Hairy root culture

Hairy root culture, also called transformed root culture, is a type of plant tissue culture that is used to study plant metabolic processes or to produce valuable secondary metabolites or recombinant proteins, often with plant genetic engineering.

A naturally occurring soil bacterium Agrobacterium rhizogenes that contains root-inducing plasmids (also called Ri plasmids) can infect plant roots and cause them to produce a food source for the bacterium, opines, and to grow abnormally.[1] The abnormal roots are particularly easy to culture in artificial media because hormones are not needed,[1] and they are neoplastic, with indefinite growth. The neoplastic roots produced by A. rhizogenes infection have a high growth rate (compared to untransformed adventitious roots), as well as genetic and biochemical stability.

Currently the main constraint for commercial utilization of hairy root culture is the development and up-scaling of appropriate (bioreactors) vessels for the delicate and sensitive hairy roots.[1][2]

So far, the companies based on non-GMO hairy root cultures at an industrial level are a Swiss company called ROOTec bioactives AG in Witterswil (SO) and a Belgian company called Green2Chem. There also is a French company called Root Lines Technology SAS which uses genetically modified Hairy root cultures.

Metabolic studies

Hairy root cultures can be used for phytoremediation, and are particularly valuable for studies of the metabolic processes involved in phytoremediation.[1]

Further applications include detailed studies of fundamental molecular, genetic and biochemical aspects of genetic transformation and of hairy root induction.[3]

Genetically transformed cultures

The Ri plasmids can be engineered to also contain T-DNA, used for genetic transformation (biotransformation) of the plant cells. The resulting genetically transformed root cultures can produce high levels of secondary metabolites, comparable or even higher than those of intact plants.[4]

Use in plant propagation

Hairy root culture can also be used for regeneration of whole plants and for production of artificial seeds.[3]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Shanks JV, Morgan J (April 1999). "Plant 'hairy root' culture". Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 10 (2): 151–5. doi:10.1016/S0958-1669(99)80026-3. PMID 10209145.
  2. ↑ Guillon S, Tremouillaux-Guiller J, Pati PK, Rideau M, Gantet P (2006). "Hairy root research: recent scenario and exciting prospects". Curr Opin Plant Biol 9: 341–346. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2006.03.008. PMID 16616871.
  3. 1 2 Georgiev M, Ludwig-Müller J, Bley Th (2010). "Hairy root culture: Copying Nature in New Bioprocesses (chapter 10)". In R Arora (ed.). Medicinal Plant Biotechnology. Delhi: The Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Applied Sciences. ISBN 978-1-84593-678-5.
  4. ↑ Georgiev M, Pavlov A, Bley Th (2007). "Hairy root type plant in vitro systems as sources of bioactive substances". Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 74 (6): 1175–1185. doi:10.1007/s00253-007-0856-5. PMID 17294182.
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