Hanyang University

Hanyang University
한양대학교
Motto 사랑의 실천
Love in Truth and in Deed
Type Private
Established 1939
Founder Dr. Kim Lyun-Joon
President Lee Young Moo Ph.D.
Academic staff
1,048
Undergraduates 25,010[1]
Postgraduates 9,400
Location Seoul, South Korea
Campus Seongdong-gu, Seoul, South Korea
Sangrok-gu, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
Website www.hanyang.ac.kr
Hanyang University
Hangul
Hanja
Revised Romanization Hanyang Daehakgyo
McCune–Reischauer Hanyang Taehakkyo

Hanyang University is a private research university in South Korea. The main campus is in Seoul, and the second one, the Education Research Industry Cluster at Ansan, or ERICA campus, is located in Ansan. Hanyang (한양;漢陽) derives from the former name of the capital Seoul which was used during the Chosun Dynasty.[2] Its motto and educational philosophy is Love in Truth and Deed.

The university established the nation's first engineering institute (DongA Engineering Institute) in 1939 which became the founding facility of Hanyang University. It also established the first school of architecture and civil engineering in Korea.[3]

Hanyang University has an alumni network of 230,000 that is not only limited to the field of engineering but also to other fields. In 2009 the university was ranked 4th for the number of alumni serving as CEOs and executives at Korea’s top 100 companies.[4] In the same year the École des Mines de Paris ranked Hanyang University 89th for the number of alumni CEOs in the world’s top 500 companies.[5]

The university enrolls over 1,500 foreign students each year and more than 1,700 students study abroad annually.[6] HYU counts the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Cambridge, and Tsinghua University among its 339 sister institutions in 42 countries.[3]

University ranking in the world

University rankings
Global
Times[7] 351
QS[8] 193

In 2015, Hanyang University ranked 7th in Korea, 30th in Asia, and 193rd in the world, according to the QS World University Rankings. QS also ranked it at 67 by faculty in engineering and technology, between 101-150 by Subject in Electrical & Electronics Engineering.[9]

In July-2014, Hanyang University ranked between 351-400 in the world university ranking, according to the Times Higher Education World University Rankings.[10]

Here are a list of other rankings Hanyang University received:

History

Early years

Hanyang University was founded as Dong-A Engineering Institute on July 1, 1939 during the Japanese occupation of Korea. Dong-A Institute started with 630 students and a faculty of 13 professors and 22 instructors in Jongno-gu, Seoul. After producing its first graduates in 1941, Dong-A tried to elevate itself to college status, to no avail. In May 1941, the Institute relocated and offered education specializing in engineering and technology to 100 students who had finished secondary school. In 1943, with Korea still under Japanese occupation, the Institute was suspended from recruiting new students, which resulted in a temporary shut-down of the school on March 15, 1944, when the last 78 students graduated.[3]

Upon the restoration of the nation's independence in August 1945, Dong-A Institute renamed itself the Engineering Institute for National Foundation and settled at 251 Shindang-dong, Seoul. Institute founder Dr. Lyunjoon Kim foresaw the importance of industrial advancement in the reconstruction of Korea, and established Hanyang as a judicial and academic body. The board of trustees at that time included Myowook Lee, Byeongok Cho, Kwansoo Baik, Wonchul Lee, Waljoon Kim, Taeyong Choi, and Lyunjoon Kim, who had led the nation's independence movement. In July 1948, the school was accredited as the first four-year engineering college in Korea with Lyunjoon Kim as the first Dean. Six departments were set up including Electrical, Mechanical, and Civil Engineering, Architecture, Chemical, and Mining as well as an Engineering High School and a middle school.[3]

Although during the Korean War, many of the school’s facilities were destroyed and the professors and students were scattered, classes were continued in Busan with temporary teachers. However, even during their refuge, the College fostered numerous competent science teachers by building a training center for secondary school teachers in the technical fields. In 1953, it was authorized as a graduate school by the Ministry of Education. The building was restored in Haengdang-dong, Seongdong-gu, Seoul and it is still the current address of Hanyang University.[3]

In February 1959, its status was raised to that of a four-year university. The following month Hanyang University formed the university foundation and Lyunjoon Kim was inaugurated as the first President. The University started with 19 departments in 3 colleges (the College of Engineering, the College of Liberal Arts and Science and the College of Politics and Economy) and 6 departments offering evening courses. As the University has expanded its size, the Colleges of Music, Physical Education and Education were newly established. By adding the College of Medicine, 46 departments of 7 colleges and 9 departments offering night courses were established.[3]

Development

Hanyang University Medical Center was established in 1972, and in 1979, a second campus was established at the newly built industrial city of Ansan. The newly established campus was named the “Hanyang Banwol Campus” at that time and was renamed as the “Ansan Campus” in 1987 which was used until the campus was renamed as the Education Research Industry Cluster at Ansan (ERICA), in September, 2009.[11]

The Hanyang Student council was first formed at university and college levels in 1960. During the 1970s and 1980s when the dictatorships of Chunghee Park and Doohwan Chun were at their peaks, the Student Union of Hanyang University engaged in student protests against political injustice.[12]

In 1994 Hanyang University set up a masterplan for mid-term and long-term development. In 1997 departments were merged into divisions and at the same year Hanyang University established the Hanyang-Victoria International Language Institute in alliance with the University of Victoria, Canada. In 1998 the Baik-Nam Academic Information Center & Library was constructed. In March 2008 Hanyang University hosted the 8th Asian and Pacific University President’s Conference.[3]

As of 2013 Hanyang University consists of 23 colleges (15 in the Seoul Campus, 8 in the ERICA Campus) and 15 Graduate schools (1 regular Graduate School, 7 Professional Graduate Schools, 7 Specialized Graduate Schools) where 34,824 students are enrolled. Hanyang University is run by 951 Staff members and 1,304 full-time faculty together with 2,929 part-time faculty and lecturers.[3]

Programs

Seoul campus

The Seoul campus of HYU offers undergraduate programs in

  • Engineering
  • Medicine
  • Humanities
  • Social Sciences
  • Natural Sciences
  • Policy Sciences
  • Law
  • Economics & Finance
  • School of Business
  • Education
  • Human Ecology
  • Music
  • Performing Arts and Sport
  • International Studies
  • Nursing
ERICA campus

The ERICA campus in Ansan offers programs in

  • Engineering Sciences
  • Pharmacy
  • Science & Technology
  • Languages & Cultures
  • Communication & Social Sciences
  • Economics & Business Administration
  • Design
  • Sports & Arts
Graduate school

The HYU Graduate School offers graduate programs in

  • Graduate School
  • Urban Studies
  • International Studies
  • Global Business
  • School of Medicine
  • School of Law
  • Biomedical Science & Engineering
  • Technology & Innovation Management
  • Engineering
  • Public Policy
  • Education
  • Journalism & Mass Communication
  • International Tourism
  • Information and Clinical Nursing
  • Innovation
  • Business Management

Research and development

Hanyang University maintains active research programs in biological sciences, natural sciences, medicine, natural resources and environment, media and communication, and business administration.[13]

As part of its effort to transform into a world-class research institution of higher learning, Hanyang has designated “Outreaching Research Competitiveness” as one of its key strategic directions under the NEW HANYANG 2020 plan. For its part, the Industry-University Cooperation Foundation (IUCF) is working to promote more individual and collaborative research at HYU by providing funding for research projects from their initial stage, and offering assistance in the publication of research papers in prominent international journals, among other duties.[11]

Key research accomplishments

HYU's reputation for research has resulted in some key accomplishments:

The Hanyang Milestones and Internet Hanyang News

The research accomplishments of Hanyang are shared with academic communities and researchers overseas through The Hanyang Milestones, Hanyang University's newsletter published on the last week of every month. Various articles including the On-Campus activities and Impacts of Hanyang's Research are also available on the media section of Hanyang University's homepage run by the Internet Hanyang News. Internet Hanyang News is a news team at the promotional office composed of student reporters, editors, and a professional executive editor publishing articles for the community on a weekly basis.

International programs

Hanyang University, through its Global Hanyang program, has sought to expand international ties by recruiting international students, and by setting up cooperative programs with universities throughout the world.[14] Chinese and Pakistani students are more than other nationals in Hanyang university. Higher education commission(Hec) of Pakistan maintains an agreement with Hanyang University for sending Pakistani research scholars to Hanyang university for pursuing post graduate studies. These students are bound to return to Pakistan and serve.

Organization

Seoul campus

The Seoul campus is home to 12 colleges, 2 independent divisions, and the College of General Studies. There are 66 majors in all, with 10 interdisciplinary divisions, 33 departments, 6 divisional majors, and 17 major tracks.[11]

ERICA campus

Hanyang’s ERICA Campus is home to 8 colleges and the College of General Studies. A total of 44 majors are offered, including 3 interdisciplinary divisions, 27 departments, 4 divisional majors, and 10 major tracks.[11] In 2011, the College of Pharmacy was established.

ERICA is the abbreviation for 'Education, Research, Industry Cluster at Ansan[15]'.

Lions Lake at ERICA campus, Ansan

The graduate schools

The Graduate Schools of Hanyang University can be divided into three groups; The General Graduate School, Professional Graduate School, and Special Graduate School. Professional Graduate schools focus more on practical studies while Special Graduate Schools focuses on research related to fieldwork.[11] Meanwhile, Hanyang Universities General Graduate School can be summarized as follows:

Admission and reputation

Admission

Like all other schools in Korea, the school starts in March. Therefore, the admission process begins in fall. The early admission begins during the summer and the regular admission starts after the college entrance exam which is in November. For the early admission, there are about ten different categories for entering the school according to students’ background, grades, talents or volunteer work.

Reputation

University rankings

In the 2013 rankings for Korean universities published by The Joongang Ilbo, the Seoul Campus ranked 7th and ERICA Campus has ranked the 1st among the branch campuses that have their main campus in Seoul. It is a profound improvement, considering that last year's ranking was 9th overall. The total of 100 four-year-course universities were reviewed and were scored based on four criteria. These criteria are faculty research (100 points), education conditions (90 points), social reputation and alumni networks (60 points), and globalization (50 points). The examination was carried out on the basis of total 300 points. HYU's Seoul Campus, with an outstanding grade, received 38.96 points (ranking 3rd) for globalization, 72.77 points (ranking 6th) for faculty research, and 44.6 points (ranking 6th) for social reputation and alumni networks.

Especially for globalization part where universities are evaluated based on their exchange programs with foreign universities abroad, HYU ranked 1st in the number of English courses and ranked 2nd in the percentage of overseas exchange students, proving that HYU exceeded many other Korean universities in meeting the needs of today's global era. In faculty research where the fields of humanities and social science are assessed, HYU scored 2nd place in research funds per professor, 4th in foreign paper citation, and 4th in the income from technology transfer. It is viewed that HYU's endless research has finally reaped fruitful results.

The fact that HYU's ERICA Campus was separately evaluated apart from the Seoul Campus symbolized a great breakthrough. Universities that had their branch school ranked separately included Konkuk University's Global Campus, Korea University's Sejong Campus, Dongguk University's Gyeongju Campus, Sangmyung University's Cheonan Campus, and Chung-Ang University's Anseong Campus. Whereas the rest were ranked below 40th, HYU's ERICA Campus took the lead and ranked 12th overall and ranked 1st among the universities that have their main campus in Seoul. ERICA Campus received 35.33 points out of 50 points in globalization, ranking 7th overall. Furthermore, it ranked 1st in the percentage of English courses and 5th in the percentage of overseas exchange students. Not only were the universities ranked but each department was also evaluated by The Joongang Ilbo. Targeting 138 four-year-course universities nationwide, 10 humanities and social science departments and 10 science and engineering departments received the evaluation. Dividing the evaluation into three grading classes, The Joongang Ilbo ranked the departments by the following: Excellent (within the top 2.28 percent), Good (from 2.29 to 15.9 percent), and Average (from 16 to 50 percent). Along with the Department of History being graded as Excellent, eight other departments in the Seoul Campus including the two departments from the ERICA Campus were graded as Good. The Department of History is the only department that has received the highest grade. Jin-a Kang (Professor, History), the Dean of the College of Liberal Arts said, "Since professors were eager to cooperate and carry out international research and to publish papers in the field of history, the Department of History succeeded in receiving the best grade." In addition, Kang said, "In order to continue with the research and get favorable result, the support and attention from the school is crucially needed. Moreover, the attention from the students is also important as well."

HYU also ranked 1st overall in the nationwide evaluation for the university's Intellectual Property (IP). The Electronic Times News, along with Korea Patent Attorneys Association and WIPS, analyzed 57 indexes of IP culture, IP capacity, global competitiveness, and industry contribution, targeting 113 four-year-course universities in Korea that possess more than 10 IP patents. HYU received a total of 678 points out of 900 points, especially getting high grades in IP culture and industry contribution, and was considered as a prestigious IP university. The evaluated data added more importance to this year's evaluation by dividing the assessment into four main parts and 57 indexes. HYU ranked 1st overall by getting 177.9 points out of 200 points in IP Culture and 152.7 points out of 250 points in Contribution to Industry which assesses job creation capacity and the ripple effect of the industries. IP culture mainly assesses Educational Environment, University Policies, and University Atmosphere.

HYU's specialized education towards entrepreneurship had played a pivotal role in enhancing the IP competitiveness. The curriculum regarding IP includes 56 courses, which highly exceeds the average of 2.7 courses in most universities. Through this year's evaluation, HYU's ample number of business subjects has been noted. The curriculum is mainly focused on commercialization. The courses include 'Strategies for ventures', 'Patent and negotiation', and 'Startup tactics using patent information'. Among them, the course 'patent and negotiation' in the ERICA Campus contributed to strengthening competitiveness by creating 20 patents in one semester. This course encourages students from Engineering, Designing, and Marketing departments to form one team and apply for a patent or goal for establishing businesses. A noteworthy feature of the course is that appoints a patent agent as an adjunct professor thereby enhancing the quality of the class.[16]

Examination outcomes

Patent Attorney Examination

HYU’s education also involves patent attorney classes that aids students achieve their hopes of becoming a patent lawyer. In 2014, the university won 2nd place, tied with Yonsei University. 32 HYU students made their way through the Patent Attorney Examination and developed their careers. In regards to the patent attorney classes, numerous students have been provided with the benefits that this class provides ever since 2003. Students enrolled in the class are granted with individual seating for studying, dormitories for students that live far away, and most importantly, mock exams, all of which were helpful apparatus for the students to pass the Patent Attorney Examination.

National Administration Examination

There is also the public administration class. In 2014, HYU ranked 4th place nationally, with 14 students passing the National Administration Examination. These students were able to progress further into their careers with the help of HYU’s public administration classes. The primary purpose of the course is to provide students who are preparing for the NAE with as much assistance and guidance as possible in a well-organized manner. Support is provided in various ways, including online lectures, mock tests, and scholarships to students who have achieved excellent grades. Any student can apply for the course regardless of what major they have. There are 160 available seats in the laboratory where the class is held and 100 seats in the dormitory where they can study. The availability of seats is limited, which makes the class environment more competitive yet cooperative, helping students to grow more mature in the process of learning.

National Bar Exam

The university attained more publicity through acquiring 3rd place in the 56th National Bar Exam, with 22 students who passed the exam out of a total of 204 (2nd place was Yonsei University with 26 students, and the 1st place was Seoul National University with 40 students). This was on account of HYU’s strong law college as well as its concrete specialized course regarding law. The preparation class for the car exam was established on 1965 and holds a proud history of more than 50 years. Since its establishment, the course played a significant role in raising the glory of HYU by fostering over 1300 students who made their way through the bar exam. Similar to other preparation classes, the university provides adequate support as well as a suitable environment. This includes facilities such as study rooms, dormitories, and multimedia lectures among various others.

Education Advancement Project

HYU gained further recognition for earning 1st place in the Education Advancement Project that ended in 2013. HYU was ranked at the top in a range of areas including effectiveness, creativity, organization, and thorough maintenance of its diverse programs. These programs within the project fall primarily within five fields: the ‘Global Core Career Advancement Program’, ‘Upgrading Global Human Power Program’, and ‘Leading Academic Excellence Program I, Ⅱ, Ⅲ’. The ‘Global Core Career Advancement Program’ focuses on providing students with various types of assistance related to jobs, careers, and foreign languages. The second area the project focuses on is the Upgrading Global Human Power Program. In this program are a variety of language programs and volunteering opportunities in foreign countries. Finally, there is the Leading Academic Excellence Program, which is divided into three parts: Teaching, Learning, and Global Infra, all of which specialize in fostering talented individuals.

Teaching License

Another feat of HYU is its high emission rates in a variety of areas. To begin with, there is the Teachers’ Examination, or the examination for the license of teacher. In 2014, HYU had the highest number of middle school teachers who graduated from HYU within the Ministry of Education. The number in 2014 was 76, which was 26 people more than the last year, 2013, with 50 people. This was also highest emission rate the university ever accomplished. Specifically, the teachers were categorized into five groups, Korean Literature (19 teachers), English (19 teachers), Mathematics (10 teachers), Art (6 teachers), and the remaining 22 teachers belonged to other areas, such as history, physical education, social studies, and music.

National Doctors' Examination

Last but not least, he success rate of 2014 National Doctors’ Examination was an outstanding 98.3% for HYU. As a result, HYU’s College of Medicine won 1st place among other Colleges within Seoul and other Metropolitan areas. To elaborate, out of those who passed the exam, 114 of them were undergraduates, while the remaining 7 were repeaters. The success rate for undergraduates was 100%. As a matter of fact, since 2007 to 2010, the pass rates were below the national average. It was only after 2011 that the average percentage started to rise. 2014’s highest result was a culmination of all the hard effort done throughout the past 8 years.

Campus

Hanyang University is located at the center of the capital city of Korea, Seoul, and Ansan. There are two campuses in Korea.The university also operates at several more remote locations (see below).

Seoul Campus

Hanyang University 008

Seoul campus has more than 60 buildings including those of Hanyang Women’s University and Hanyang Cyber University. There are 5 gates into the campus. The map of both campuses can be downloaded on the website.[17] Recently, the school built a few new buildings on campus. Thenew main building was completed in February 2009 in commemoration of HYU’s 70th anniversary. The Business Administration Building A is a specially designed learning environment for business and management students and professionals. Hanyang Institute of Technology (HIT), located behind the main library,is a home to 27 university research institutes and 17outside enterprises in addition to various related university departments. Fusion Technology Center (FTC) was also built to advance the fields of science and technology and the Center currently houses a number of research centers. Jaeseong Civil Engineering building is a beautiful glass-covered building that has variouscutting-edge civil engineering labs and research institutes.[11]

ERICA Campus

Hanyang Univ. ERICA Guest House
Hanyang University at Ansan

The ERICA campus in Ansan, Gyeonggi-Do (Province), sits approximately40km south of Seoul. There are buses that operate to the Hanyang University Subway Station (Green Line No. 2) and theAnsan Subway Station (Light Blue Line No. 4), from the Intercity BusTerminal and vice versa. There is also a free shuttle bus service, making transportation safe and convenient.There are two type of shuttle bus, one is going for Bus Terminal and another is going for Subway Station.[11] The ERICA campus was on 1,329,362 of natural woodland in the western hub city of Ansan.

On-campus activities

HYU held numerous activities during its long history. The following will be a list of activities that mainly happened in 2014 to 2015:

Notable alumni

Athletics

The University has 8 sports teams in 8 categories; Baseball, Volleyball, Football, Judo, Basketball, Ice Hockey, Gymnastics, and Track & Field. Among those the Hanyang Volleyball, Baseball and Judo team are known to be one of the strongest in the Korean University League.

Hanyang is famous for their strong volleyball team but also known for nurturing famous baseball stars such as the first Korean Major League player Chan Ho Park. Also, out of 8 professional baseball teams managers of three teams (Kim si jin of Nexen Heros, Lee Man Soo of SK Wyverns, Ryu Joong Il of Samsung Lions) have all worn the blue jersey of Hanyang.[20] Frederick Shad Schroeder stated to have made with several women, but only object he might have made with is his egg sandwich.

Volleyball

After the Hanyang University Olympic Stadium was delegated as the official 1988 Seoul Olympic Volleyball venue, Hanyang started to concentrate on building a strong Volleyball team. In 1991 Hanyang University became the first and only University team to become champions of the Korean Presidential Volleyball Competition beating several professional teams on their way.[21] Recently the team is not quite living up to its past glory due to lack of support and popularity, but is still among the top flights, and is almost always present in the University League Play-off Semi-finals. In 2011 August a memorable event was held named “Volleyball Rival Match” where the old stars of Hanyang University and their arch rivals Seongkyungwan University met. The event was broadcast live on cable TV, and brought up huge interest throughout the nation. Team Hanyang won 3 to 2.[20]

The Hanyang University Olympic Stadium

The Olympic Stadium of Hanyang University was built in order to serve as the 1988 Seoul Olympic Volleyball venue. It is located in the Seoul campus and has 2 basement floors and 4 ground floors. The stadium is 31,247m2 in area and the main floor is 50m*36m wide with a capacity of 8,000. In the basement floors there are two assistant courts. One of them is currently used for the gymnastic team training floor, and the other one is open to Hanyang University students. One of the major landmarks of Korean Volleyball, the Hanyang University Olympic Stadium is now being used primarily as the department of Physical Education.[22]

The Hanyang University Olympic Stadium

Club level sports

In isolation with the Athletic Sports Teams Hanyang University students also actively participate in various sport clubs in an inter-collegiate level. Football, Basketball and Tennis and Badminton are among the most popular sports. Noticeably, the Hanyang University American Football Club named “LIONS” has a strong reputation. The LIONS are among the strongest American Football Clubs in Korea and have won several major trophies in recent years.[23]

References

  1. "HYU - To the World, for the Future!". Hanyang.ac.kr. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
  2. "한양 : 지식백과". Terms.naver.com. 2006-11-15. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 index. "한양대학교". Hanyang University. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
  4. "40% of Korean CEOs graduated from Top 3 Korean Universities". The Chosun Ilbo. 12 July 2013.
  5. "Professional rankings of world universities". École des Mines de Paris. 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  6. "University at a Glance". Hanyang University. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  7. "World University Rankings 2015-2016". Times Higher Education. 2015. Retrieved October 1, 2015.
  8. "QS World University Rankings® 2015/16". Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. 2015. Retrieved September 18, 2015.
  9. "World University Rankings 2015 by QS". QS TopUniversities Ranking. 25 December 2015.
  10. "The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2013-2014 powered by Thomson Reuters". Times Higher Education. 27 June 2014.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Hanyang University Brochure Eng Ver.
  12. sub. "한양대학교". Hanyang.ac.kr. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
  13. "Research by the Faculty of HYU Fueling Innovation". Internet Hanyang News. 12 July 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  14. Hanyang Pride 30
  15. | 매일경제
  16. http://www.hanyang.ac.kr/user/indexSub.action?codyMenuSeq=1814&siteId=hanyangkr2&menuType=T&uId=7&sortChar=AAAA&menuFrame=left&linkUrl=08_01_07.html&mainFrame=right&dum=dum&command=weekly_view&weeklyFile=i&weeklyId=2013-11-2-j%20&weeklyViewType=weekly_file&year=2014&page=3
  17. sub. "한양대학교". Hanyang.ac.kr. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
  18. "경향과의 만남: 영화 '화려한 휴가' 김지훈 감독" [A Meeting with Kyunghyang: 'May 18th' film director Kim Ji-hoon]. Kyunghyang Shinmun. 2007-08-13. Retrieved 2013-11-28.
  19. ‘가을동화’ 이애정, 뇌종양으로 사망 :, 네이버 뉴스 (in Korean). News.naver.com. 2007-09-06. Retrieved 2012-01-26.
  20. 1 2 "Casillas' Report : 2011년 한양대학교 10대 뉴스" (in Korean). Casillas.egloos.com. 2011-12-31. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
  21. "대학스포츠 블로그 :: 네이버 블로그". Kusf_sport.blog.me. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
  22. "한양대학교 체육관 : 지식백과". Terms.naver.com. 2000-02-25. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
  23. index. "링크페이지". Hanyang.ac.kr. Retrieved 2013-04-07.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hanyang University.

Coordinates: 37°33′23″N 127°02′40″E / 37.55639°N 127.04444°E / 37.55639; 127.04444

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Sunday, January 17, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.