Gregorio Conrado Álvarez

Gregorio Conrado Álvarez Armelino (born November 26, 1925) is a retired Uruguayan general and former dictator. He served as the de facto president of Uruguay from 1981 until 1985 and is the last surviving President of the Civic-military dictatorship of Uruguay.

Background

Álvarez was born in Montevideo and entered the Uruguayan military academy in 1940. He became chief of the mounted police in Montevideo in 1962. In 1971 he was promoted to general and then named chief of Esmaco, the Combined Armed Forces Command that ran the counterinsurgency operation against the Tupamaros (urban guerrillas).

Civilian-military administration

When the military seized power in 1973 Uruguayan coup d'état, Álvarez became permanent secretary of the new Consejo de Seguridad Nacional (National Security Council). In February 1978 he became commander in chief of the army. For all intents and purposes, this made him the ruler of Uruguay, since President Aparicio Méndez was widely reckoned as a figurehead.

President of Uruguay

Events of Presidency

After Uruguay voted for a return to democracy in a referendum in 1980, Álvarez forced the Consejo de Seguridad Nacional to name him president on September 1, 1981. Continuing the repression, not only against the Tupamaros but also against labor unions, he lost more popular support and also the support of the majority of the military. He agreed to the holding of legislative and presidential elections in November 1984, which had been preceded by internal party elections in 1982. When Julio María Sanguinetti of the Colorado Party won the presidential election, Álvarez resigned (on February 12, 1985). Rafael Addiego, president of the Supreme Court, then took office as interim president until Sanguinetti was sworn in on March 1. It might be added that while Alvarez did not look favourably upon Sanguinetti's candidacy in 1984, he has in recent years found a slightly unlikely defender in Sanguinetti, who has argued that the amnesty relating to the dictatorship of 1973-1985 should not be set aside to prosecute even the more overtly military and unpalatable figures such as Álvarez, who were prominent during that period.

Álvarez's loss of support from the (relatively) more moderate members of the National Security Council in the run-up to the 1984 elections and his subsequent resignation invites scrutiny of the relationship between the Council, the military, and the constitutional party leaders. Some would argue that Álvarez's accession to the office of president in 1981 marked a high point of his power, which continued until his resignation. Others would argue that Álvarez's assumption of the permanent secretaryship of the National Security Council in 1973 marked the real point at which he gained what amounted to substantial executive powers. From whichever perspective, however, the fact remains that General Álvarez's public role as a military figure was set against the background of sizeable civilian participation in government in the 1973-1985. It is also the case that Álvarez was to some extent sidelined even during his Presidency. In a country such as Uruguay which had some tradition of civilian rule by decree (e.g., during the Presidency of Gabriel Terra, whose Interior Minister Alberto Demichelli later became President in 1976), it is arguably not accurate to equate rule by decree with military rule, although these may at times coincide.

Military title

Among the five individuals who became President of Uruguay in the civilian-military administration that lasted from 1973 to 1985, Álvarez, was, in fact, the only one to carry a military title. These five individuals were: Juan María Bordaberry, Alberto Demicheli, Aparicio Méndez, Álvarez, and Rafael Addiego. Some would argue that this fact is significant when assessing the degree of civilian participation in the regime. Others would argue that an unelected president backed by the military may sometimes merely constitute a cosmetic figurehead.

Retirement

Although he was covered by a 1986 amnesty, since the election to the presidency of Tabaré Vázquez of the Frente Amplio in November 2004, there have been renewed calls for the prosecution of Álvarez for human rights abuses, for his part in Bordaberry's 1973 coup, and subsequent events. Some would argue that the widely substantiated crimes committed during that period justify the setting aside of the amnesty. Others would point to lack of good faith by those who were willing to see Tupamaro guerrillas covered by the amnesty, but subsequently wished for it to be set aside only partially.

In July 2006 Álvarez's residence in Montevideo became the focal point for demonstrators protesting the disappearance of opponents of the 1973-1985 civilian-military administration. Defenders of such protests could argue that Álvarez symbolizes some of the least attractive aspects of the dictatorship of 1973-1985. On the other hand, it may be accurately asserted that since Álvarez was the only serving military individual to serve as President in the five Presidencies of that period, such protests, whether justified or not, may serve to obscure the substantial civilian support for that administration by Colorado and Blanco politicians. From the point of view of those parties, therefore, such protests serve to deflect any focus upon the role exercised by prominent individuals in those parties during that regime.

Indictment and imprisonment

In December 2007 Álvarez was indicted for alleged human rights abuses during the dictatorship in which he played a prominent role.^[1] On October 22, 2009, he was convicted and sentenced to 25 years in prison for 37 counts of murder and human rights violations; however, he was not in court to hear the verdict as he was ill.^[2]

References

External links

• (Spanish)
• Short biography (Álvarez Armelino, Gregorio Conrado)
• Uruguayan dictator guilty of murder aljazeera

See also

• Politics of Uruguay

• Vice_President_of_Uruguay#Lack_of_inherent_legal_position

• Reynaldo Bignone, last surviving dictator of Argentina

Presidents of Uruguay Fructuoso Rivera Carlos Anaya Manuel Oribe Fructuoso Rivera Juan Francisco Giró Venancio Flores Gabriel Antonio Pereira Bernardo Berro Lorenzo Batlle y Grau José Eugenio Ellauri Pedro Varela Lorenzo Latorre Francisco Antonio Vidal Miguel Alberto Flangini Ximénez Máximo Santos Francisco Antonino Vidal Máximo Santos Máximo Tajes Julio Herrera y Obes Duncan Stewart Juan Idiarte Borda Juan Lindolfo Cuestas José Batlle y Ordóñez Feliciano Viera Baltasar Brum José Serrato Juan Campisteguy Gabriel Terra Alfredo Baldomir Juan José de Amézaga Tomás Berreta Luis Batlle Berres Andrés Martínez Trueba Consejo Nacional de Gobierno Óscar Diego Gestido Jorge Pacheco Areco Juan María Bordaberry Alberto Demicheli Aparicio Méndez Gregorio Conrado Álvarez Rafael Addiego Bruno Julio María Sanguinetti Luis Alberto Lacalle Julio María Sanguinetti Jorge Batlle Ibáñez Tabaré Vázquez José Mujica Tabaré Vázquez