The City on the Edge of Forever

For the South Park episode, see City on the Edge of Forever.
"The City on the Edge of Forever"
Star Trek: The Original Series episode

The Enterprise crew encounters the Guardian of Forever.
Episode no. Season 1
Episode 28
Directed by Joseph Pevney
Written by Harlan Ellison
Featured music Fred Steiner (original)
Cinematography by Jerry Finnerman
Production code 028
Original air date April 6, 1967 (1967-04-06)
Guest actors

"The City on the Edge of Forever" is the penultimate episode of the first season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek. It is episode #28, production #28, first broadcast on April 6, 1967. It was repeated on August 31, 1967 and marked the last time that NBC telecast an episode of the series on Thursday nights. It was one of the most critically acclaimed episodes of the series and was awarded the 1968 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation. The only other episode with such an honor is the two-part episode "The Menagerie". The teleplay is credited to Harlan Ellison, but was also largely rewritten by several authors before filming. The filming was directed by Joseph Pevney. Joan Collins guest starred as Edith Keeler.

This episode involves the crew of the starship USS Enterprise discovering a portal through space and time, which leads to Dr. McCoy accidentally altering history.

Plot

Stardate: Unknown. While the Federation starship USS Enterprise is investigating temporal disturbances from a nearby planet, Lt. Sulu is injured in an explosion. Chief Medical Officer Dr. McCoy gives him a shot of cordrazine and accidentally injects himself with an overdose when the ship is shaken by a time distortion. Delusional, he flees from the Bridge and to the Transporter Room, beaming himself down to the planet.

Captain Kirk beams down with a landing party to look for McCoy and finds the source of the time distortions, an ancient glowing ring with an aperture the height of a human. The "Guardian of Forever" explains that he is a doorway to any time and place. While Spock is recording historic portal images, McCoy escapes through it, into the past. Suddenly the landing party loses contact with Enterprise and is informed by the Guardian that the past has been altered. The ship - along with the entire Federation - no longer exists.

Since the timeline must be repaired, the Guardian permits Kirk and Spock to go after McCoy at the same image in time where McCoy entered the timestream. Before they depart, Kirk tells the landing party to enter the portal and make new lives for themselves in the past if he and Spock fail to return. Kirk and Spock arrive in New York City during the 1930s Great Depression. After stealing some clothes in order to blend in, they meet a woman named Edith Keeler (Joan Collins), who runs the 21st Street Mission. They offer to work for her. Spock begins to construct a processor to interface with his tricorder to find out how McCoy altered history.

Because of the way the Guardian presents history, the captain and Mr. Spock had not been able to time their jump precisely; they appeared in New York several weeks before McCoy's arrival. Kirk begins to fall in love with Edith, whom he finds remarkable. She is interested in man's future and the stars. McCoy stumbles into the mission where Edith takes him in, unbeknownst to Kirk. Spock finishes his work and, on reviewing the Guardian's images of the original and altered timelines, discovers Edith was supposed to have died in a traffic accident, which was somehow prevented by McCoy. Instead, Edith lived on to start a pacifist movement which influenced the United States sufficiently to delay its entrance into World War II, thus allowing Nazi Germany enough time to develop an atomic bomb and win the war. Kirk knows that Edith must die in order to undo the damage to the timeline.

Meanwhile, Edith nurses McCoy back to health, and he tells her his story. Though Edith is skeptical, she tells McCoy that he would like her eccentric new boyfriend.

Later, as Kirk and Edith are walking to the movies, Edith mentions Dr. McCoy. Alarmed, Kirk tells Edith to stay there before running to find Spock. The three friends meet in front of the mission. As a curious Edith crosses the street to join them, she steps in front of a fast-moving truck. Instinctively, Kirk reacts, but freezes when Spock stops him. McCoy is restrained by Kirk as Edith is struck and killed. McCoy tells Kirk that he could have saved her. “Do you know what you just did?" he rages. Spock responds quietly, "He knows, Doctor. He knows."

With Edith's death, history returns to its original form. Kirk, Spock and McCoy return to the Guardian's planet where, as far as the rest of the landing party are concerned, the three have only been away for a few minutes. The Guardian then says, "Time has resumed its shape. All is as it was before. Many such journeys are possible. Let me be your gateway." Enterprise contacts the landing party and the traumatized Kirk responds with the instructions, "Let's get the hell out of here."

Production

Original treatments and scripts

In his 1996 book The City on the Edge of Forever, Harlan Ellison provides two treatments, a complete script and a revised first act.[1]

Treatment of March 21, 1966

Lieutenant Richard Beckwith, a drug dealer selling the illegal "Jewels of Sound", kills Lieutenant LeBeque after he threatens to expose Beckwith's activities. This occurs after LeBeque realizes he almost caused a major accident while under the influence of the Jewels. Beckwith's crime is witnessed; he is court-martialled and sentenced to death. The rules also require that he be executed on an uninhabited planet.

The Enterprise locates what seems to be a dead world. Kirk takes Beckwith along with Spock, two other (unnamed) officers and a firing squad of twelve men to the planet's surface. But on the planet they find evidence that there may be inhabitants, which means they cannot dispose of Beckwith there.

Exploring, they encounter the Guardians of Forever, ancient-looking humanoids nine feet tall, who explain that they guard the Time Vortex, a link to the past that can only exist on this one planet. They show Kirk scenes from the past of Earth. They explain that it is possible to go back in time, but that doing so is not wise, because a visitor might change everything. Beckwith overhears and enters the Time Vortex to escape. The Guardians of Forever panic: everything has changed, but they do not know how. They vanish back to their city.

Kirk tries to return to his ship, but finds the effects of the time changes cause the Enterprise to become the Condor, a pirate vessel. They manage to get control of the Transporter Room, and Kirk and Spock return to see if time can be repaired.

Back on the surface, the Guardians tell them that the key change is a woman called Edith Koestler, who is scheduled to be run down and killed by a moving van at a specific time. Beckwith will prevent this. They must stop him doing so.

They go into the vortex and arrive in Chicago, 1930. An old street-vendor sees them arrive and the sight of Spock gives him a heart attack. They are blamed and flee. They also have to adjust their translators — Kirk says he can almost understand 1930s English, but it is as difficult for him as Shakespearian English would be for them.

They adjust and find work. They encounter Edith Koestler and Kirk is drawn to her. In this version, she has an admirable character but is not described as preaching or doing good works, nor is she Sister Edith Koestler. There is no indication as to why her death matters to history.

Beckwith arrives, but they fail to capture him. He in turn hunts them and nearly kills Spock. Finally it comes to the moment when Edith Koestler is due to die. But in this version, Beckwith attempts to save Edith, and Spock must tackle and stop him. Captain Kirk, knowing Edith must die, but wanting her to live, as he has fallen completely in love with her, is frozen in indecision and does nothing. Spock stops Beckwith, lets the woman die and then helps Kirk return with their prisoner.

With the timeline set right, Beckwith attempts to escape through the Time Vortex again, but the Guardians of Forever have set a trap for him: he finds himself in an exploding supernova, and just before he dies a fiery death, is pulled backwards in time and forced to relive his agonizing death again and again for all eternity.

The final scene was a quiet one between Kirk and Spock, where Spock treats his captain compassionately, telling him that "no other woman was ever offered the universe for love". He also addresses him as "Jim"; on all other occasions he remains formal and says "Captain".

Treatment of May 13, 1966

This begins with an explanation by Kirk about how one of the crew can go wrong, even though "we have continuous psych-probes". The initial crime is the same. But Beckwith immediately escapes to the planet's surface, with Captain Kirk, Mr. Spock, Yeoman Rand, and five "Enlisted Crewman" close on his heels.

The planet is the same, and the Guardians of Forever guard the Time Vortex. They still find the Enterprise has become the pirate-ship Condor, but leave Yeoman Rand and the five crew men to guard the transporter. Returning to the surface, Kirk and Spock are given no definite explanation of the key change. The Guardians made riddling statements -- "He will seek that which must die, and give it life. Stop him." And "Blue it will be. Blue as the sky of Old Earth and clear as truth. And the sun will burn on it, and there is the key."

They are taken to New York, 1930. A mob attacks them, identifying them as foreigners responsible for taking jobs from good Americans. They escape and hide in a cellar. The (male) custodian finds them and helps them get work. Spock then encounters Sister Edith Keeler at a street-corner revival, preaching love and hope. She is wearing a blue cape with a sunburst brooch, also her name links to key—she is the one.

The rest of the plot proceeds as in the first treatment.

First draft, June 3, 1966

The plot is the same as in the second Treatment, except that they already know the planet is odd, with clocks running backwards. The landing party consists of Kirk, Spock, Yeoman Rand, and six "Enlisted Crew". They arrive in two shifts, respecting the limit of six transporter pads. Beckwith's escape, the transformation of the Enterprise into the Condor and their return happen as before, and the Guardians give them the same clue.

Initial events in New York are also the same, except that Spock uses his tricorder to try to track down the exact change. It burns out. He then spots Sister Edith Keeler and understands the clue. He then manages to partly repair the tricorder. He also gives the first speculation as to why Sister Edith Keeler needs to die: his first suggestion is that she may give birth to a child who would become a dictator, his second is that perhaps she may keep America out of the coming war for two years longer, allowing Germany to perfect its atomic weapons.

We also encounter an additional character in the person of a legless World War I veteran known as Trooper. They hire him to find Beckwith, which he does. Kirk and Spock try to overpower Beckwith, who fires his phaser at them and kills Trooper. They feel sympathy, but also wonder if he mattered in the time-flow.

As before, Beckwith is about to save Edith, Kirk cannot act but Spock secures him and they return. The Guardian assures them that time has resumed its shape. Spock asks "What of the death of the cripple?" and is told "He was negligible".

As before, it ends with a conversation in which Spock addresses Kirk as Jim. This time he comments that Spock has never previously called him anything but Captain. Kirk also notes that Beckwith, though an amoral killer, was still willing to try to save the woman at the risk of his own life. He sees it as a sign of hope, "The worst among us does the great thing".

Second revised final draft, December 1, 1966

Dr. McCoy is bitten by a toxic animal (that is inexplicably growing younger as they approach an unexplored planet), which causes him to go insane and beam down to the planet. He takes over Beckwith's role of changing the past by saving Edith Keeler. The Guardians are changed from humanoids to a single Guardian, described as "a globe of flickering light... like a shimmering handful of fog..." who guards the Time Vortex of the Ancients.

Steven W. Carabatsos rewrite

In October 1966, Carabatsos rewrote the script, introducing such changes as having Edith Keeler beaten to death by an angry mob. His version was likewise unused.[2]

Later changes

In his adaptation of the story in the book Star Trek 2, James Blish explained to readers that he tried to preserve the best elements of both Ellison's original script and the final rewrite. In Blish's version, Kirk allows Edith to die, with the result that Spock tells him, "No other woman was ever almost offered the universe for love."

The closing credits of the episode that was ultimately telecast has Edith Keeler identified as "Sister Edith Keeler". She is running the 21st Street Mission, a name that in that time period would only be used by a religious mission. In one scene, before a speech that is motivational rather than religious in nature, she was seen carrying a Bible.

Controversy

The script was commissioned in early 1966 from Harlan Ellison. Justman's and Solow's book Inside Star Trek recalls that the script was delivered late.[3][4]

The production staff considered Ellison's script to be excellent (though the director Joseph Pevney said, "Harlan had no sense of theater... in the original script's dramatic moments, it missed badly"),[5] but they had several concerns. As originally written, the episode would have been too long for a one-hour show, too expensive to stage, with too many speaking parts and elaborate special effects. Also, several plot elements—such as a member of the crew dealing drugs and Kirk preparing to sacrifice his crew to be with Edith—led the producers to decide that Ellison's teleplay was simply "not Star Trek". Ellison did a number of rewritings himself, delivering his Second Revised Final Draft in December 1966. Gene Roddenberry continued to claim the story was still considered to be too expensive to shoot as written, and instead it was rewritten internally, by a sequence of editors including Steven W. Carabatsos, Gene L. Coon, D. C. Fontana, and Roddenberry himself. Ellison was unhappy with the rewrites, and he considered disowning the script by putting his "Cordwainer Bird" pseudonym on it.[4][3]

Part of the reason for this controversy was a subtle but important change in Edith Keeler's character. In the original script she was a social worker with a vague hippie philosophical bent whereas, in the final version, she was changed into an all-out war protester. The version that was telecast in the end carried the implication that, at that point in history, anti-war movements were harmful to the future of humanity. (Kirk: "She was right; peace was the way." Spock: "She was right... but at the wrong time.") When the associate producer Robert Justman was asked if the episode was intended "to have the contemporaneous anti-Vietnam-war movement as a subtext", he replied, "Of course we did".[6] This new thematic element, which may be interpreted as critical of the anti-war movement, ran counter to Ellison's strongly held anti-war views, established in many of his writings. While the idea that Keeler delayed American entry into the Second World War was present in Ellison's original screenplay, it is posited as merely one of several theories on why Edith Keeler must die. In the original screenplay, Kirk and Spock do not know how Keeler's survival will change history.[4]

According to Ellison, Roddenberry later claimed that Ellison's original script had Scotty dealing drugs, but Scotty did not appear at all in that script. Roddenberry later admitted that when he made the comment, he had not read Ellison's draft in years. Ellison set out his side of the story in a 1995 book, The City on the Edge of Forever: The Original Teleplay That Became the Classic Star Trek Episode, containing two drafts of his story outline, his first draft teleplay, with the teaser, and first act of his second revised draft (the latter dated December 1966). In the White Wolf paperback edition of 1996, the book also contains a 75-page memoir introduction, replete with photos of legal documents, letters, etc., bolstering Ellison's version of the story behind rewrites of his script, of duplicitous actions by Gene Roddenberry and his supporters.[4]

Before being reprinted in Ellison's 1996 book, the original script of "The City on the Edge of Forever" had been published in 1976 in "Six Science Fiction Plays", edited by Roger Elwood (ISBN 0-671-48766-3).

Wikinews has related news: Harlan Ellison sues CBS-Paramount, WGA over Star Trek royalties

On March 13, 2009, Ellison filed a lawsuit[7] against CBS Paramount Television, seeking payment of 25% of net receipts from merchandising, publishing, and other income from the episode since 1967; the suit also names the Writers Guild of America for failing repeatedly to act on Ellison's behalf in the matter. On October 22, 2009, the lawsuit was settled with Ellison claiming he was satisfied with the outcome.[8]

Filming of the episode

Filming of this episode began on February 3, 1967, and it finished on February 14, 1967. This episode took seven and one-half days to film, more than was typical for an episode, and—although no financial records are available to back the claim—according to Inside Star Trek, the overall cost totaled $250,000, compared to the weekly average of around $185,000. Further still, according to Ellison's 1995/2014 book publication, The City On the Edge of Forever, a memoir including his original script, detailed notes and records—many visible in photocopies included with the detailed memoir—proves that not only were the budgets for each show fluctuating—from $168,000 for the "Lights of Zetar" to $193,863 for Coon's "Devil in the Dark", it also reiterates that the show which went over budget was the show approved by Rodenberry and crew—not Ellison's original script. That book—digitally published by Open Road and Edgeworks Abbey via Amazon—also provides proof that Gene Roddenberry kept exaggerating the cost of Ellison's episode, as well as the particulars of the original script, with each public speech and appearance he made.[3]

With the exception of some stock footage of New York City used on this episode (in which the Brooklyn Bridge can be seen as well as a street in front of the apartment Kirk and Spock live in), all the exterior shots were filmed on "the back forty", Desilu Studios' film backlot in Culver City, California. Previous episodes that were filmed there were "Miri" and "The Return of the Archons". The 21st Street Mission was part of the Back Forty film set known as "Main Street", and it was referred to originally on The Andy Griffith Show as the Grand Theater. In addition, during the scene in which Kirk and Edith are strolling down the street and discussing the stars, the words "Floyd's Barber Shop" are clearly visible in the window of one of the shops.

Harlan Ellison long maintained that the ancient ruins were the result of someone's misreading his description in the script of the city as "covered with runes."[4] When informed that the word "runes" did not appear in any version of his treatments or script, Ellison responded in Edge Words, the letter column of Star Trek: Harlan Ellison's The City on the Edge of Forever, IDW's comic book adaptation of his original script, by admitting that his memory was faulty, and that he actually told Matt Jefferies that the set should appear "Ancient, incredibly ancient, with runes everywhere..." He surmises that he perhaps slurred the word "runes" and Jefferies misheard him.[9]

Music

In addition to the standard Star Trek themes used in many episodes, this episode has some original music by Fred Steiner. Originally, this episode used music from the popular 1931 song "Goodnight, Sweetheart". This music was included, unaltered, in the first home video release, in both Beta and VHS. When the complete series was released on VHS, the "Goodnight, Sweetheart" portion was replaced by generic music because of copyright issues (J. Peter Robinson composed the replacement music[10]). With the release of the first DVD of the episode, the plan was to again avoid copyrighted music and issue the DVD with a disclaimer on the box, "Some music has been changed for this DVD." However, the original "Goodnight, Sweetheart" portion was erroneously included and Paramount reportedly had to pay royalties. Since the royalties had been paid, all subsequent DVD and Blu-ray releases have included the original "Goodnight, Sweetheart" music.

Reception

The filmed version of "The City on the Edge of Forever" is considered the best episode of the original series by many critics such as Entertainment Weekly.[11] TV Guide ranked it #68 in their 100 Most Memorable Moments in TV History feature in its July 1, 1996 edition, featured ranked it #92 on the 100 greatest TV episodes of all time,[12] and ranked it #80 on its list of "TV's Top 100 Episodes of All Time."[13] IGN ranked it as number one out of their "Top 10 Classic Star Trek Episodes".[14] Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club gave the episode an 'A' rating, describing it as "a justly revered classic".[15]

It is one of the most widely acclaimed episodes of the original series of Star Trek. It was awarded the Hugo Award in 1968 for the "Best Dramatic Presentation" at that year's World Science Fiction Convention. It was twenty-five years before another television program received that honor again, and the next recipient became the episode "The Inner Light" from Star Trek: The Next Generation.

Harlan Ellison's original version of the teleplay won the annual Writers Guild of America Award for best dramatic hour-long script. Gene L. Coon reportedly said at the time: "If Harlan wins, I'm going to die", and that "there are two scripts up tonight for the Writers' Guild Award, and I wrote them both."[16] This quotation is of dubious merit, however, since the WGA rules do not allow production companies to submit scripts, but rather only the credited writers, who may submit whichever draft of their scripts that they may choose.[17] Ellison submitted his original first draft for WGA award consideration, and not any version that had been edited by the Star Trek production staff, so Coon's supposed version of the script was ineligible and never submitted.[18] Gene Roddenberry noted that "many people would get prizes if they wrote scripts that budgeted out to three times the show's cost."[19] In the documentary To Boldly Go... included in the Season 1 DVD set, Leonard Nimoy characterized the episode as a high-water mark in the series, calling it "good tragedy". William Shatner considered it one of his favorite episodes, and it appeared as his "Captain's Pick" in the "Star Trek Fan Collective—Captain's Log (2001)".

Guardian of Forever

Guardian of Forever
Plot element from the Star Trek franchise
First appearance Star Trek: The Original Series
"The City on the Edge of Forever" (1967)
Created by Gene Roddenberry
Genre Science fiction
In-story information
Type Time portal
Function Allows the user to travel through time

Description

The Guardian of Forever, the time portal portrayed in the episode, is an irregular ring- or torus-shaped structure perhaps twice the height of a human. It illuminates brightly from within with each spoken word or phrase. It has a rough, weather-beaten appearance, implying extreme old age, as if it were a geological formation such as a natural arch. It is situated amid Classical stone ruins—ionic columns are recognizable—as if it were once the focus of a now abandoned temple. The central aperture, through which characters enter or return from past times, also serves as a kind of viewing screen through which distant epochs may be observed remotely. The Guardian presents and "plays" past events chronologically as in a motion picture and a traveler may thus select a point in the past to visit.

In the Star Trek universe, analysis of the ruins on the Guardian's home world suggests it may be billions of years old (the Guardian also states "Before your sun burned hot in space I have waited for a question", thus supporting this analysis) but no one knows who built the Guardian. The Guardian is able to speak to anyone who asks it a question, though the meaning of its responses—in oracular fashion—is not always clear. For instance, when asked if it was machine or being, it responded, "Both ... and neither". When Spock says "I see no reason for your answers to be couched in riddles", the Guardian states "I answer as simply as your level of understanding makes possible", and continues that the character's "science knowledge is obviously primitive". The "Guardian of Forever"—the entity's own name for itself—speaks rather bombastically in a mellifluous male human voice. It can detect changes in the timeline, but typically provides its users little help in figuring out how to change it back. Being near the Guardian when such changes occur isolates those from the effects of the change in the timeline. Since its original appearance, the Guardian of Forever has been featured in many spin-offs, tributes and parodies.

Other appearances

The Guardian's only other on-screen appearance was in the animated episode "Yesteryear" (1973), in which the Guardian's voice was provided by James Doohan (who portrays Chief Engineer Montgomery Scott).

In the unofficial mini-series Star Trek: Of Gods and Men, the Original Series character Charlie Evans used the Guardian to go back in time and change history. The Guardian also appears in an episode of Star Trek: New Voyages, which moreover portrays a second much larger Guardian through which a starship can fly.

Title Author Plot
The Devil's Heart Carmen Carter The origin of the Guardian is revealed.
Federation Judith and Garfield Reeves-Stevens The Guardian apparently stopped responding to questions several years after the events of "The City on the Edge of Forever" but it answers one special question from James T. Kirk.
Imzadi Peter David The portal serves as an integral feature of the story, creating an alternate timeline in which Deanna Troi died at the hands of a scientist from the future to reshape the history of his species. The attempt by a future Admiral William Riker to undo the changes to the timeline drives the novel to conclusion.
Star Trek: Crucible: McCoy: Provenance of Shadows David R. George III This trilogy explores the long-term effects on Kirk, Spock, and McCoy after the events of "The City on the Edge of Forever", in the alternate history before it was corrected. The third book focuses on the life of McCoy, in which the doctor is never rescued and has to adapt to 20th century life. The fate of the Guardian may be indicated.
Star Trek: First Frontier Diane Carey and Dr. James I. Kirkland The Guardian of Forever is instrumental in helping Kirk and his crew return to just before the extinction of the dinosaurs to correct an altered timeline, from which they were spared due to an unexpected effect of an experimental new shielding system.
Yesterday's Son and Time for Yesterday A.C. Crispin Kirk, Spock and McCoy use the Guardian to visit Sarpeidon in the past and find Zar, Spock's long lost son with Zarabeth from "All Our Yesterdays".
Preserver William Shatner Kirk and Tiberius enter an enormous Preserver obelisk and Kirk discovers a Guardian in the final chamber.
Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home novelization Vonda McIntyre McCoy angers Kirk before their time travel by asking, "What would the Guardian say?"
Doctor's Orders Diane Duane The obelisk (named ;At), which can perform limited time-shifting, mentions the Guardian as a "colleague".
The Q Continuum Greg Cox A young Q implies that the ruins around the Guardian were constructed by his and the Q Continuum's organic ancestors.
Q's Guide to the Continuum Michael Jan Friedman and Robert Greenberger Q implies that the Guardian's original purpose was to dispose of trash.

Short stories

Title Author Collection Plot
Mind-Sifter Shirley S. Maiewski Star Trek: The New Voyages Captain Kirk is stranded on 1950s Earth in a mental hospital, having been abducted by Kor, subjected to a Klingon mind sifter, and transported through the Guardian of Forever. Spock is promoted to Captain and spends a year looking for Kirk.
Guardians Brett Hudgins Strange New Worlds VII Set in a future where the Horta are serving as protectors of the Guardian of Forever, preventing any malevolent races from purposely altering the timeline. The story makes use of several popular Trek characters and villains (Odo, Q, the Borg, and Armus (from "Skin of Evil")) during the 50,000 year span of time covered.

Comics

Computer games

See also

References

  1. ↑ Ellison, Harlan (2009). The City on the Edge of Forever. Edgeworth Abbey.
  2. ↑ Carabatsos, Steven W.; Ellison, Harlan (October 1966). "The City on the Edge of Forever". Orion Press. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 Herbert F. Solow and Robert H. Justman (1996). Inside Star Trek: The Real Story. Pocket Books. ISBN 0-671-00974-5.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Ellison, Harlan (1996). The City on the Edge of Forever: The original teleplay. White Wolf. ISBN 1-56504-964-0.
  5. ↑ E. Goss; M. Altman (1995). Captain's Logs: The Unauthorised Complete Trek Voyages. Little, Brown & Company, Canada.
  6. ↑ Weil, Ellen; Wolfe, Gary K. (2002). Harlan Ellison: The Edge of Forever. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press. pp. 114–115. ISBN 0-8142-0892-4.
  7. ↑ "ELLISON SUES STAR TREK" (Press release). March 13, 2009. Retrieved March 15, 2009.
  8. ↑ Dave McNary (October 22, 2009). "Ellison, Paramount settle lawsuit". Variety. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
  9. ↑ Star Trek: Harlan Ellison's The City on the Edge of Forever, Issue 2, July 2014
  10. ↑ "FSM Board: PR: La-La Land announces 15CD Star Trek Collection". Filmscoremonthly.com. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
  11. ↑ Entertainment Weekly Special Edition Jan 18, 1995
  12. ↑ Jim. "The 100 Greatest TV episodes of all time". aol.com. Archived from the original on October 28, 2007.
  13. ↑ "TV's Top 100 Episodes of All Time" TV Guide; June 15, 2009; Pages 34-49
  14. ↑ "IGN's Top 10 Classic Star Trek Episodes". [IGN]. Retrieved June 6, 2009.
  15. ↑ Handlen, Zack (April 24, 2009). ""The City On The Edge Of Forever" / "Operation--Annihilate!"". The A.V. Club. Retrieved July 15, 2012.
  16. ↑ Captain's Logs, p.42
  17. ↑ Inside Star Trek, p. 289
  18. ↑ "Harlan Ellison's The City On the Edge of Forever", 1996 edition, p. 72
  19. ↑ "Harlan Ellison's The City On the Edge of Forever", 1996 edition, p. 41
  20. ↑ George Kashdan (October 1978). "No Time Like the Past". CurtDanHauser.com.
  21. ↑ "Star Trek: Harlan Ellison's Original City On The Edge Of Forever Teleplay". idwpublishing.com.

External links

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