Grotto Geyser is a fountain-type geyser located in the Upper Geyser Basin in Yellowstone National Park in the United States. Grotto Geyser is the namesake for the group of geysers that includes Grotto Fountain Geyser, South Grotto Fountain Geyser, Indicator Spring, Spa Geyser, and Rocket Geyser.[3]
History
On September 18, 1870 members of the Washburn-Langford-Doane Expedition entered the Upper Geyser Basin where in a day and a half of exploration, they named seven geysers of which Grotto was one. Nathaniel P. Langford described the Grotto in his 1871 Scribner's account:
"The Grotto" was so named from its singular crater of vitrified sinter, full of large, sinuous apertures. Through one of these, on our first visit, one of our company crawled to the discharging orifice; and when, a few hours afterwards,
he saw a volume of boiling water, four feet in diameter, shooting through, it to the height of sixty feet, and a scalding stream of two hundred inches flowing from the aperture he had entered a short time before, he concluded he had narrowly escaped being summarily cooked. The discharge of this geyser continued for nearly half an hour.[4]
Eruptions
Grotto Geyser erupts about every eight hours. The interval between eruptions is longer after a longer eruption. The eruptions are about 10 feet (3.0 m) high and can last from about 1 hour to more than 10 hours long, although there have been eruptions that lasted more than 26 hours.[5][6]
Sequence
Grotto Geyser's eruptions are usually preceded by an eruption from Grotto Fountain Geyser. After it has a short mode eruption, which lasts about 1 to 2 hours, Rocket Geyser usually has a major eruption. Approximately three-quarters of Grotto's eruptions are short mode. Grotto Geyser and Rocket Geyser erupt together. When Grotto Geyser has a long mode eruption, which lasts from 6 to 12 hours, Spa Geyser, instead of Rocket Geyser, erupts.[6]
Interactions
Grotto is significant beyond its own considerable size because of the interactions between its own eruptions and those of nearby Giant Geyser, one of the world's most powerful geysers. Giant erupts only during so-called "hot periods," times of intensified activity and rising water among the smaller geysers surrounding Giant. Most hot periods do not lead to Giant eruptions, but Giant eruptions frequently start during the hot period immediately following the start of a Grotto eruption. Additionally, the long, "marathon" eruptions of Grotto are commonly followed, a few hours after they end, by a particularly intense "recovery hot period" in the Giant complex that may instigate a Giant eruption. Giant eruptions may also occur 4 to 5 hours after the start of a Grotto marathon eruption.[7]
Physical structure
Grotto Geyser's cone is nearly 8 feet (2.4 m) high. The odd shape comes from sinter accumulating over dead tree stumps as the geyser erupted.[8]
| Images of Grotto Geyser |
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| Sketch of Grotto Geyser, 1871 [4] |
| Close up of Grotto Geyser |
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See also
References
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| | | | Geysers | | |
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| | Hot Springs | |
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| | Lone Star Geyser Basin | |
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| | Structures and History | |
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| | Geography | |
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