Gombe Stream National Park

Gombe Stream National Park

Chimpanzee female with baby chimp

Chimpanzees at Gombe Stream NP
Gombe Stream National Park
Location Tanzania
Nearest city Kigoma
Coordinates 4°40′S 29°38′E / 4.667°S 29.633°E / -4.667; 29.633Coordinates: 4°40′S 29°38′E / 4.667°S 29.633°E / -4.667; 29.633
Area 52 km2
Established 1968
Visitors 1854 (in 2012[1])
Governing body Tanzania National Parks Authority

Gombe Stream National Park is located in western Kigoma Region, Tanzania, 10 miles (20 km) north of Kigoma, the capital of Kigoma Region.[2] Established in 1968, Gombe is the smallest national park in Tanzania, with only 20 square miles (52 km2) of forest running along the hills of the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika.[2][3] The terrain is distinguished by steep valleys, and the forest vegetation ranges from grassland to alpine bamboo to tropical rainforest.[4] Accessible only by boat, the park is most famous as the location where Jane Goodall pioneered her behavioral research conducted on the chimpanzee populations.[2][3] The Kasakela chimpanzee community, featured in several books and documentaries, lives in Gombe Stream National Park.[5]

Gombe Stream’s high levels of diversity make it an increasingly popular tourist destination. Besides chimpanzees, primates inhabiting Gombe Stream include beachcomber olive baboons, red colobus, red-tailed monkeys, blue monkeys, and vervet monkeys.[2][6] Red-tailed monkeys and blue monkeys have also been known to hybridize in the area. [7] The park is also home to over 200 bird species[2] and bushpigs.[4] There are also 11 species of snakes, and occasional hippopotamus and leopards.[6] Visitors to the park can trek into the forest to view the chimpanzees, as well as swim and snorkel in Lake Tanganyika with almost 100 kinds of colorful cichlid fish.[4]

Jane Goodall

Main article: Jane Goodall

Jane Goodall first traveled to Tanzania in 1960 at the age of 26 with no formal college training.[4] At the time, it was accepted that humans were undoubtedly similar to chimpanzees—we share over 98% of the same genetic code.[4] However, little was known about chimpanzee behavior or community structure. At the time she began her research, she says “it was not permissible, at least not in ethological circles, to talk about an animal's mind. Only humans had minds. Nor was it quite proper to talk about animal personality. Of course everyone knew that they did have their own unique characters--everyone who had ever owned a dog or other pet was aware of that. But ethologists, striving to make theirs a "hard" science, shied away from the task of trying to explain such things objectively.”[8] However, her research eventually proved just that—the intellectual and emotional sophistication of non-humans, chimpanzees in particular. With the support of renowned anthropologist Louis Leakey, Goodall set up a small research station in Gombe Stream in hopes of learning more about the behavior of our closest relatives.[4] There she spent months tracking the elusive chimpanzee troops, particularly the Kasakela chimpanzee community, and observing their daily habits until she was slowly accepted by one troop and was allowed rare and intimate glimpses into chimpanzee society.[4]

Research findings

Social grooming of chimps observed in Gombe Stream NP

Without college training directing her research, Goodall observed things that strict scientific doctrines may have overlooked.[4] Instead of numbering the chimpanzees she observed, she gave them names such as Fifi and David Greybeard, and observed them to have unique and individual personalities, an unconventional idea at the time.[4] She found that "it isn’t only human beings who have personality, who are capable of rational thought [and] emotions like joy and sorrow".[4] She also observed behaviors such as hugs, kisses, pats on the back, and even tickling, what people consider identifiable human actions.[4] Goodall insists that these gestures are evidence of “the close, supportive, affectionate bonds that develop between family members and other individuals within a community, which can persist throughout a life span of more than 50 years.”[4] These findings suggest similarities between humans and chimpanzees exist in more than genes alone, but can be seen in emotion, intelligence, and family and social relationships.

Goodall’s research at Gombe Stream is best known to the scientific community for challenging two long-standing beliefs of the day: that only humans could construct and use tools, and that chimpanzees were passive vegetarians.[4] While observing one chimpanzee feeding at a termite mound, she watched him repeatedly place stalks of grass into termite holes, then remove them from the hole covered with clinging termites, effectively “fishing” for termites.[9] The chimps would also take twigs from trees and strip off the leaves to make the twig more effective, a form of object modification which is the rudimentary beginnings of toolmaking.[9] Humans had long distinguished ourselves from the rest of the animal kingdom as “Man the Toolmaker”. In response to Goodall’s revolutionary findings, Louis Leakey wrote, “We must now redefine man, redefine tool, or accept chimpanzees as human!”[9] Over the course of her study, Goodall found evidence of mental traits in chimpanzees such as reasoned thought, abstraction, generalization, symbolic representation, and even the concept of self, all previously thought to be uniquely human abilities.[10]

Hunting chimp with prey

In contrast to the peaceful and affectionate behaviors she observed, Goodall also found an aggressive side of chimp nature at Gombe Stream. She discovered that chimps will systematically hunt and eat smaller primates, such as colobus monkeys.[4] Goodall watched a hunting group isolate a colobus monkey high in a tree and block all possible exits, then one chimpanzee climbed up and captured and killed the colobus.[10] The others then each took parts of the carcass, sharing with other members of the troop in response to begging behaviors.[10] The chimps at Gombe kill and eat as much as one-third of the colobus population in the park each year.[4] This alone was a major scientific find which challenged previous conceptions of chimp diet and behavior.

But perhaps more startling, and disturbing, was the tendency for aggression and violence within chimpanzee troops. Goodall observed dominant females deliberately killing the young of other females in the troop in order to maintain their dominance,[4] sometimes going so far as cannibalism.[9] She says of this revelation, “During the first ten years of the study I had believed […] that the Gombe chimpanzees were, for the most part, rather nicer than human beings. […] Then suddenly we found that chimpanzees could be brutal—that they, like us, had a darker side to their nature.”[9] These findings revolutionized contemporary knowledge of chimpanzee diet and feeding behaviors, and were further evidence of the social similarities between humans and chimpanzees, albeit in a much darker manner.

Benefits for Gombe Stream and Tanzania

Today Goodall uses the publicity from her research to advocate for chimpanzee welfare, the conservation of biodiversity, and general stewardship of the Earth.[11] She founded the Jane Goodall Institute in 1977, as well as the youth-focused environmental group Roots & Shoots in 1991 which now has over 800 groups in nearly 90 countries around the world.[11] The research conducted by Goodall at Gombe Stream is of great value both to the scientific community and to the park itself.[11] At the time she began her research, Gombe Stream was only a game reserve, and her groundbreaking research encouraged support for making the reserve into a national park.[11] The large amounts of publicity her findings received have also brought international attention to Tanzania.[11] Tourism and financial support from donors has benefited not only the park, but the people and conservation efforts of Tanzania as a whole.[11]

Feeding station where Jane Goodall used to feed the chimps

Goodall lived at Gombe Stream almost full-time for fifteen years and the long-term data she accumulated is still of value to scientists today.[4] In 1967, the Gombe Stream Research Center (GSRC) was established to coordinate ongoing chimpanzee research in the park.[3] Run mostly by a team of trained Tanzanians, the GSRC is the longest running field study of an animals species in their natural surroundings, now over 40 years.[3] This long-term data has provided scientists with insight into chimpanzee demographic patterns, male politics, hunting, culture and mother-infant relationships over multiple generations—rare and valuable data.[3] The ongoing research is also providing information on the current threats to chimpanzees, such as disease, poaching and habitat disturbance, which affect other species at Gombe as well.[11] The research of Goodall has also drastically changed ethological thinking and how behavioral studies are conducted.[8] Where once talk of animal emotion was dismissed as anthropomorphism, her observations of animals in their natural habitat show that societies, behavior and relationships between animals are quite complex.[8] Her research of chimpanzee habitat (food and special) requirements also aid in improved design for new protected areas.[11] The GSRC also conducts research on the baboon population, led by the Jane Goodall Center for Primate Studies.[12] Research from the GSRC has resulted in 35 Ph.D. theses, over 400 papers and 30 books.[3]

Conservation

The biodiversity of Gombe Stream National Park is primarily threatened by human encroachment.[3] Although 25% of Tanzania is set aside in parks and reserves, wildlife populations are still declining.[13] This is mainly due to the lack of collaboration between park management, government sectors, and rural communities.[13] Village lands often lie between parks and become obstacles for animals traveling between protected areas. Without incentives to protect the animals, rural communities will hunt them for food or kill them for safety reasons.[13] Poverty also increases the demand for bushmeat and forces farmers to clear increasingly large sections of forest for productive soils. Currently, revenue from wildlife (tourism and sport hunting) is received by the central government, and only 25% is retained in the rural district where the hunting takes place.[13] This becomes a circular problem as these impoverished villages are forced to hunt wildlife to survive, and thereby decrease the wildlife population and income from tourism, preventing the government from offering any aid from the revenue.[13]

Gallery

See also

Notes and references

  1. ↑ "Tanzania National parks Corporate Information". Tanzania Parks. TANAPA. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Tanzania National Parks: “Gombe Stream National Park”, 2008.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The Jane Goodall Institute: “Gombe Stream Research Center”, 2008.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 PBS: Nature- “Jane Goodall’s Wild Chimpanzees”, 1996.
  5. ↑ Goodall, J. (1986). The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 84. ISBN 0-674-11649-6.
  6. 1 2 African Ape Study Sites: “Gombe National Park, Tanzania”, 1999.
  7. ↑ Detwiler, Kate M. (2004-01-01). Glenn, Mary E.; Cords, Marina, eds. Hybridization between Red-tailed Monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius) and Blue Monkeys (C. mitis) in East African Forests. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. Springer US. pp. 79–97. ISBN 978-0-306-47346-3.
  8. 1 2 3 Jane Goodall, “Learning from the Chimpanzees: A Message Humans Can Understand” Science, 1998.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Goodall, Jane. Reason for Hope: A Spiritual Journey. New York: Warner Books, 1999.
  10. 1 2 3 The Jane Goodall Institute: “Chimpanzee Central”, 2008.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pusey et al., “The Contribution of Long-Term Research at Gombe National Park to Chimpanzee Conservation”, Conservation Biology, 2007.
  12. ↑ African Conservation Foundation: “Gombe Stream Research Centre”, 2008.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Property & Environment Research Center: “Overcoming Government Obstacles- Some Tanzanian Communities Manage Wildlife”, 2004.

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