Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)

Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)
Possible time of origin	25,000-45,000 years BP
Possible place of origin	South Asia
Ancestor	GHIJK
Defining mutations	L901/M2939
Highest frequencies	South Asia and Romani people

In human genetics, Haplogroup H (Y-DNA), also known as H-L901/M2939 is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. This haplogroup is found at high frequencies among some populations in South Asia, particularly the subclade H1 (H-M69), including its direct descendant H1a (M52). Outside South Asia, H1a1 (H-M82) – which is a direct descendant of H1A/M-82 – is found commonly in the paternal lineage of Romani people.

Haplogroup H2 (P96) seems to be primarily European, and very ancient. It was recently found in Neolithic Iberia^[1][2] and may have entered Europe as long ago during the Epipaleolithic. It was founded to have somewhat of a higher average concentration in Western Europe, but has also been found among the Caucasus; notably Armenian and Iran, as well as India and other South Asia.

Structure

H-L901/M2939 is a direct descendant of Haplogroup GHIJK. There are, in turn, three direct descendants of H-L901/M2939 – their defining SNPs are as follows:

• H1: M69/Page45, M370; - South Asians, Romani and Tajiks
• H2: P96, L279, L281, L284, L285, L286, M282 (formerly known as H* and before that was misclassified under Haplogroup F-M89, as "F3");^[3] - Western Europe: in France, Switzerland, Germany and the Netherlands. But it is also found in Armenian, Iran, and India. H2 was found in Neolithic Iberia^[4][5]
• H3: Z5857 - South Asians

Distribution

H-L901/M2939 is believed to have arisen in South Asia between 30,000 and 40,000 years ago.^[6] Its probable site of introduction is South Asia, since it is concentrated there. It seems to represent the main Y-Chromosome haplogroup of the paleolithic inhabitants of Indian-Subcontinent. Some individuals in South Asia have also been shown to belong to the much rarer subclade H3 (Z5857).

However, in South Asia, haplogroup H is by no means restricted to specific populations. For example, H is possessed by about 28.8% of Indo-Aryan castes.^{[7][7] [8] [9]}

South Asia

Haplogroup H-M69 is fairly common among populations of India, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Pakistan with lower frequency in Afghanistan, however, some small traces have been found. The highest frequencies of H-M69 are in India, especially in southern India at (32.9%).^[7][10] and H-M52 among Kalash (20.5%) in Pakistan.^[11][12]

Haplogroup H-M69 has been found in:

• South India – 27.2% (110/405) of a sample of unspecified ethnic composition.^[13][14] Another study has found haplogroup H-M69 in 26.4% (192/728) of an ethnically diverse pool of samples from various regions of India.^[7]
• Sri Lanka – in 25.3% (23/91) of a sample of unspecified ethnic composition^[13][14] and in 10.3% (4/39) of a sample of Sinhalese.^[12]
• Nepal – one study has found Haplogroup H-M69 in approximately 12% of a sample of males from the general population of Kathmandu(including 4/77 H-M82, 4/77 H-M52(xM82), and 1/77 H-M69(xM52, APT)), in 6% of a sample of Newars (4/66 H-M82) and 25.7% in Tharus of Nepal.^[15]
• Pakistan – in 4.1% Burusho, 20.5% Kalash, 4.2% Pashtun, and 6.3% in other Pakistanis.^[7][11] Another study has found haplogroup H-M69 in approximately 8% (3/38) of a sample of Burusho (also known as Hunza), including 5% (2/38) H-M82(xM36, M97, M39/M138) and 3% (1/38) H-M36.^[16][16]
• Afghanistan – in 6.1% Pashtun.^[17]

Romani people

Haplogroup H-M82 is a major lineage cluster in the Balkan Romani group, accounting for approximately 60% of the total.^[18] A 2-bp deletion at M82 locus defining this haplogroup was also reported in one-third of males from traditional Romani populations living in Bulgaria, Spain, and Lithuania (Gresham et al. 2001). High prevalence of Asian-specific Y chromosome haplogroup H-M82 supports their Indian origin and a hypothesis of a small number of founders diverging from a single ethnic group in India (Gresham et al. 2001).

Central Asia and the Middle East

Haplogroup H1 has been found very rarely outside of the Indian subcontinent and the Romani populations, including approximately 12.5% (2 out of 16 individuals) H-M52 in a sample of Tajiks from Dushanbe,^[19] 6% (1/17) H-M52 in a sample of Turks,^[19] 5% (1/20) H-M69 in a sample of Syrians,^[20] 4% (2/45) H-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from Samarkand,^[19] 4% (2/53) H-M52 in a sample of Iranians from Samarkand,^[19] 3% (2/70) H-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from Khorezm,^[19] 3% (1/38) H-M82 in a sample of Balkarians,^[21] 2.6% (3/117) H-M82 in a sample from southern Iran,^[22] 2% (1/41) H-M52 in a sample of Uyghurs from Kazakhstan,^[19] 1% (1/92 H-M82)^[21] to 2% (1/50 H-M69)^[20] of Ukrainians, 2% (1/56) H-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from Bukhara,^[19] 2% (1/57) H-M82 in a sample of Macedonian Greeks,^[21] 2% (1/63) H-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from the Fergana Valley,^[19] 0.9% (1/113) H-M82 in a sample of Serbians,^[18] 0.6% (3/523) H-M370 in a sample of Turks,^[23] and 0.5% (1/201) H-M52 in a sample of Somali immigrants in Denmark.^[24]

In the Arabian Peninsula, Haplogroup H-M69 has been found in 4.3% (7/164) of males from the United Arab Emirates (including 4/164 = 2.4% H-M69(xM52,Apt) and 3/164 = 1.8% H-M82),^[25] approximately 2% of males from Oman,^[26] 1.9% (3/157) of males from Saudi Arabia (including 2/157 = 1.3% H-M69(xM52) and 1/157 = 0.6% H-M82),^[27] and 1.4% (1/72 H-M82) of males from Qatar.^[25]

The subclade H-APT has been found in 1.3% (1/77) of a sample of Greeks.^[11]

East and Southeast Asia

At the easternmost extent of its distribution, Haplogroup H-M69 has been found in Thais from northern Thailand (1/17 = 5.9% H-M69),^[28] Balinese (19/551 = 3.45% H-M69),^[14] Tibetans (3/156 = 1.9% H-M69(xM52, APT)),^[15] Bamars from Myanmar (1/59 = 1.7% H-M82, with the relevant individual having been sampled in Bago Region),^[29] Chams from Binh Thuan, Vietnam (1/59 = 1.7% H-M69),^[28] and Mongolians (1/149 = 0.7% H-M69).^[13] The subclade H-M39/M138 has been observed in the vicinity of Cambodia, including one instance in a sample of six Cambodians^[7] and one instance in a sample of 18 individuals from Cambodia and Laos.^[16]

Haplogroup H2 (P96)

The H-P96 lineage is defined by seven SNPs. They are P96, M282, L279, L281, L284, L285, and L286. H-P96 defines the H-P96 subclade. H2 (P96) was found in Neolithic Iberia.^[4][5] There is somewhat of a concentration of H-P96 in Western Europe: in France, Switzerland, Germany and the Netherlands. But it is also found in Armenia, Iran, and India. It is believed that Haplogroup H2 was one of the original lineages of the earliest Europeans.

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the ISOGG Y-DNA Haplogroup H and its Subclades tree - 2014.^[30]

• H-M3035
  • H-M69 (H1) (M69, M370)
    • H-M52 (H1a) (M52)
      • H-M82 (H1a1) (M82)
        • H-M36 (H1a1a1) (M36, M197)
        • H-M97 (H1ab) (M97)
        • H-M39 (H1a1c) (M39, M138)
    • H-APT (H1b1) (APT)
      • H-P80 (H1b1a) (P80, P314)
      • H-P266 (H1b1b) (P266)
    • H-P254 (H1c) (P254)
  • H-M282 (H2) (P96)(formerly known as haplogroup F3, now recognized as H2^[31])

Distribution of H-M82 (H1a1)

The following gives a summary of most of the studies which specifically tested for M82, showing its distribution in different part of the world.^[32]

See also

References

External links

• Spread of Haplogroup H, from National Geographic
• The India Genealogical Project