Group of Eight (G8)

Not to be confused with G7 (finance ministers).
"Group of Six" and "Group of Eight" redirect here. For other uses, see G6 (disambiguation) and G8 (disambiguation).
Group of Seven
 Canada
Prime Minister Justin Trudeau
 France
President François Hollande
 Germany
Chancellor Angela Merkel
 Italy
Prime Minister Matteo Renzi
 Japan
Prime Minister Shinzō Abe
 Russia (suspended)
President Vladimir Putin
 United Kingdom
Prime Minister David Cameron
 United States
President Barack Obama
 European Union
Council President Donald Tusk
Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker

The Group of Eight (currently known as Group of Seven) is a governmental political forum. It was originally formed by six leading industrial countries and subsequently extended with two additional members – one of which, Russia, has been suspended.[1][2][3][4] Since 2014 in effect it comprises seven nations and the European Union.

The forum originated with a 1975 summit hosted by France that brought together representatives of six governments: France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States, thus leading to the name Group of Six or G6. The summit became known as the Group of Seven or G7 in 1976 with the addition of Canada. Russia was added to the political forum from 1997, which then became known as the G8; Russia was, however, suspended in 2014. The European Union has been represented within the G8 since the 1980s but originally could not host or chair summits.[5] The 40th summit was the first time the European Union was able to host and chair a summit.

"G8" can refer to the member states in aggregate or to the annual summit meeting of the G8 heads of government. The former term, G6, is now frequently applied to the six most populous countries within the European Union. G8 ministers also meet throughout the year, such as the G7 finance ministers (who meet four times a year), G8 foreign ministers, or G8 environment ministers.

Collectively, in 2012 the G8 nations composed 50.1 percent of 2012 global nominal GDP and 40.9 percent of global GDP (PPP). Each calendar year the responsibility of hosting the G8 is rotated through the member states in the following order: France, United States, United Kingdom, Russia, Germany, Japan, Italy, and Canada. The holder of the presidency sets the agenda, hosts the summit for that year, and determines which ministerial meetings will take place. Both France and the United Kingdom have expressed a desire to expand the group to include five developing countries, referred to as the Outreach Five (O5) or the Plus Five: Brazil (7th country in the world by nominal GDP,[6]) People's Republic of China (2nd country in the world by GDP,[6]) India, Mexico, and South Africa. These countries have participated as guests in meetings that are sometimes called G8+5.

With the G-20 major economies growing in stature since the 2008 Washington summit, world leaders from the group announced at their Pittsburgh summit on September 25, 2009, that the group would replace the G8 as the main economic council of wealthy nations.[7][8] The G7/G8 retains its role as a premier body for international security cooperation with the purpose of discussing global issues such as economic growth, crisis management, global security, energy, and terrorism.[9][10]

On March 24, 2014, the original G7 nations voted to, in effect, suspend Russia from the organization in response to the country's annexation of Crimea;[11][12][13] however, it was made clear that the suspension was temporary.[14] Later on, the Italian Foreign Affairs minister Federica Mogherini and other Italian authorities,[15][16] along with the EastWest Institute board member Wolfgang Ischinger,[17] suggested that Russia may restore its membership in the group, adding that the return to the G8 format depends on Moscow and on Russian actions. In 2015, the German Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier stated that Russia will be able to return to G8 given that there's no further escalation of the Ukrainian crisis, and Russia continues collaborating with the West on the Syrian conflict.[18]

History

At the 34th G8 Summit at Toyako, Hokkaido, formal photo during Tanabata matsuri event for world leaders—Silvio Berlusconi (Italy), Dmitry Medvedev (Russia), Angela Merkel (Germany), Gordon Brown (UK), Yasuo Fukuda (Japan), George W. Bush (U.S.), Stephen Harper (Canada), Nicolas Sarkozy (France), José Manuel Barroso (EU)—July 7, 2008.

The concept of a forum for the world's major industrialized countries emerged prior to the 1973 oil crisis. On Sunday, March 25, 1973, the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, George Shultz, convened an informal gathering of finance ministers from West Germany (Helmut Schmidt), France (Valéry Giscard d'Estaing), and Britain (Anthony Barber) before an upcoming meeting in Washington, D.C. When running the idea past President Nixon, he noted that he would be out of town and offered use of the White House; the meeting was subsequently held in the library on the ground floor.[19] Taking their name from the setting, this original group of four became known as the "Library Group".[20] In mid-1973, at the World Bank-IMF meetings, Shultz proposed the addition of Japan to the original four nations, who agreed.[21] The informal gathering of senior financial officials from the United States, the United Kingdom, West Germany, Japan, and France became known as the "Group of Five."[22] During 1974 the heads of state or government of the top 10 industrial nations fell due to illness or scandal: There were two elections in the UK, three chancellors of West Germany, three presidents of France, three prime ministers of Japan and Italy, and two U.S. presidents; moreover, Canadian prime minister Pierre Trudeau was forced into an early election. Of the members of the Group of Five, all were new to the job with the exception of Pierre Trudeau.

As 1975 dawned, Schmidt and Giscard d'Estaing were heads of government in their respective countries, and since they both spoke fluent English, it occurred to them that they, and British Prime Minister Harold Wilson and U.S. President Gerald Ford could get together in an informal retreat and discuss election results and the issues of the day. In late spring, Giscard invited the heads of government from West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States to a summit in Château de Rambouillet; the annual meeting of the six leaders was organized under a rotating presidency, forming the Group of Six (G6). In 1976, with Wilson out as prime minister of Britain, Schmidt and Gerald Ford felt an English speaker with more experience was needed, so Canada's Pierre Trudeau was invited to join the group [23] and the group became the Group of Seven (G7). Since first invited by the United Kingdom in 1977 the European Union has been represented by the president of the European Commission, and the leader of the country that holds the presidency of the Council of the European Union[24] and the Council President now also regularly attends.

Until the 1985 Plaza Accord no one outside a tight official circle knew when the seven finance ministers met and what they agreed. The summit was announced the day before and a communique was issued afterwards.[25]

Following 1994's G7 summit in Naples, Russian officials held separate meetings with leaders of the G7 after the group's summits. This informal arrangement was dubbed the Political 8 (P8)—or, colloquially, the G7+1. At the invitation of UK Prime Minister Tony Blair and U.S. President Bill Clinton,[26] President Boris Yeltsin was invited first as a guest observer, later as a full participant. It was seen as a way to encourage Yeltsin with his capitalist reforms. Russia formally joined the group in 1998, resulting in the Group of Eight, or G8.

Food

A major focus of the G8 since 2009 has been the global supply of food.[27] At the 2009 L'Aquila summit, the G8's members promised to contribute $20 billion to the issue over three years.[28] Since then, only 22% of the promised funds have been delivered.[29]

At the 2012 summit, President Barack Obama plans to ask G8 leaders to adopt a policy that would privatize global food investment.[30][31]

Crimean crisis and Russian suspension

On March 2, 2014, the remaining non-Russian G8 members, the European Union, and the European Commission suspended the planned G8 summit in the Russian city of Sochi and would instead meet as the G7 in Brussels,[32] blaming Russia's role in the Crimean crisis.[33] Following the suspension of the summit, on March 18 the French Minister of Foreign Affairs Laurent Fabius claimed that Russia was suspended from the G8; however, the German Chancellor Angela Merkel and French Foreign Ministry spokesman Romain Nadal[34] clarified that Russia would remain a G8 member, and only the meeting would be suspended.

While visiting Kiev, Ukraine on March 22, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper stated that he supports expelling Russia from the G8 and expects to discuss the potential expulsion with other G7 leaders at an upcoming meeting in The Hague.[35] On March 24, G7 leaders met formally in The Hague, without Russia being present, and voted to officially suspend Russia's membership in the G8. Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov stated earlier that day that the G8 was an informal organization and membership was optional for Russia.[11]

Structure and activities

Leaders of the G8 on 18 June 2013, in Lough Erne, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom

By design, the G8 deliberately lacks an administrative structure like those for international organizations, such as the United Nations or the World Bank. The group does not have a permanent secretariat, or offices for its members.

The presidency of the group rotates annually among member countries, with each new term beginning on 1 January of the year. The rotation order is: France, the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia, Germany, Japan, Italy, and Canada.[36] The country holding the presidency is responsible for planning and hosting a series of ministerial-level meetings, leading up to a mid-year summit attended by the heads of government. The president of the European Commission participates as an equal in all summit events.[37]

The ministerial meetings bring together ministers responsible for various portfolios to discuss issues of mutual or global concern. The range of topics include health, law enforcement, labor, economic and social development, energy, environment, foreign affairs, justice and interior, terrorism, and trade. There are also a separate set of meetings known as the G8+5, created during the 2005 Gleneagles, Scotland summit, that is attended by finance and energy ministers from all eight member countries in addition to the five "outreach countries" which are also known as the Group of Five — Brazil, People's Republic of China, India, Mexico, and South Africa.[38]

In June 2005, justice ministers and interior ministers from the G8 countries agreed to launch an international database on pedophiles.[39] The G8 officials also agreed to pool data on terrorism, subject to restrictions by privacy and security laws in individual countries.[40]

Global energy

G8 leaders confer during the 2009 summit in L'Aquila (Abruzzo, Italy).

At the Heiligendamm Summit in 2007, the G8 acknowledged a proposal from the EU for a worldwide initiative on efficient energy use. They agreed to explore, along with the International Energy Agency, the most effective means to promote energy efficiency internationally. A year later, on 8 June 2008, the G8 along with China, India, South Korea and the European Community established the International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation, at the Energy Ministerial meeting hosted by Japan holding 2008 G8 Presidency, in Aomori.[41]

G8 Finance Ministers, whilst in preparation for the 34th Summit of the G8 Heads of State and Government in Toyako, Hokkaido, met on the 13 and 14 June 2008, in Osaka, Japan. They agreed to the "G8 Action Plan for Climate Change to Enhance the Engagement of Private and Public Financial Institutions." In closing, Ministers supported the launch of new Climate Investment Funds (CIFs) by the World Bank, which will help existing efforts until a new framework under the UNFCCC is implemented after 2012. The UNFCCC is not on track to meeting any of its stated goals.[42]

Annual summit

The annual G8 leaders summit is attended by the heads of government.[43] The member country holding the G8 presidency is responsible for organizing and hosting the year's summit.

The serial annual summits can be parsed chronologically in arguably distinct ways, including as the sequence of host countries for the summits has recurred over time, series, etc.[44]

Date Host Host leader Location held Website Notes
1st November 15–17, 1975  France Valéry Giscard d'Estaing Rambouillet (Castle of Rambouillet) G6 Summit
2nd June 27–28, 1976  United States Gerald R. Ford Dorado, Puerto Rico[45] Also called "Rambouillet II;" Canada joins the group, forming the G7[45]
3rd May 7–8, 1977  United Kingdom James Callaghan London President of the European Commission is invited to join the annual G-7 summits
4th July 16–17, 1978  West Germany Helmut Schmidt Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia
5th June 28–29, 1979  Japan Masayoshi Ōhira Tokyo
6th June 22–23, 1980  Italy Francesco Cossiga Venice Acting Prime Minister Masayoshi Ito of Japan did not attend.
7th July 20–21, 1981  Canada Pierre E. Trudeau Montebello, Quebec
8th June 4–6, 1982  France François Mitterrand Versailles
9th May 28–30, 1983  United StatesRonald Reagan Williamsburg, Virginia
10th June 7–9, 1984  United Kingdom Margaret Thatcher London
11th May 2–4, 1985  West Germany Helmut Kohl Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia
12th May 4–6, 1986  Japan Yasuhiro Nakasone Tokyo
13th June 8–10, 1987  ItalyAmintore Fanfani Venice
14th June 19–21, 1988  Canada Brian Mulroney Toronto
15th July 14–16, 1989  France François Mitterrand Paris
16th July 9–11, 1990  United StatesGeorge H. W. Bush Houston
17th July 15–17, 1991  United KingdomJohn MajorLondon
18th July 6–8, 1992  Germany Helmut Kohl Munich, Bavaria
19th July 7–9, 1993  Japan Kiichi Miyazawa Tokyo
20th July 8–10, 1994  ItalySilvio Berlusconi Naples
21st June 15–17, 1995  Canada Jean Chrétien Halifax, Nova Scotia [46]
22nd June 27–29, 1996  France Jacques Chirac Lyon International organizations' debut to G7 Summits periodically. The invited ones here were: United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organization.[47]
23rd June 20–22, 1997  United States Bill Clinton Denver [48] Russia joins the group, forming G8
24th May 15–17, 1998  United KingdomTony Blair Birmingham[49]
25th June 18–20, 1999  GermanyGerhard Schröder Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia [50] First Summit of the G-20 major economies at Berlin
26th July 21–23, 2000  Japan Yoshiro Mori Nago, Okinawa [51] Formation of the G8+5 starts, when South Africa was invited. Until the 38th G8 summit in 2012, it has been invited to the Summit annually without interruption. Also, with permission from a G8 leader, other nations were invited to the Summit on a periodical basis for the first time. Nigeria, Algeria and Senegal accepted their invitations here. The World Health Organization was also invited for the first time.[47]
27th July 20–22, 2001  Italy Silvio Berlusconi Genoa [52] Leaders from Bangladesh, Mali and El Salvador accepted their invitations here.[47] Demonstrator Carlo Giuliani is shot and killed by police during a violent demonstration. One of the largest and most violent anti-globalization movement protests occurred for the 27th G8 summit.[53] Following those events and the September 11 attacks two months later in 2001, the G8 have met at more remote locations.
28th June 26–27, 2002  CanadaJean Chrétien Kananaskis, Alberta [54] Russia gains permission to officially host a G8 Summit.
29th June 2–3, 2003  France Jacques Chirac Évian-les-Bains The G8+5 was unofficially made, when China, India, Brazil, and Mexico were invited to this Summit for the first time. South Africa has joined the G8 Summit, since 2000, until the 2012 edition. Other first-time nations that were invited by the French president included: Egypt, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia and Switzerland.[47]
30th June 8–10, 2004  United StatesGeorge W. Bush Sea Island, Georgia [55] A record number of leaders from 12 different nations accepted their invitations here. Amongst a couple of veteran nations, the others were: Ghana, Afghanistan, Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Turkey, Yemen and Uganda.[47] Also, the state funeral of former president Ronald Reagan took place in Washington during the summit.
31st July 6–8, 2005  United Kingdom Tony Blair Gleneagles[56] The G8+5 was officially formed. On the second day of the meeting, suicide bombers killed 52 people on the London Underground and a bus. Nations that were invited for the first time were Ethiopia and Tanzania. The African Union and the International Energy Agency made their debut here.[47] During the 31st G8 summit in United Kingdom, 225,000 people took to the streets of Edinburgh as part of the Make Poverty History campaign calling for Trade Justice, Debt Relief and Better Aid. Numerous other demonstrations also took place challenging the legitimacy of the G8.[57]
32nd July 15–17, 2006  Russia Vladimir Putin Strelna, St. Petersburg First G8 Summit on Russian soil. Also, the International Atomic Energy Agency and UNESCO made their debut here.[47]
33rd June 6–8, 2007  Germany Angela Merkel Heiligendamm, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Seven different international organizations accepted their invitations to this Summit. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the Commonwealth of Independent States made their debut here.[47]
34th July 7–9, 2008  Japan Yasuo Fukuda Toyako (Lake Toya), Hokkaido [58] Nations that accepted their G8 Summit invitations for the first time are: Australia, Indonesia and South Korea.[47]
35th July 8–10, 2009  Italy Silvio Berlusconi L'Aquila, Abruzzo This G8 Summit was originally planned to be in La Maddalena (Sardinia), but was moved to L'Aquila as a way of showing Prime Minister Berlusconi's desire to help the region in and around L'Aquila after the earthquake that hit the area on the April 6th, 2009. Nations that accepted their invitations for the first time were: Angola, Denmark, Netherlands and Spain.[59] A record of TEN (10) international organizations were represented in this G8 Summit. For the first time, the Food and Agriculture Organization, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, the World Food Programme, and the International Labour Organization accepted their invitations.[60]
36th June 25–26, 2010[61]  Canada Stephen Harper Huntsville, Ontario[62] [63] Malawi, Colombia, Haiti, and Jamaica accepted their invitations for the first time.[64]
37th May 26–27, 2011  France Nicolas Sarkozy Deauville,[65][66] Basse-Normandie Guinea, Niger, Côte d'Ivoire and Tunisia accepted their invitations for the first time. Also, the League of Arab States made its debut to the meeting.[67]
38th May 18–19, 2012  United States Barack Obama Initially Planned: Chicago
Actual:Camp David[68] 		The summit was originally planned for Chicago, along with the NATO summit, but it was announced officially on March 5, 2012, that the G8 summit will be held at the more private location of Camp David and at one day earlier than previously scheduled.[69] Also, this is the second G8 summit, in which one of the core leaders (Vladimir Putin) declined to participate. This G8 summit concentrated on the core leaders only; no non-G8 leaders or international organizations were invited.
39th June 17–18, 2013  United Kingdom David Cameron Lough Erne, County Fermanagh[70] As in 2012, only the core members of the G8 attended this meeting. The four main topics that were discussed here were trade, government transparency, tackling tax evasion, and the ongoing Syrian crisis.[71]
40th June 4–5, 2014  Belgium Initially Planned: Vladimir Putin
Actual: Herman Van Rompuy and José Manuel Barroso 		Initially Planned: Sochi
Actual: Brussels 		(EU)
(Russia) 		G7 summit held as an alternative meeting without Russia in 2014 due to its association with the Crimean crisis.[72] G8 summit did not take place in Sochi, Russia. G7 summit relocated to Brussels, Belgium.[73]
41st June 7–8, 2015  Germany Angela Merkel Schloss Elmau[74] Summit dedicated to focus on the global economy as well as on key issues regarding foreign, security and development policy[75]
42nd May 26–27, 2016[76][77]  Japan Shinzō Abe Shima, Mie Prefecture[78]
43rd TBD, 2017  Italy Matteo Renzi TBD
candidate:[79][80] Florence
44th TBD, 2018  Canada[81] Justin Trudeau TBD
45th TBD, 2019  France[81] TBD in 2017 Presidential Election TBD
46th TBD, 2020  United States[81] TBD in 2016 Presidential Election TBD
47th TBD, 2021  United Kingdom[81] TBD in 2020 General Election TBD

Member facts

The G8 leaders at the 36th summit in Huntsville, Ontario. Left to right: Cameron, Van Rompuy (European Council), Harper, Medvedev, Kan, Berlusconi, Obama, Barroso (European Commission), Merkel, Sarkozy.

Visa policy of the G8 states

Within the G8 states:

European members of G8:

G8 states and other countries:

Currently (2014),

Travel freedom of G8 citizens (May 2014)

Dual-citizenship policies of the G8 states

With G8+5 and the G20

Influence of member nations

The G7/G8 is considered an informal forum of countries deserving the status of Great Powers.[93][94][95] Together the eight countries making up the G8 represent about 14% of the world population, but they represent about 60% of the World wealth and 60% of the gross world product[96] as measured by gross domestic product, all eight nations being within the top 12 countries according to the CIA World Factbook. (see the CIA World Factbook column in List of countries by GDP (nominal)), the majority of global military power (seven are in the top 8 nations for military expenditure[97]), and almost all of the world's active nuclear weapons.[98] In 2007, the combined G8 military spending was US$850 billion. This is 72% of the world's total military expenditures. (see List of countries and federations by military expenditures) Four of the G8 members, the United Kingdom, United States, France and Russia, together account for 96–99% of the world's nuclear weapons.[99] (see List of states with nuclear weapons)

Criticism

20 July 2001, 27th G8 summit in Genoa, Italy: Protesters burn a police vehicle which was abandoned by police during a clash with protesters.

Some criticism centres on the assertion that members of G8 do not do enough to help global problems such as Third World Debt, global warming and the AIDS epidemic—due to strict medicine patent policy and other issues related to globalization. In Unravelling Global Apartheid, the political analyst Titus Alexander described the G7, as it then was, as the 'cabinet' of global minority rule, with a coordinating role in world affairs.[100]

The conservative Heritage Foundation has criticized the G8 for advocating food security without making room for economic freedom.[101]

In 2015, despite Germany's immense efforts to prevent it and despite the remote location of the summit, the luxury hotel Schloss Elmau at the foot of the Wetterstein mountains at an altitude of 1008 m above sea level, about 300 of the 7500 peaceful protesters led by the group 'Stop-G7' managed to reach the 3 m high and 7 km long security fence surrounding the summit location. The protesters questioned the legitimation of the G7 to make decisions that could affect the whole world. Authorities had banned demonstrations in the closer area of the summit location and 20,000 policemen were on duty in Southern Bavaria to keep activists and protesters from interfering with the summit.[102] [103]

Relevance

The G8's relevance is unclear.[104] It still represents the major industrialized countries but critics argue that the G8 has now become unrepresentative of the world's most powerful economies. In particular, China has surpassed every economy but the United States,[105] while Brazil has surpassed Canada and Italy (according to the IMF). Also according to the International Monetary Fund and the CIA World Factbook, India has already surpassed Canada, Italy, UK, Germany, France, and Japan in terms of purchasing power parity, although remaining on the 10th position when it comes to nominal GDP. This has given rise to the idea of enlarging G8 to the G8+5, which includes these other economically powerful nations. Other critics assert, however, that the concept of a country's net wealth is different from the nation's GDP.

With Vladimir Putin not attending the 2012 G8 summit at Camp David, Foreign Policy (FP) magazine argued that the summit has generally outlived its usefulness as a viable international gathering of foreign leaders.[106] Another contributor of Foreign Policy magazine suggested that Russia should be excluded from the G8 altogether.[107][108] Yet, a third FP contributor commented in 2012, that the G8 was still relevant, despite the increasing international power and prestige of the G-20 major economies leaders' summit.[109]

British Prime Minister David Cameron said of the G8 in 2012:[110]

Some people ask, does the G8 still matter, when we have a Group of 20? My answer is, yes. The G8 is a group of like-minded countries that share a belief in free enterprise as the best route to growth. As eight countries making up about half the world's gross domestic product, the standards we set, the commitments we make, and the steps we take can help solve vital global issues, fire up economies and drive prosperity all over the world.

Current leaders

Suspended

Youth 8 Summit

The Y8 Summit or simply Y8, formerly known as the G8 Youth Summit[111] is the youth counterpart to the G8 summit.[112] The first summit to use the name Y8 took place in May 2012 in Puebla, Mexico, alongside the Youth G8 that took place in Washington, D.C. the same year.

The Y8 Summit brings together young leaders from G8 nations and the European Union to facilitate discussions of international affairs, promote cross-cultural understanding, and build global friendships. The conference closely follows the formal negotiation procedures of the G8 Summit.[113] The Y8 Summit represents the innovative voice of young adults between the age of 18 and 35. The delegates jointly come up with a consensus-based[114] written statement in the end, the Final Communiqué.[115] This document is subsequently presented to G8 leaders in order to inspire positive change.[116] The Y8 Summit is organised annually by a global network of youth-led organisations called The IDEA (The International Diplomatic Engagement Association).[117] The organisations undertake the selection processes for their respective national delegations, while the hosting country is responsible for organising the summit. Now, several youth associations are supporting and getting involved in the project. For instance, every year, the Young European Leadership association is recruiting and sending EU Delegates.

The goal of the Y8 Summit is to bring together young people from around the world to allow the voices and opinions of young generations to be heard and to encourage them to take part in global decision-making processes.[118][119]

Summit Year Host country Location held
1st International Student Model G8 2006  Russia Saint Petersburg
2nd Model G8 Youth Summit 2007  Germany Berlin
3rd Model G8 Youth Summit 2008  Japan Yokohama
4th G8 Youth Summit 2009  Italy Milano
5th G8 Youth Summit 2010  Canada Muskoka & Toronto
6th G8 Youth Summit 2011  France Paris
** Y8 Summit 2012  Mexico Puebla
7th G8 Youth Summit 2012  USA Washington D.C.
8th Y8 summit 2013  UK London
9th Y8 summit 2014  Russia Moscow*

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Thinking Ahead: The 'One-Time' G-22 Looks Useful". nyt.com. Retrieved 2014-03-01.
  2. ↑ "EU and the G8". European Commission. Archived from the original on February 26, 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
  3. ↑ FACTBOX: The Group of Eight: what is it?, Reuters
  4. ↑ "Russia Is Ousted From Group of 8 by U.S. and Allies". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-03-25.
  5. ↑ Until recently, the EU had the privileges and obligations of a membership that did not host or chair summits. It is represented by the Commission and Council presidents. "EU and the G8". European Commission. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
  6. 1 2 "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved 2014-03-25.
  7. ↑ "Officials: G-20 to supplant G-8 as international economic council". CNN. 2009-09-25. Retrieved 2009-09-25.
  8. ↑ "G20 to replace the G8". SBS. 2009-09-26. Archived from the original on September 27, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-26.
  9. ↑ http://www.cfr.org/global-governance/group-eight-g8-industrialized-nations/p10647
  10. ↑
  11. 1 2 "U.S., other powers kick Russia out of G8". CNN.com. Retrieved 2014-03-25.
  12. ↑ Smale, Alison; Shear, Michael D. (24 March 2014). "Russia Is Ousted From Group of 8 by U.S. and Allies". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
  13. ↑ "Russia suspended from G8 over annexation of Crimea, Group of Seven nations says | National Post". News.nationalpost.com. 24 March 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
  14. ↑ "Russia Temporarily Kicked Out Of G8 Club Of Rich Countries". Business Insider. 2013-06-18. Retrieved 2014-03-25.
  15. ↑ "Italy hopes G7 returns to G8 format - Foreign Ministry". ITAR-TASS. 2014-06-08.
  16. ↑ "Italy working for Russia return to G8". ANSA. 2014-07-03.
  17. ↑ Amb. Wolfgang Ischinger Urges Inclusion of Russia in G8
  18. ↑ Germany's Steinmeier says Russia «could return to G8»
  19. ↑ Shultz, George P., Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State, 1993, p. 148 ISBN 0-684-19325-6
  20. ↑ Bayne, Nicholas et al. (2000). Hanging in There, p. 34.
  21. ↑ Shultz, ibid.
  22. ↑ Farnsworth, Clyde H. "A Secret Society of Finance Ministers," New York Times. May 8, 1977.
  23. ↑ G8: The Most Exclusive Club in the World, Thomas S. Axworthy, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Foundation of Canada, Toronto, Undated. Accessed 07-23-2015.
  24. ↑ "EU and the G8". European Union. Archived from the original on December 26, 2007. Retrieved 2006-07-17.
  25. ↑ Schaefer, Robert K (2005). "Dollar Devaluations". Understanding Globalization: The Social Consequences of Political, Economic, and Environmental Change. Rowman and Littlefield. p. 346.
  26. ↑ "Russia — Odd Man Out in the G-8", Mark Medish, The Globalist, 02-24-2006.Accessed: 07-12-2008 Archived March 5, 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  27. ↑ "Cash-strapped G8 looks to private sector in hunger fight". Reuters. 18 May 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
  28. ↑ Lief, Eric (15 September 2012). "Funding Food Security - A Financial Lens on the L’Aquila G8". Spotlight. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
  29. ↑ "G8 leaders urged to live up to nutrition commitments". Farming UK. 18 May 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
  30. ↑ Tandon, Shaun (18 May 2012). "Obama turns to private sector to feed world's poor". Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
  31. ↑ Patrick, Stewart M. (16 May 2012). "Why This Year's G8 Summit Matters". The Atlantic. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
  32. ↑ "A disturbing G7 decision". 27 March 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
  33. ↑ "Russia not suspended from G8: Merkel". The BRICS Post. 19 March 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
  34. ↑ "Russia not suspended from G8 - French Foreign Ministry spokesman". Voice of Russia. 18 March 2014.
  35. ↑ Parry, Tom (22 March 2014). "Stephen Harper says he'll push for Russia's expulsion from the G8". CBC News. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
  36. ↑ G8 Research Group. "What is the G8?". University of Toronto. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
  37. ↑ Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan): Summit Meetings in the Past; European Union: "EU and the G8"
  38. ↑ "G5 Overview; Evolución del Grupo de los Cinco". Groupoffive.org. Retrieved 2010-06-27.
  39. ↑ G8 to launch international pedophile database David Batty June 18, 2005 The Guardian
  40. ↑ G8 to pool data on terrorism Martin Wainwright June 18, 2005 The Guardian
  41. ↑ The International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation (IPEEC). June 8, 2008.
  42. ↑ "G8 Finance Ministers Support Climate Investment Funds". IISD - Climate Change Policy & Practice. 14 June 2008.
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