Haldane effect

The Haldane effect is a property of hemoglobin first described by John Scott Haldane. Deoxygenation of the blood increases its ability to carry carbon dioxide; this property is the Haldane effect. Conversely, oxygenated blood has a reduced capacity for carbon dioxide.

Carbamino

Carbon dioxide can bind to amino groups, creating carbamino compounds. Amino groups are available for binding at the N-terminals and at side-chains of arginine and lysine residues in haemoglobin. This forms carbaminohaemoglobin. Carbaminohaemoglobin is the major contributor to the Haldane effect.^[1]

Buffering

Histidine residues in hemoglobin can accept protons and act as buffers. Deoxygenated hemoglobin is a better proton acceptor than the oxygenated form.^[1]

In red blood cells, the enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of dissolved carbon dioxide to carbonic acid, which rapidly dissociates to bicarbonate and a free proton:
CO₂ + H₂O → H₂CO₃ → H⁺ + HCO₃⁻
By Le Chatelier's principle, anything that stabilizes the proton produced will cause the reaction to shift to the right, thus the enhanced affinity of deoxyhemoglobin for protons enhances synthesis of bicarbonate and accordingly increases capacity of deoxygenated blood for carbon dioxide. The majority of carbon dioxide in the blood is in the form of bicarbonate. Only a very small amount is actually dissolved as carbon dioxide, and the remaining amount of carbon dioxide is bound to hemoglobin.

In addition to enhancing removal of carbon dioxide from oxygen-consuming tissues, the Haldane effect promotes dissociation of carbon dioxide from hemoglobin in the presence of oxygen. In the oxygen-rich capillaries of the lung, this property causes the displacement of carbon dioxide to plasma as low-oxygen blood enters the alveolus and is vital for alveolar gas exchange.

The general equation for the Haldane Effect is: H⁺ + HbO₂ ←→ H⁺Hb + O₂; however, this equation is confusing as it reflects primarily the Bohr effect. The significance of this equation lies in realizing that oxygenation of Hb promotes dissociation of H⁺ from Hb, which shifts the bicarbonate buffer equilibrium towards CO₂ formation; therefore, CO₂ is released from RBCs.^[2]

Clinical significance

In patients with lung disease, lungs may not be able to increase alveolar ventilation in the face of increased amounts of dissolved CO₂.

This partially explains the observation that some patients with emphysema might have an increase in P_aCO₂ (partial pressure of arterial dissolved carbon dioxide) following administration of supplemental oxygen even if content of CO₂ stays equal.^[3]

References

1 2 Lumb, AB (2000). Nunn's Applied Respiratory Physiology (5th ed.). Butterworth Heinemann. pp. 227–229. ISBN 0-7506-3107-4.
↑ Siggaard, O; Garby L (1973). "The Bohr Effect and the Haldane Effect". Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 31 (1): 1–8. doi:10.3109/00365517309082411.
↑ Hanson, CW; Marshall BE; Frasch HF; Marshall C (January 1996). "Causes of hypercarbia with oxygen therapy in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease". Critical Care Medicine 24 (1): 23–28. doi:10.1097/00003246-199601000-00007. PMID 8565533.

External links

Physiology: 4/4ch5/s4ch5_31 - Essentials of Human Physiology
Overview at umc.edu
Overview at vcu.edu

Respiratory physiology

Respiration	positive pressure ventilation breath (inhalation exhalation) respiratory rate respirometer pulmonary surfactant compliance elastic recoil hysteresivity airway resistance bronchial hyperresponsiveness bronchoconstriction/Bronchodilatation

Control	pons pneumotaxic center apneustic center medulla dorsal respiratory group ventral respiratory group chemoreceptors central peripheral pulmonary stretch receptors Hering–Breuer reflex

Lung volumes	VC FRC Vt dead space CC PEF calculations respiratory minute volume FEV1/FVC ratio methods of lung testing spirometry body plethysmography peak flow meter nitrogen washout

Circulation	pulmonary circulation hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction pulmonary shunt

Interactions	Perfusion (V) ventilation (V) ventilation/perfusion scan zones of the lung gas exchange pulmonary gas pressures alveolar gas equation alveolar–arterial gradient hemoglobin oxygen–haemoglobin dissociation curve (Oxygen saturation 2,3-BPG Bohr effect Haldane effect) carbonic anhydrase (chloride shift) oxyhemoglobin respiratory quotient arterial blood gas diffusion capacity (DLCO)

Insufficiency	high altitude oxygen toxicity hypoxia

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