chromosomes". PLoS ONE 6 (8): e24282. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024282. PMC 3164178. PMID 21904623.
  5. ↑ Tatiana M. Karafet, Brian Hallmark, Murray P. Cox et al., "Major East-West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification Across Indonesia," MBE Advance Access published March 5, 2010.
  6. ↑ Gregory R Magoon, Raymond H Banks, Christian Rottensteiner, et al., Generation of high-resolution a priori Y-chromosome phylogenies using “next-generation” sequencing data, bioRxiv posted online November 22, 2013
  7. ↑ Karafet; Mendez, F. L.; Meilerman, M. B.; Underhill, P. A.; Zegura, S. L.; Hammer, M. F.; et al. (2008). "Abstract New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree". Genome Research 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274.
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