Hans Krueger

For other people named Hans Krueger, see Hans Krüger (disambiguation).
Hans Krueger

Hans Krueger in service
Born (1909-07-01)1 July 1909
Posen, German Empire
Died 8 February 1988(1988-02-08) (aged 78)
Wasserburg, FRG
Allegiance Nazi Germany Nazi Germany
Service/branch Schutzstaffel
Years of service until 1945
Rank Hauptsturmführer
Unit Gestapo
Commands held Stanisławów

SS-Hauptsturmführer Hans Krueger (1 July 1909 – 8 February 1988) was a German captain of the Gestapo in occupied Poland during World War II,[1] involved in organizing the string of massacres after the commencement of Operation Barbarossa behind the Curzon Line. His murderous rampage in the General Government territory against the ethnic Poles and the Polish Jews began with the massacre of Lviv professors in July 1941, which was followed by the Czarny Las massacre near Stanisławów (now Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine) in August 1941, as well as the notorious Bloody Sunday massacre of 10,000–12,000 Jews: men, women and children in October 1941, leading to the liquidation of the Stanisławów Ghetto a year later.[2] Krueger (also spelled Krüger) was known as the right man for the job due to his Nazi fanaticism which earned him the seat of a city commandant in 1941 but also his brutality exhibited through hands-on participation in the killings.[3]

Life

Krueger was born in Posen (now Poznań),[3] then part of Prussia within the German Empire. He joined the SA Storm Division in 1929 at the age of twenty. Together with his parents, he fled back to Germany or was expelled from the newly reborn Poland in 1918 (after the Treaty of Versailles), and ever since held a deep-seated hatred for Polish people.[3] Although his training was in agriculture Krueger rose rapidly in the SA ranks thanks to his dedication to Nazism. After the Nazi rise to power in January 1933, Krueger was appointed head of the Oranienburg concentration camp political division and distinguished himself by his ruthlessness. As a member of the SA he was made section head of the labour office in the camp after the Night of the Long Knives in June 1934.[3]

Krueger joined the Gestapo in 1939 after the invasion of Poland and soon relocated to Kraków in the semi-colonial General Government. His long Nazi past helped him acquire a position with the Kommandateur der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD (KdS) as the director of the Sipo-SD School in the resort town of Zakopane,[3] where the Polish Tatra Confederation members were tortured.[4][5] He trained Ukrainian collaborators from Galicia, as future Sipo-SD personnel. Krueger's subsequent advancement came with the attack on the Soviet positions on 22 June 1941, when he joined the Sonderkommando z.b.V. (for special assignments) as deputy to Karl Eberhard Schöngarth. Soon later, he took part in the taking of Lvov and on 12 October 1941 commanded the same men he trained in the virtually unprecedented Bloody Sunday massacre of Polish Jews at Stanislau.[1]

Hans Krueger (sometimes spelled Krüger) is not to be confused with Hans Krüger (1902–1971),[6] an SS judge in occupied western Poland, even though their wartime activities and postwar careers were in many ways similar. The judge Krüger was "the terror of the Konitz prison" (Chojnice) issuing death sentences for the smallest (real or imagined) offenses.[6] The Gestapo Krueger's operations in the south were a whole new ball game by modern standards, defined as crimes against humanity under international law.[1][3]

Murder operations

Krueger became a member of the Einsatzkommando killing squad on 29 June 1941, a week after the attack on the Soviet positions in Operation Barbarossa. His Schutzstaffel unit, composed of 150 men, was formed by Schöngarth himself, head of the Security Police in occupied Kraków. Hans Krueger was one of the highest ranking functionaries among them. He arrived at Lemberg (Polish: Lwów) on 2 July 1941 with his motorized detachment,[2] welcomed by the Ukrainian guides and interpreters from OUN who prepared the list of prominent targets for them.[7] Schöngarth and Krueger did not waste any time and two days later murdered forty university professors at the secluded Wzgórza Wuleckie hills.[7]

The Nazi takeover of Stanisławów on 26 July 1941 during Operation Barbarossa

The killings continued. Appointed Chief of the local Gestapo Office in Stanisławów,[3] Krueger organized the execution of six hundred intellectuals on 2 August 1941 only one day after his arrival there. The same grave site in the forest called Czarny Las near Pawełcze village (Pawelce),[8][9] was used on 15 August in the Black Forest (Czarny Las) massacre of 200–300 prisoners, mostly teachers, civil servants and professors transported out of Gestapo jail in covered lorries by SIPO.[9] On 6 October 1941 in nearby Nadworna some 2,000 Jews: men, women and children were murdered on Krueger's orders,[2] marking the beginning of the Final Solution in the General Government months before the Wannsee Conference near Berlin put it in motion in 1942.[10] One week later, on 12 October 1941 with the aid of the Orpo Reserve Police Battalion 133 from Lemberg and the Ukrainian Auxiliary Police, Krueger organized the Bloody Sunday massacre of 10,000–12,000 Jews in Stanisławów, whereas almost the entire Jewish population of the city was brought into a Jewish cemetery and shot continuously until after dark. Krueger took part in the killings.[2][11] "Over the span of sixteen months (wrote historian Dieter Pohl), this small police station – its staff at times numbering only twenty-five – organized and implemented the shooting of some 70,000 Jews and the deportation of another 12,000 to death camps. Acts of such monstrous proportions are generally associated only with the large SS killing squads."[2] The atrocities committed on his orders constituted the beginning of the Holocaust by bullet on the Eastern Front.[3][12]

Postwar career

Krueger was picked up in the Netherlands at the end of World War II and held in custody, but lied about his past and was released by the Dutch in November 1948 for lack of evidence. He settled in West Germany and made a living as a traveling salesman before starting his own firm.[2] He claimed to be an antifascist, and entered politics. At this point, the two careers of Hauptsturmführer Krueger (or Krüger) from Gestapo born in 1909, and Oberamtsrichter Hans Krüger of CDU born in 1902,[13] began to overlap.[14]

In the 1950s, Krueger requested a position of a civil servant. His application was turned down by the German internal security agency. He began a career in party politics, and served as managing director of the FVP Party for the Muenster district. In 1949–56, he was a chairman of the Association of Germans from Berlin and Brandenburg. Krueger ran in the North Rhine-Westphalia State Assembly elections for the League of Eastern Expellees.[2] However, his war crimes caught up with him. Due in part to his life in the public eye, he was questioned by the authorities. Six years later, in October 1965 a formal indictment against Krüger was issued by the Dortmund State Prosecutor's Office.[11] In 1967 he was put on trial. Krueger admitted that he served as the Gestapo Chief in Stanisławów assuming correctly that no Jewish victims were left alive to confront him, until the Polish Countess Karolina Lanckorońska appeared at his trial, tortured by Gestapo at his headquarters, but spared execution thanks to family ransom.[15] Krueger's trial lasted for two years during which he sparked outrage for his anti-Semitic outbursts.[11] He was found guilty of multiple crimes and sentenced to life in prison.[2] Krueger was never tried for the massacre of Lviv professors which took place elsewhere. Poland's official request for a separate trial was denied by the German prosecution on the grounds that Krueger already received a life sentence and no extension was possible. He was released from prison in 1986 and died two years later as a free man, aged 78.[3]

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 O'Neil, Robin (2011). "SS Captain Hans Krueger (3)". The Rabka Four. Instruments of Genocide and Grand Larceny. A Warning from History. JewishGen. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Dieter Pohl. Hans Krueger and the Murder of the Jews in the Stanislawow Region (Galicia) (PDF file, direct download). Yad Vashem Studies 26 (1997), current document. pp. 12/13, 17/18, 20/21. It is impossible to determine what Krueger's exact responsibility was in connection with "Bloody Sunday" [massacre of 12 October 1941]. It is clear that a massacre of such proportions under German civil administration was virtually unprecedented.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Jonathan Korowicz (June 19, 2012). "Hans Krueger". The Professors of Lwów. City of Lions. A Journey through History in Search of a Vanished Family. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
  4. ↑ Polska Agencja Prasowa. ""Palace" – wystawiony na sprzedaż. Pojawił się pomysł, by Katownię Podhala kupiły podhalańskie samorządy". Grupa Medio. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  5. ↑ Marek Lubaś-Harny (September 15, 2009). "Byłem kronikarzem Ognia". GazetaKrakowska.pl. pp. 1 of 5. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  6. 1 2 Albert Norden, "Krüger, Hans: Ein Blutrichter Hitlers." Braunbuch. War and Nazi Criminals in the Federal Republic.
  7. 1 2 Józef Krętosz (2012). Likwidacja kadry naukowej Lwowa w lipcu 1941 roku (PDF file, direct download 5.62 MB). Niezwykła więź Kresów Wschodnich i Zachodnich. Ed. by Krystyna Heska-Kwaśniewicz, Alicja Ratuszna & Ewa Żurawska (Uniwersytet Śląski). pp. 13–21. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
  8. ↑ PWL. "Mord w Czarnym Lesie (Murder in the Black Forest)". Województwo Stanisławowskie. Historia. PWL-Społeczna organizacja kresowa. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
  9. 1 2 Tadeusz Kamiński, Adam Rubaszewski, Tajemnica Czarnego Lasu (The Black Forest Secret, book excerpts, Internet Archive). Publisher: Cracovia Leopolis, Kraków 2000 [2002], ISBN 8386505583.
  10. ↑ George Eisen, Tamás Stark (2013). The 1941 Galician Deportation (PDF). Holocaust and Genocide Studies 27, no. 2 (Fall 2013): 207–241 (The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum). pp. 216 (10/35 in PDF). Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  11. 1 2 3 Andrea Löw, USHMM (10 June 2013). "Stanislawów (now Ivano-Frankivsk), Distrikt Galizien 1941–44" (Internet Archive). Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 29 November 2014. From The USHMM Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945.
  12. ↑ Patrick Desbois (October 27, 2008), The Shooting of Jews in Ukraine: Holocaust By Bullets. Museum of Jewish Heritage, New York, NY.
  13. ↑ Munzinger Archiv GmbH (2014). "Hans Krüger. Politiker; CDU". Datenbanken. Munzinger Biographie. p. 1. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
  14. ↑ BdV (20 August 2006). "Hans Krüger, der 1964 BdV-Präsident zurücktreten musste". Pressemitteilungen. Bund der Vertriebenen. Retrieved 12 December 2014. An SS judge in occupied Poland, and President of the Federation of Expellees from 1959 to 1964 from CDU.
  15. ↑ One Woman's War Against the Nazis - Karolina Lanckoronska

References

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