Seoul Capital Area

Seoul Capital Area 수도권
Country	South Korea
Major Cities	Seoul Special City Incheon Metropolitan City Suwon Ansan Anyang Goyang Seongnam Bucheon Yongin
Population (1 November 2010)
• Metro[1]	25,620,000
• Percentage of South Korea’s total population	49%
	SMA = Seoul (10.5 mil.) + Incheon (2.8 mil.) + Gyeonggi (11.3 mil.)

The Seoul Capital Area (SCA) is the metropolitan area of Seoul located in the north-west of South Korea. It is referred to as Sudogwon (Hangul: 수도권; hanja: 首都圈; RR: Sudogwon; MR: Sudokwŏn, [sʰudoɡwʌn]) or Gyeonggi region (Hangul: 경기 지방; hanja: 京畿地方; RR: Gyeonggi Jibang; MR: Kyŏnggi Jibang) in Korean, and contains three different administrative districts; Incheon, Seoul and Gyeonggi-do.

The Seoul Capital Area has a population of 25.6 million (as of 2012) and is ranked as the second largest metropolitan area in the world. Its area is about 11,704 km². It forms the cultural, commercial, financial, industrial, and residential center of South Korea. The largest city is Seoul, with a population of approximately 10.49 million people, followed by Incheon, with 2.8 million.

Geography and climate

The Capital Area occupies a plain in the Han River valley. It contains some of the most fertile land on the Korean peninsula, although relatively little of it is now used for agriculture. The Gimpo Plain, one of the country's larger expanses of level arable land, covers much of the area of the cities of Gimpo and Bucheon.

History

Satellite image of Seoul and greater area

The Capital Area has been home to a Korean capital for around 2,000 years. Its central location and relatively gentle landscape have given it a central role in the country's affairs.

The first capital to be constructed in the region was that of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. The country's first capital was built in 19 BC and was named Wiryeseong. This is believed to have been constructed near the modern-day boundary of Seoul and Gwangju City. However, Baekje was unable to hold this territory, and surrendered the Han River valley to Goguryeo in the 5th century. The land was then taken over by Silla in the 6th century, at which point it came to play a critical role in helping Silla to establish ties with China.

After the fall of Silla, Taejo of Goryeo established the capital of his kingdom in Kaesŏng, now just north of the Demilitarized Zone. During the Mongol invasions of Korea in the 12th century, the seat of government briefly shifted to Ganghwa Island, now just south of the DMZ in Incheon metropolitan city, where the Mongol naval attacks were repelled for about a decade before the king voluntarily surrendered to stop the carnage the Mongols committed in the peninsula, in order to lure the king out.

After the fall of Goryeo Dynasty in 1392, the newly founded Joeson Dynasty had its capital (then called Hanseong or Hanyang), less than 100 km south of the old dynasty's capital, Kaesŏng. Hanyang was chosen to be the new capital for mountains surrounding it making it safe from enemies, and for the Han River, separating the north and south parts of the city that let the trade business flourish. During the new dynasty's rule, extensive road systems, administrative buildings, royal palaces, and new ports were built, quickly attracting wealth from all over the kingdom. During the Korean Empire period, Hanseong's public transportation was improved with the installation of streetcars and manually drawn trolleys similar to taxis. Horse carriage systems similar to the ones in Europe were also established.

Following the Japanese annexation of Korea in 1910, Hanseong was renamed Keijo (Gyeongseong) and served as colonial Korea's capital. Upon Korea's liberation from Japan in 1945, the former colonial capital was renamed Seoul and became capital of South Korea.

In the Korean War (1950–1953), the Capital Area became the focus of battles so destructive that most of Seoul and the surrounding regions were eradicated. Seoul was especially hit hard, since it exchanged hands four times during the course of the war.

During the latter half of the 20th century, the Capital Area began to rapidly develop as South Korea's economic wealth expanded. Population expanded fourfold since the Korean War. In 2001, the new Incheon International Airport took over all international flights to Seoul.

Demographics

Covering only about 12% of the country's area, the Seoul Capital Area is home to more than 48.2% of the national population, and is the world's third largest urban area. This percentage has risen steadily since the mid-20th century, and the trend is expected to continue. Currently more than half of the people who move from one region to another are moving to the capital area. By 2020, it is projected that more than 52% of South Korea's population will live within the area, or 26,310,000 people. However, the Seoul Capital Area reached 25,620,000 people by 2015, bringing the chance of reaching a population of 26.31 Million in less than 5 years.

Government

Various agencies have been set up to deal with the intergovernmental problems of the region. Proposals for consolidating some or all of the cities of the capital area into a handful of metropolitan cities have thus far not been implemented.

Development in the area is currently governed by the Capital Region Readjustment Planning Act (수도권정비계획법), first passed in 1982 and last revised in 1996.

Subdivisions

The Seoul Capital Area is divided among the special city of Seoul, the metropolitan city of Incheon, and province of Gyeonggi-do. Seoul has 25 gu (local government wards), Incheon has 8 gu and 2 counties, and Gyeonggi-do has 27 cities and 4 counties as the subdivisions.

Suwon

Bundang, Seongnam

Anyang, Gyeonggi

Seoul

The 25 districts of Seoul.

Incheon

The 8 districts and 2 counties of Incheon.

Gyeonggi-do

27 cities and 4 counties of Gyeonggi-do. Below are seven of the largest cities containing multiple administrative districts, sorted by their population size:

Anyang

The 2 gu of Anyang (안양; 安養).

• Dongan-gu (동안구; 東安區)
• Manan-gu (만안구; 萬安區)

Transportation

Incheon International airport

Seoul Metropolitan subway, Line 3

Map of Seoul Ring Expressway

The cities of the capital area are tightly interconnected by road and rail. Many of the country's railroad lines, most notably the Gyeongbu Line, terminate in the region. In addition, the needs for commuter rail are served by the Seoul Metropolitan Subway, which passes through Seoul, Incheon, and most of the outlying cities.

The region is a nexus for travel by air and water. The country's two largest airports, Incheon International Airport and Gimpo Airport, are in the metropolitan area. International and domestic ferries depart from Incheon's ferry terminals several times a day. Massive volumes of international freight pass through the container terminals of Incheon (primarily bound to and from China).

Seoul Ring Expressway (Expressway No. 100) connects satellite cities around Seoul: Ilsan, Toegyewon, Hanam, Pyeongchon, Songnae, Bundang, Pangyo and Gimpo.

See also

• Geography of South Korea
• Demographics of South Korea
• Capital Region
• List of metropolitan areas by population
• List of metropolitan areas in Asia by population
• Subdivisions of South Korea
• List of Korea-related topics
• Seoul Ring Expressway

Notes

1. ^ Korea National Statistical Office (2008-07-22). "e나라지표:수도권 인구 집중 현황" (in Korean).  CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
2. ^ Ryu Boseon (류보선) (2005-08-23). 수도권 인구 편중현상 계속 (in Korean). Korea National Statistical Office (KNSO) News.  CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
3. ^ Hong, Yong-deok (홍용덕) (2005-06-01). 각종 분산정책 불구하고 수도권은 ‘인구 블랙홀’ (in Korean). The Hankyoreh.  CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)

External links

• Official website of Seoul Metropolitan government
• Metropolitan Air Quality Management Office, in Korean
• Capital Region Development Institute, in Korean
• Chosun Ilbo metro news, in Korean

Regions and administrative divisions of South Korea Region Capital area/Sudogwon Gwandong Yeongdong Yeongseo Hoseo Daejeon-Sejong-Chungnam Chungbuk Honam Jeju Yeongnam Daegu-Gyeongbuk Busan-Ulsan-Gyeongnam Southeastern MIR Province North Chungcheong South Chungcheong Gangwon Gyeonggi North Gyeongsang South Gyeongsang North Jeolla South Jeolla Special self-governing province Jeju Special city Seoul Metropolitan autonomous city Sejong Metropolitan city Busan Daegu Daejeon Gwangju Incheon Ulsan The Committee for the Five Northern Korean Provinces North Hamgyeong South Hamgyeong Hwanghae North Pyeongan South Pyeongan