Hồng Bàng dynasty

Hồng Bàng Period → Hồng Bàng Dynasty
Hồng Bàng
Confederacy, Kingdom
← c. 2879–258 BC →
Map of Văn Lang in 500 BC.
Capital		Ngàn Hống (c. 2879 BC – ?) Nghĩa Lĩnh (29th c. BC) Phong Châu (until 258 BC)
Languages		Proto- to ancient Vietnamese[1]
Government		Chiefdom, Monarchy, Feudalism
Historical era		Ancient history, Bronze Age, Iron Age
•	Establishing of the Xích Quỷ confederacy by Kinh Dương Vương	c. 2879
•	Conquered by Thục Phán	258 BC

The Hồng Bàng period (Vietnamese: thời kỳ Hồng Bàng),^[2] also called the Hồng Bàng dynasty,^[3] was a period in Vietnamese history spanning from the political union in 2879 BC of many tribes of the northern Red River Valley to the conquest by An Dương Vương in 258 BC.^[4]

It began with Kinh Dương Vương as the first Hùng king (Vietnamese: Hùng Vương), a title used in many modern discussions of the ancient Vietnamese rulers of this period.^[5] The Hùng king was the absolute monarch of the country (then known as Xích Quỷ and later Văn Lang) and, at least in theory, wielded complete control of the land and its resources.

The history of the Hồng Bàng epoch occurred in a series of eighteen Hùng king dynasties, divided by cultural periods. The Hùng king period was thriving along with the water-rice civilization in the Red River Delta, throughout most of the Bronze Age. Numerous wars were fought in the late stage of the period.^[6]

Chronology

The history of the Hồng Bàng period is split according to the ruling dynasty of each Hùng king. The dating of events is still a subject of research.^[7] The conservative dates are not supported by any reliable absolute date for a span of about two and a half millennia.^[7] The following is the list including the Bronze Age cultures:^[8]

Origin of name

The Vietnamese name is the reading of Chinese characters "鴻龐" assigned to this dynasty in early Vietnamese-written histories in Chinese. The meaning is a mythical giant bird.^[10]

History

History of Vietnam
2879–258 BC Hồng Bàng dynasty 2879–1913 BC • Early Hồng Bàng 1912–1055 BC • Mid-Hồng Bàng 1054–258 BC • Late Hồng Bàng 257–179 BC Thục dynasty 207–111 BC Triệu dynasty 111 BC–40 AD 1st Chinese domination 40–43 Trưng Sisters 43–544 2nd Chinese domination 544–602 Early Lý dynasty 602–938 3rd Chinese domination 939–967 Ngô dynasty 968–980 Đinh dynasty 980–1009 Early Lê dynasty 1009–1225 Later Lý dynasty 1225–1400 Trần dynasty 1400–1407 Hồ dynasty 1407–1427 4th Chinese domination 1428–1788 Later Lê dynasty 1527–1592 • Mạc dynasty 1545–1787 • Trịnh lords 1558–1777 • Nguyễn lords 1778–1802 Tây Sơn dynasty 1802–1945 Nguyễn dynasty 1858–1945 • French imperialism from 1945 Republic
Further subjects Champa dynasties (192–1832) Historical capitals Prehistoric and ancient cultures List of monarchs Country's names Economic history Military history

Predynastic stage

Vietnam, a country situated along the eastern coast of mainland Southeast Asia, has had a long and turbulent history.^[11] The Vietnamese people represent a fusion of races, languages, and cultures, the elements of which are still being sorted out by ethnologists, linguists, and archaeologists.^[12] The Vietnamese language provides some clues to the cultural mixture of the Vietnamese people.^[12]

The area now known as Vietnam has been inhabited since Paleolithic times, with some archaeological sites in Thanh Hóa Province, reportedly dating back around half a million years ago.^[12] The prehistoric people had lived continuously in local caves since around 6000 BC, until more advanced material cultures developed.^[13] Some caves are known to have been the home of many generations of early humans.^[14] As northern Vietnam was a place with mountains, forests, and rivers, the number of tribes grew between 5000 and 3000 BC.^[15] They were of small, dark-skinned people of Melanesian or Austronesian stock.^[15]

Prior to the beginning of the Hồng Bàng period, the land was settled by autonomous villages. Vietnamese predynastic society was anarchic and did not have any management mechanism. They lived together in groups as tribes. Archaeologists have found many images on the wall of caves which showed the daily living of ancient people. In primitive ages, people lived in matriarchal societies, similar to many others in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands at the time.

The first Hùng king (c. 2879 BC)

During a few thousands years in the Late Stone Age, the inhabitant populations grew and spread to every part of Vietnam. Most ancient peoples were living near the Hồng (Red), Cả and Mã rivers. The Vietnamese tribes were the primary tribes at this time.^[15] Their territory included modern meridional territories of China to the banks of the Hồng River in the northern territory of Vietnam. Centuries of developing a civilization and economy based on the cultivation of irrigated rice encouraged the development of tribal states and communal settlements

A significant political event occurred when Lộc Tục came into power. He consolidated the other tribes and succeeded in grouping all the vassal states (or autonomous communities) within his territory into a unified nation in approximately 2879 BC. Lộc Tục proclaimed himself Kinh Dương Vương and called his newly born nation Xích Quỷ. Lộc Tục inaugurated the earliest monarchical regime as well as the first ruling family by heirdom in Vietnam's history. He is regarded as the ancestor of the Hùng kings, as the founding father of Vietnam, and as a Vietnamese cultural hero who is credited with teaching his people how to cultivate rice.

Early Hồng Bàng (c. 2879 – c. 1913 BC)

As rule was passed to the Hùng king's male heirs, Kinh Dương Vương was succeeded by his son Lạc Long Quân, who founded the second dynasty of Hùng kings in c. 2793 BC.

Starting from the third Hùng dynasty since c. 2524 BC, the kingdom was renamed Văn Lang, and the capital was set up at Phong Châu (in modern Việt Trì, Phú Thọ) at the juncture of three rivers where the Red River Delta begins from the foot of the mountains.

The evidence that the Vietnamese knew how to calculate the lunar calendar by carving on stones dates back to 2200–2000 BC. Parallel lines were carved on the stone tools as a counting instrument involving the lunar calendar.^[13]

The process of making silk has had been known by the Vietnamese since 2000 BC.^[16]

Middle Hồng Bàng (c. 1912 – c. 1055 BC)

By 1500 BC, the coastal residents developed a sophisticated agricultural society.^[17]

Late Hồng Bàng (c. 1054 – c. 258 BC)

The tidal irrigation of rice fields through an elaborate system of canals and dikes started by the sixth century BC. The Hùng ruler of the Eighteenth Dynasty led the armies to conquer what is modern-day Nghệ An and Hà Tĩnh Provinces.^[8] A rival people, the proto-Cham people based in modern-day Quảng Bình Province, resisted and a clash between the two sides was inevitable.^[8] The Hùng forces defeated the proto-Chams, annexing the land.^[8]

The Hồng Bàng epoch ended in the middle of the third century BC on the advent of the military leader Thục Phán's conquest of Văn Lang, dethroning the last Hùng king.

Final moments (c. 258 BC)

Thục Phán (An Dương Vương), the ruler of the neighboring upland Âu Việt tribes, overthrew the last Hùng king in c. 258 BC. After conquering Văn Lang, Thục Phán united the Lạc Việt tribes with the Âu Việt ones to form a new kingdom of Âu Lạc, building his capital and citadel, Cổ Loa Citadel in Hanoi's Dong Anh district.^[18]

Continued influence

The Lạc lords maintained their feudal influence long after demise of the Hồng Bàng era. These feudal lords faded into history only after the defeat of the Trưng Sisters in mid 1st-century AD.

Government and economy

Organization

The first Hùng King established the first Vietnamese state in response to the needs of co-operation in constructing hydraulic systems and in struggles against their enemies. This was a very primitive form of a sovereign state with the Hùng king on top and under him a court consisted of advisors - the lạc hầu.^[19] The country was composed of fifteen bộ "regions", each ruled by a lạc tướng;^[19] usually the lạc tướng was a member of the Hùng kings' family. Bộ comprised the agricultural hamlets and villages based on a matriarchal clan relationship and headed by a bộ chính, usually a male tribal elder.^[19]

The eastern border of the country was the Pacific Ocean. Originally, the northern border stretched to the southern part of present-day Hunan, and the southern border stretched to the Cả River, including parts of modern Guangxi, Guangdong and Northern Vietnam.^[19] Faced with China's southward expansions, beginning in the early first millennium BC, Văn Lang gradually lost its northern territory; and by around 500 BC, its northern border was equivalent to that of the modern Vietnam state.^[8] However, simultaneously, the Hùng kings sought to expand Văn Lang's borders southward. During the last (Eighteenth) dynasty of Hùng kings, the southern border extended to northern parts of modern-day Quảng Bình Province.^[8]

Agriculture

The economy was based mainly on rice paddy cultivation, and also included handicrafts, hunting and gathering, husbandry and fishing. Especially, the skill of bronze casting was at a high level. The most famous relics are Đông Sơn Bronze Drums on which are depicted houses, clothing, customs, habits, and cultural activities of the Hùng era.

The Hùng Vươngs ruled Văn Lang in feudal fashion with the aid of the Lạc Tướng, who controlled the communal settlements around each irrigated area, organized construction and maintenance of the dikes, and regulated the supply of water. Besides cultivating rice, the people of Văn Lang grew other grains and beans and raised stock, mainly buffaloes, chickens, and pigs. Pottery-making and bamboo-working were highly developed crafts, as were basketry, leather-working, and the weaving of hemp, jute, and silk. Both transport and communication were provided by dugout canoes, which plied the network of rivers and canals.

Culture

Art

Pottery

The period between the end of the third millennium and the middle of the first millennium BC produced increasingly sophisticated pottery of the pre-Dong Son cultures of northern Viet Nam and the pre-Sa Huỳnh cultures of southern Vietnam. This period saw the appearance of wheel-made pottery, although the use of the paddle and anvil remained significant in manufacture.^[20] Vessel surfaces are usually smooth, often polished, and red slipping is common. Cord-marking is present in all cultures and forms a fairly high percentage of sherdage. Complex incised decoration also developed with rich ornamental designs, and it is on the basis of incised decoration that Vietnamese archaeologists distinguish the different cultures and phases one from another.

The pottery from the successive cultural developments in the Red River Valley is the most well known. Vietnamese archaeologists here discern three pre-Dong Son cultures: Phùng Nguyên, Đồng Đậu, and Gò Mun. The pottery of these three cultures, despite the use of different decorative styles, has features that suggest a continuity of cultural development in the Red River Valley. In the Ma River Valley in Thanh Hóa Province, Vietnamese archaeologists also recognize three pre-Dong Son periods of cultural development: Con Chan Tien, Dong Khoi (Bai Man) and Quy Chu. In the areas stretching from the Red to the Cả River valleys, all the local cultures eventually developed into the Đông Sơn culture, which expanded over an area much larger than that of any previous culture and Vietnamese archaeologists believe that it had multiple regional sources. For instance, while Đông Sơn bronzes are much the same in different regions of northern Viet Nam, the regional characters of the pottery are fairly marked. On the whole, Đông Sơn pottery has a high firing temperature and is varied in form, but decorative patterns are much reduced in comparison with preceding periods, and consist mainly of impressions from cord-wrapped or carved paddles. Incised decoration is virtually absent.

Late ancient Vietnamese pottery bears many features akin to those of other pottery complexes in Mainland and Maritime Southeast Asia. For instance, the decorative style peculiar to the Phung Nguyen pottery (small regular punctations impressed by combs or roulettes within incised lines) also appears at the site of Gua Cha, Kelantan, in Peninsular Malaysia^[21] and at Samrong Sen in Cambodia.^[22] A number of vessels from Non Nok Tha in Thailand are also close to the Phung Nguyen pottery in decorative style and motif.^[23] The patterns which occur in other pottery complexes in Viet Nam, such as Go Mun, Hoa Loc, and early Dong Nai, are also paralleled in other Southeast Asian sites including Samrong Sen, Mlu Prei and Laang Spean in Cambodia,^[24] Kalumpang in Sulawesi,^[25] and Tres Reyes and Batungan in the Philippines.^[26] In terms of vessel shape there are also similarities between late ancient Vietnamese wares and other pottery complexes in Southeast Asia.^[27]

Demographics

Ethnic minorities

Contemporary Vietnamese historians have established the existence of various ethnic minorities now living in the highlands of North and Central Vietnam during the early phase of the Hồng Bàng Dynasty.^[28]

Technology

Bronze tools

Image on the Ngoc Lu bronze drum's surface

By about 1200 BC., the development of wet-rice cultivation and bronze casting in the Mã River and Red River plains led to the development of the Đông Sơn culture, notable for its elaborate bronze drums. The bronze weapons, tools, and drums of Đông Sơn sites show a Southeast Asian influence that indicates an indigenous origin for the bronze-casting technology. Many small, ancient copper mine sites have been found in northern Vietnam. Some of the similarities between the Đông Sơn sites and other Southeast Asian sites include the presence of boat-shaped coffins and burial jars, stilt dwellings, and evidence of the customs of betel-nut-chewing and teeth-blackening.

Canals and dikes

An important advancement occurred by the 6th century BC: the irrigation of rice fields (lac dien) through an elaborate system of canals and dikes. This type of sophisticated farming system would come to define Vietnamese society. It required tight-knit village communities to collectively manage their irrigation systems. These systems in turn produced crop yields that could sustain much higher population densities than competing methods of food production.^[29]

Relics remain

Due to the limit of written records, verifiable historical information on the history of the Hồng Bàng Dynasty largely comes from archaeological evidence – vestiges such as the Hùng kings' Temple in Phú Thọ, the agricultural implements made of stone discovered in Sơn Tây, Vĩnh Yên, Bắc Giang – as well as a considerable number of legends.

Notes

References

• Bayard, D. T. 1977. Phu Wiang pottery and the prehistory of Northeastern Thailand. MQRSEA 3:57-102.
• Dror, Olga (2007). Cult, Culture, and Authority: Princess Liẽu Hạnh in Vietnamese.
• Heekeren, H. R. van. 1972. The Stone Age of Indonesia. The Hague: Nijhoff.
• Hoang Xuan Chinh and Bui Van Tien 1980. The Dongson Culture and Cultural Centers in the Metal Age in Vietnam
• Lamb, David. Vietnam, Now: A Reporter Returns. PublicAffairs, 2008.
• Lévy, P. 1943. Recherches préhistoriques dans la région de Mlu Prei. PEFEO 30.
• Mourer, R. 1977. Laang Spean and the prehistory of Cambodia. MQRSEA 3:29-56.
• Ngô Văn Thạo (2005). Sổ tay báo cáo viên năm 2005. Hà Nội: Ban tư tưởng - văn hóa trung ương, Trung tâm thông tin công tác tư tưởng, 2005. 495 p. : col. ill. ; 21 cm.
• Peacock, B. A. V. 1959. A short description of Malayan prehistoric pottery. AP 3 (2): 121-156.
• Pelley, Patricia M. Postcolonial Vietnam: New Histories of the National Past 2002.
• Phan Huy Lê, Trần Quốc Vượng, Hà Văn Tấn, Lương Ninh (1991), Lịch sử Việt Nam, volume 1.
• Sieveking, G. de G. 1954. Excavations at Gua Cha, Kelantan, 1954 (Part 1). FMJ I and II:75-138.
• Solheim II, W. G.
  • 1959. Further notes on the Kalanay pottery complex in the Philippines. AP 3 (2): 157-166.
  • 1964. The Archaeology of Central Philippines: A Study Chiefly of the Iron Age and its Relationships. Manila: Monograph of the National Institute of Science and Technology No. 10.
  • 1968. The Batungan Cave sites, Masbate, Philippines, in Anthropology at the Eight Pacific Science Congress: 21-62, ed. W. G. Solheim II. Honolulu: Asian and Pacific Archaeology Series No. 2, Social Science Research Institute, University of Hawaii.
  • 1970a. Prehistoric archaeology in eastern Mainland Southeast Asia and the Philippines. AP 13:47-58.
  • 1970b. Northern Thailand, Southeast Asia, and world prehistory. AP 13:145-162.
• Tăng Dực Đào (1994). On the struggle for democracy in Vietnam.
• Tucker, Spencer C. Oxford Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War (hardback edition).
• Vuong Quan Hoang and Tran Tri Dung. Vietnam Entrepreneurial Cultures, The IUP J. Entrepreneurship Development, Vol. VI, No. 3&4, 2009.
• Zinoman, Peter (2001). The Colonial Bastille: A History of Imprisonment in Vietnam, 1862-1940. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520224124.

External links

• "Đồ đồng cổ Đông Sơn" [Đông Sơn ancient bronze tools] (in Vietnamese). 
• "Ánh sáng mới trên một quá khứ lãng quên" [New Light on a Forgotten Past] (in Vietnamese).