The Golden Girls

For the 1995 Hong Kong film, see The Golden Girls (film). For other uses, see Golden Girl.
The Golden Girls
Genre Sitcom
Created by Susan Harris
Starring Beatrice Arthur
Betty White
Rue McClanahan
Estelle Getty
Theme music composer Andrew Gold
Opening theme "Thank You for Being a Friend" by Cynthia Fee
Ending theme "Thank You for Being a Friend" Instrumental
Composer(s) George Tipton
Country of origin United States
Original language(s) English
No. of seasons 7
No. of episodes 180 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s) Susan Harris
Paul Junger Witt
Tony Thomas
Camera setup Videotape
Multi-camera
Production company(s) Witt/Thomas/Harris Productions
Touchstone Television
Distributor Buena Vista Television
Release
Original network NBC
Picture format 480i (SDTV)
Original release September 14, 1985 (1985-09-14) – May 9, 1992 (1992-05-09)
Chronology
Followed by The Golden Palace
Related shows Empty Nest
Nurses

The Golden Girls is an American sitcom created by Susan Harris that originally aired on NBC from September 14, 1985, to May 9, 1992. Starring Beatrice Arthur, Betty White, Rue McClanahan, and Estelle Getty, the series centers on four older women who share a home in Miami, Florida. It was produced by Witt/Thomas/Harris Productions, in association with Touchstone Television, and Paul Junger Witt, Tony Thomas, and Harris served as the original executive producers.

The Golden Girls received critical acclaim throughout most of its run and won several awards, including the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series twice. It also won three Golden Globe Awards for Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy.[1] Each of the four stars received an Emmy Award (from multiple nominations during the series' run), making it one of only three sitcoms in the award's history to achieve this.[2][3] The series also ranked among the top ten highest-rated programs for six out of its seven seasons.[4] In 2013, TV Guide ranked The Golden Girls No. 54 on its list of the 60 Best Series of All Time.[5] In 2014, the Writers Guild of America placed the sitcom at No. 69 in their list of the "101 Best Written TV Series of All Time".[6]

Premise

The series revolves around four older, single women (three widows and one divorcée) sharing a house in Miami, Florida. The owner of the house is a widow named Blanche Devereaux (McClanahan), who was joined by fellow widow Rose Nylund (White) and divorcée Dorothy Zbornak (Arthur) after they both responded to a room-for-rent ad on the bulletin board of a local grocery store a year prior to the start of the series. In the pilot episode, the three were joined by Dorothy's 80-year-old mother, Sophia Petrillo (Getty), after the retirement home where she lived burned down.[7][8]

Pilot

The pilot episode featured a gay character named Coco (played by Charles Levin) who worked as a cook for the girls, but the role was eliminated from the series before the beginning of the first season. The writers observed that in many of the proposed scripts, the main interaction between the girls occurred in the kitchen while preparing and eating food and decided that a separate cook would distract from that friendship. In addition, the character of Sophia had originally been planned as an occasional guest star, but Estelle Getty had tested so strongly with preview audiences that the producers decided to make Sophia a regular character which made Coco obsolete.[9]

Finale

After six consecutive seasons in the top 10, and a seventh season at No. 30, The Golden Girls came to an end when Bea Arthur chose to leave the series. In the hour-long series finale, which aired in May 1992, Dorothy meets and marries Blanche's Uncle Lucas (Leslie Nielsen), and moves to Hollingsworth Manor in Atlanta, Georgia. Sophia was to join her, but in the end, Sophia stays behind with the other girls in Miami, leading into the spin-off series, The Golden Palace. The series finale was watched by 27.2 million viewers. As of 2010, the episode ranked at No. 17 of most-watched finales.[10]

Episodes

Season Episodes Originally aired Rank Households
First aired Last aired
1 25 September 14, 1985 (1985-09-14) May 10, 1986 (1986-05-10) 7[11][12] 18,726,200
2 26 September 27, 1986 (1986-09-27) May 16, 1987 (1987-05-16) 5[13] 21,413,000
3 25 September 19, 1987 (1987-09-19) May 7, 1988 (1988-05-07) 4[12] 19,314,800
4 26 October 8, 1988 (1988-10-08) May 13, 1989 (1989-05-13) 5[14] 19,345,600
5 26 September 23, 1989 (1989-09-23) May 5, 1990 (1990-05-05) 6[15] 18,512,100
6 26 September 22, 1990 (1990-09-22) May 4, 1991 (1991-05-04) 10[16] 15,361,500
7 26 September 21, 1991 (1991-09-21) May 9, 1992 (1992-05-09) 30[17] 12,065,100

Cast and characters

Main

Main characters in the final scene from the season two episode "Big Daddy's Little Lady" (from left): Estelle Getty as Sophia, Rue McClanahan as Blanche, Betty White as Rose, and Beatrice Arthur as Dorothy
Born in Brooklyn, New York City, to Sicilian immigrants Sophia and Salvadore Petrillo, Dorothy became pregnant while still in high school, resulting in a marriage to Stanley Zbornak in order to legitimize the baby. Stan and Dorothy eventually moved to Miami, but divorced after 38 years when Stan left her for a young flight attendant. The marriage produced children. According to the timeline presented, Dorothy and Stan would have had three children, with their oldest son or daughter near 40 by the beginning of the series. However, due to a lack of continuity in the writing, it is implied they had three children but sometimes stated they only had two. Michael and Kate were repeatedly shown as being in their 20s during the run of the show, thus not being old enough to be the child Dorothy got pregnant with in high school. In the series' finale episode, Dorothy marries Blanche's uncle, Lucas Hollingsworth, and relocates to Atlanta, Georgia. Arthur also played Dorothy's grandmother, Sophia's mother, in a flashback episode to when they lived in Brooklyn.
Known for her humorously peculiar stories of life growing up in her hometown, Rose was happily married to Charlie Nylund, with whom she had five children. Upon Charlie's death, she moved to Miami. She eventually found work at a grief counseling center, though she later ended up as the assistant to a consumer reporter ("Enrique Mas") at a local TV station. In later seasons, Rose became romantically involved with college professor Miles Webber. During season six, Miles was placed into the Witness Protection Program, but returned later in the season. Their relationship continued throughout the series, and shortly into the sequel series, The Golden Palace. In season one it is stated that Rose is 55.
Born into a wealthy family, Blanche grew up as the apple of her father's eye on a plantation outside of Atlanta, Georgia, prior to her relocation to Miami, where she lived with her husband, George, until his death. Their marriage produced six children: four sons and two daughters. A widow, Blanche was portrayed as man-hungry, and she clearly had the most male admirers—and stories detailing various sexual encounters—over the course of the series.
Born in Palermo, Sicily, Sophia moved to New York after fleeing an arranged marriage to Guido Spirelli. She later married Salvadore Petrillo, with whom she had three children: Dorothy, Gloria, and Phil, a transvestite, who later dies of a heart attack (episode "Ebbtide's Revenge"). Initially a resident in the Shady Pines Retirement Home after having a stroke prior to the start of the series, she moved in with Blanche, Rose and Dorothy following a fire at the institution. During the series' run, Sophia married Max Weinstock, but they soon separated. Throughout the series, she held a few part-time jobs, mostly involving food, including fast-food worker and entrepreneur of spaghetti sauce and homemade sandwiches.

Recurring

Production

Creation

"I was running all over the house grabbing anybody who would listen. I kept reading scenes to them and saying 'God, this is brilliant [...] There's nothing trendy about this show. There are no tricks. It's a classic"
—NBC executive Warren Littlefield about reading the series pilot.[18]

Ideas for a comedy series about older women emerged during the filming of a television special at NBC's Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank, California, in August 1984.[18] Produced to introduce the network's 1984–85 season schedule, two actresses appearing on NBC shows, Selma Diamond of Night Court and Doris Roberts of Remington Steele appeared in a skit promoting the upcoming show Miami Vice as Miami Nice, a parody about old people living in Miami, Florida.[19] NBC senior vice president Warren Littlefield was among the executive producers in the audience who were amused by their performance, and he envisioned a series based on the geriatric humor the two were portraying.[18]

Shortly afterward, he met with producers Paul Junger Witt and Tony Thomas who were pitching a show about a female lawyer. Though Littlefield nixed their idea, he asked them if they were interested in delivering a pilot script for Miami Nice instead, but as their regular writer declined, Witt agreed to ask his wife, Susan Harris.[18] While they had doubts whether Harris, who initially had planned to retire after the ending of their ABC series Soap,[20] would pen another project, Harris found the concept to be interesting as "it was a demographic that had never been addressed," and she soon resumed work.[18] Though her vision of a sitcom about women in their 60s differed with NBC's request to write a comedy about women at the age of around 40,[21] Littlefield was impressed when he received Harris' pilot script and subsequently approved production of the pilot.[18] The Cosby Show director Jay Sandrich, who had previously worked with Harris, Witt and Thomas on Soap, agreed to direct.[22]

The pilot also includes the girls' gay houseboy, Coco (Charles Levin), who lived with them. Levin had been suggested by then-NBC president Brandon Tartikoff based on his groundbreaking recurring gay role, Eddie Gregg, on NBC's Emmy-winning drama, Hill Street Blues. After the pilot, the character of Coco was eliminated from the series.[23][24]

Casting

Rue McClanahan in 2007

Hired to film the pilot, director Sandrich would also become instrumental in the casting process for the series. Both Rue McClanahan and Betty White came into consideration as the series Mama's Family, in which the two co-starred, had been canceled by NBC. Originally producers wanted to cast McClanahan as Rose and White as Blanche. The thinking for this was based on roles they previously played; White portrayed man-hungry Sue Ann Nivens on The Mary Tyler Moore Show, while McClanahan co-starred as sweet but scatter-brained Vivian Harmon in Maude. Eager not to be typecast, they took the suggestion of Sandrich and switched roles last-minute.[18][24]

Though Harris had created the character of Dorothy with a "Bea Arthur type" in mind, Littlefield and the producers initially envisioned actress Elaine Stritch for the part.[24] Stritch's audition flopped, however, and under the impression that Arthur didn't want to participate, Harris asked McClanahan if she could persuade Arthur, with whom she worked previously on the CBS sitcom Maude, to take the role. Arthur flipped upon reading the script, but felt hesitant about McClanahan's approach as she didn't "want to play (their Maude characters) Maude and Vivian meet Sue Ann Nivens." She reconsidered, however, after hearing that McClanahan and White had switched roles.

Estelle Getty, who was younger than both Bea Arthur and Betty White, was the last to be cast as the elderly mother of Arthur's character. Tony Thomas spotted her playing the mother role on Broadway in Torch Song Trilogy, and asked her to audition.[18] Getty, who went through a three-hour transformation to become Sophia, wore heavy make-up, thick glasses and a white wig to look the part.[25] The character of Sophia was thought by the creators to enhance the idea that three retirement age women could be young. Disney's Michael Eisner explains, "Estelle Getty made our three women into girls. And that was, to me, what made it seem like it could be a contemporary, young show."[26]

Years after the show, it emerged that Bea Arthur and Betty White were personally distant when not working. This never came across publicly in press, and both acted as consummate professionals on set as each knew the importance of the other to the overall success of the show. White has expressed nothing but love and admiration for Arthur since her death in 2009, but has indicated that their conflict was real and due to a fundamental personality clash with Arthur becoming easily irritated by White's positive, perky demeanor.[27]

Writing and taping

Miami skyline as used for the season one title card

The show was the first television series to be produced by The Walt Disney Company under the Touchstone Television label, and was subsequently distributed by Buena Vista International, Inc. (which owns as the former affiliate of Disney Channel Asia, now Disney–ABC Television Group).[28]

Creator Susan Harris went on to contribute another four episodes to the first season, but became less involved with the sitcom throughout its run; she would, however, continue reading all scripts and remained familiar with most of the storylines. Kathy Speer and Terry Grossman were the first head writers of the series and wrote for the show's first four seasons. As head writers, Speer and Grossman along with Mort Nathan and Barry Fanaro—who won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing the first season—gave general ideas to lower staff writers, and personally wrote a handful of scripts each season.[29]

In 1989, Marc Sotkin, previously a writer on Laverne & Shirley and a producer on fellow Witt/Thomas series It's a Living, assumed head-writing responsibilities, and guided the show (to varying degrees) during what would be its final three seasons. Richard Vaczy and Tracy Gamble, previously writers on 227 and My Two Dads, also assumed the roles of producers and head writers. Beginning in 1990, Marc Cherry served as writer and producer, years before going on to create Desperate Housewives, which ran on ABC from 2004 to 2012.[29]

Exterior and interior sets

The house's address was mentioned as being 6151 Richmond Street, Miami.[30] The outside model used in the shots of the house in the series was part of the backstage studio tour ride at Disney's Hollywood Studios. This façade—along with the Empty Nest house—was among those destroyed in mid-2003, as Disney bulldozed the houses of "Residential Street" to make room for its "Lights, Motors, Action!" attraction. A hurricane that damaged the sets earlier also contributed to this decision. The façade is based on a real house in Brentwood, California,[31] located at 245 N. Saltair Ave. and was used in the exterior shots during the first season of the show. Later, the producers built a new model at Walt Disney World in Florida.

The kitchen set seen on The Golden Girls was originally used on an earlier Witt/Thomas/Harris series, It Takes Two, which aired on ABC from 1982 to 1983. However, the exterior backdrop seen through the kitchen window changed from the view of Chicago high-rises to palm trees and bushes for the Miami setting.

Format

The Golden Girls was shot on videotape in front of a live studio audience.[32] Many episodes of the series followed a similar format or theme. For example, one or more of the women would become involved in some sort of problem, often involving other family members, men, or an ethical dilemma. At some point, they would gather around the kitchen table and discuss the problem, sometimes late at night and often while eating cheesecake or some other dessert.[33] One of the other girls would then tell a story from her own life, which somehow related to the problem (though Rose would occasionally regale a nonsense story that had nothing to do with the situation, and Sophia would tell outrageous made-up stories). Some episodes featured flashbacks to previous episodes, flashbacks to events not shown in previous episodes or to events that occurred before the series began.[34] Though the writing was mostly comical, dramatic moments and sentimental endings were included in several episodes.

Reception

Critical reception

An immediate runaway hit, The Golden Girls became an NBC staple on Saturday nights.[35] The show was the anchor of NBC's Saturday line-up, and almost always won its time slot, as ABC and CBS struggled to find shows to compete against it, the most notable being ABC's Lucille Ball sitcom Life With Lucy in the beginning of the 1986–87 season. The Golden Girls was part of a series of Brandon Tartikoff shows that put an end to NBC's ratings slump, along with The Cosby Show, 227, Night Court, Miami Vice, and L.A. Law.

The show dealt with many topical issues, such as coming out and same-sex marriage,[36] elder care and homelessness, AIDS and discrimination against people with HIV, US immigration policy, death and assisted suicide.[37]

Awards and nominations

The Golden Girls Disney Legends plaque at Walt Disney Studios

During its original run, The Golden Girls received 68 Emmy nominations, 11 Emmy awards, four Golden Globe Awards, and two Viewers for Quality Television awards. All the lead actresses won Emmy Awards for their performances on the show. The Golden Girls is one of four shows, along with All in the Family, The Simpsons and Will & Grace, where all the principal actors have won at least one Emmy Award.

As a tribute to the success of The Golden Girls, all four actresses were later named Disney Legends.[38]

Distribution

Syndication

In 1989, American syndicated reruns began airing, distributed by Buena Vista Television (now Disney-ABC Domestic Television), the syndication arm of Disney, whose Touchstone Television division produced the series.

In March 1997, the Lifetime cable network acquired the exclusive rights to repeat the episodes of The Golden Girls in the US for over a decade, until March 1, 2009. The last episode aired on Lifetime, February 27, 2009. Many episodes were edited to allow more commercials and for content. The Hallmark Channel and WE tv began airing re-edited episodes of The Golden Girls in March 2009. As of February 2013, We TV's rights expired and Viacom networks' TV Land, home to Betty White's current series Hot in Cleveland, purchased them[39] and Logo TV.[40] It currently airs on the Hallmark Channel.

In Australia, the show airs everyday on cable TV channel, Fox Classics.

In Canada, CanWest's digital specialty channel, DejaView, aired reruns of The Golden Girls from 2001 to 2004. Recently, the channel began airing them again.

In South East Asia, the Rewind Networks, began airing reruns of The Golden Girls on its HD channel, HITS, in 2013.

Home media release

Buena Vista Home Entertainment has released all seven seasons of The Golden Girls on DVD in Region 1 and Region 4 with the first four being released in Region 2. On November 9, 2010, the studio released a complete series box set titled The Golden Girls: 25th Anniversary Complete Collection.[41] The 21-disc collection features all 180 episodes of the series as well as all special features contained on the previously released season sets; it is encased in special collectible packaging, a replica of Sophia's purse. On November 15, 2005, Warner Home Video released The Golden Girls: A Lifetime Intimate Portrait Series on DVD which contains a separate biography of Arthur, White, McClanahan and Getty, revealing each woman's background, rise to stardom and private life, which originally aired on Lifetime network.[42]

Spin-offs

Upon the success of The Golden Girls creator Susan Harris later devised Empty Nest as a spin-off from The Golden Girls with some character crossovers. Nurses was later spun off from Empty Nest, and the shows would occasionally have special episodes in which characters from one show made appearances in the others.[43]

The Golden Palace

Main article: The Golden Palace

After the original series ended, White, McClanahan, and Getty reprised their characters in the CBS series The Golden Palace, which ran from September 1992 to May 1993, and also starred Cheech Marin and Don Cheadle (Bea Arthur guest starred once reprising her role as Dorothy).[44] The show never approached the popularity or acclaim of the original, and ranked 66th in the annual ratings. Reportedly a second season was approved before being canceled the day before the network announced its fall schedule.

Lifetime, which held the rights to The Golden Girls at the time, aired reruns of The Golden Palace in the summer of 2005, and again in December of that year. This was the first time since 1993 that The Golden Palace was seen on American television. Until April 2006, Lifetime played the series as a virtual season eight, airing the series in between the conclusion of the final season and the syndicated roll-over to season one.

Empty Nest

Estelle Getty at the 41st annual Primetime Emmy Awards in 1989

Capitalizing on the popularity of The Golden Girls, creator Susan Harris decided to develop a spin-off, centering on the empty nest syndrome. The initial pilot was aired as the 1987 Golden Girls episode "Empty Nests" and starred Paul Dooley and Rita Moreno as George and Renee Corliss, a married couple living next to the Golden Girls characters, who face empty nest syndrome after their three adult daughters moved out.[45] When that idea wasn't well-received, Harris retooled the series as a vehicle for Richard Mulligan and the following year Empty Nest debuted, starring Mulligan as pediatrician Harry Weston, a widower whose two adult daughters moved back home. Characters from both shows made occasional guest appearances on the other show, with the four Girls guesting on Empty Nest and Mulligan, Dinah Manoff, Kristy McNichol, David Leisure and Park Overall appearing on The Golden Girls in their Empty Nest roles.[46] After the end of The Golden Palace, Getty joined the cast of Empty Nest, making frequent appearances as Sophia in the show's final two seasons.

Mulligan and Manoff were alumni from one of Susan Harris' earlier shows, Soap.

Nurses

Main article: Nurses (TV series)

Empty Nest launched its own spin-off in 1991 set in Miami in the same hospital where Dr. Weston worked. The series starred Stephanie Hodge and a set of other young female and male nurses and follows their daily slumbers during worktime. As one of the few times in television history that three shows from the same producer, set in the same city, aired back-to-back-to-back on a single network in the same night, the three shows occasionally took advantage of their unique circumstances to create storylines that carried through all three series, such as "Hurricane Saturday." Starring actress Hodge left the show after two seasons. David Rasche joined the cast at the start of the second season and Loni Anderson was added as the new hospital administrator for the third season.

Adaptations

Stage

The Golden Girls: Live! was an Off-Broadway show that opened in the summer of 2003 in New York City at Rose's Turn theater in the West Village, and ran until November of that year.[47] The production ended because the producers failed to secure the rights and received a cease and desist order by the creators of the original television show. Featuring an all-male cast in drag, The Golden Girls: Live! consisted of two back-to-back episodes of the sitcom: Break-In (season 1, episode 8) and Isn't It Romantic? (season 2, episode 5).

Foreign versions

References

  1. ↑ "'L.A. Law' and 'Golden Girls' Win Series Emmys". The New York Times. Associated Press. September 21, 1987. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  2. ↑ Margulies, Lee (September 21, 1987). "'L.A. Law' Wins Emmy as Best Drama Series : 'Golden Girls' Chosen as TV's Top Comedy; Gless, Willis, McClanahan Take Acting Honors". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  3. ↑ Margulies, Lee (September 22, 1986). "'Cagney, Lacey' Shares Top Emmys With 'Golden Girls'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  4. ↑ Galician, Mary-Lou; Merskin, Debra L. (2007). Critical Thinking About Sex, Love, and Romance In the Mass Media: Media Literacy Applications. Psychology Press. p. 109. ISBN 0-8058-5615-3.
  5. ↑ "TV Guide Magazine's 60 Best Series of All Time". TV Guide.
  6. ↑ "’101 Best Written TV Series Of All Time’ From WGA/TV Guide: Complete List". Deadline Hollywood. June 2, 2013. Retrieved August 5, 2014.
  7. ↑ Bosman, Julie (November 8, 2005). "The Grandchildren of 'The Golden Girls'". The New York Times. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  8. ↑ Du Brow, Rick (April 28, 1992). "'Golden Girl' Getty Will Miss Her TV 'Daughter'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  9. ↑ Kovalchik, Kara. "7 Things You Might Not Know About The Golden Girls From Mental Floss". Retrieved September 26, 2015.
  10. ↑ "Most Watched Series Finales". Classic TV Database. Retrieved March 6, 2012.
  11. ↑ "TV Ratings: 1984-1985". ClassicTVhits.com. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
  12. 1 2 "Top Rated Programs 1985-1990". fbibler.chez.net. July 26, 2002. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
  13. ↑ "TV Ratings: 1985–1986". ClassicTVhits.com. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
  14. ↑ "TV Ratings: 1988–1989". ClassicTVhits.com. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
  15. ↑ "TV Ratings: 1989–1990". ClassicTVhits.com. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
  16. ↑ "TV Ratings: 1990–1991". ClassicTVhits.com. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
  17. ↑ "TV Ratings: 1991–1992". ClassicTVhits.com. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Fonseca, Nicholas (April 24, 2009). "Golden Girls: A 20th Anniversary Oral History". Entertainment Weekly (EW.com). Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  19. ↑ Schwartz, Tony (September 30, 1985). "The Real Mr. T". New York: 42. ISSN 0028-7369. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  20. ↑ Fitzharris, Dustin (October 4, 2010). "Catching Up With The Golden Girls' Susan Harris". Out. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  21. ↑ Prague, Jacke (April 8, 2010). "Crackle's Creator Conversation: Soap's Susan Harris". Crackle. Crackle.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2010. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
  22. ↑ Cronin, Brian. "TV Legends Revealed #35". Legends Revealed. Retrieved January 14, 2010.
  23. ↑ Colucci, Jim (2006). The Q Guide to The Golden Girls. Alyson Books. pp. 8, 43–55.
  24. 1 2 3 Bloom, Ken; Vlastnik, Frank; Lithgow, John (2007). Sitcoms: The 101 Greatest TV Comedies of All Time. Black Dog Publishing. p. 137. ISBN 1-57912-752-5.
  25. ↑ Kinosian, Janet (February 1, 1988). Making Up Is Hard to Do. Orange Coast. p. 157. ISSN 0279-0483. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  26. ↑ "The Golden Girls". Archive of American Television. Retrieved March 6, 2012.
  27. ↑ "Bea Vs. Betty". Perez Hilton. May 9, 2015. Retrieved May 29, 2015.
  28. ↑ "ABC Studios". The TV IV. August 30, 2007. Retrieved March 6, 2012.
  29. 1 2 Mills, Nancy (October 30, 1987). "'Golden Girls' Polishes Its Scripts: Daily Revisions Geared to Sharpen Story and Hone Those Laugh Lines". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  30. ↑ Terrace, Vincent (2011). Encyclopedia of Television Shows, 1925 Through 2010. McFarland. p. 2528. ISBN 978-0-7864-8641-0. Retrieved August 8, 2013.
  31. ↑ 34°03′58″N 118°26′51″W / 34.066°N 118.4474°W
  32. ↑ Rosewarne, Lauren (2012). Periods in Pop Culture: Menstruation in Film and Television. Lexington Books. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-7391-7000-7. Retrieved August 8, 2013.
  33. ↑ DeCaro, Frank (2011). The Dead Celebrity Cookbook: A Resurrection of Recipes from More Than 145 Stars of Stage and Screen. Health Communications Inc. p. 352. ISBN 978-0-7573-1596-1. Retrieved August 8, 2013.
  34. ↑ Huryk, Harry (July 1, 2007). The Golden Girls - The Ultimate Viewing Guide. Lulu.com. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-4116-8528-4. Retrieved August 8, 2013.
  35. ↑ "'Golden Girls' Tops Ratings". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. September 17, 1985. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  36. ↑ "Gays and Closets--a TV Controversy". Los Angeles Times. April 21, 1991. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  37. ↑ "'The Golden Girls' And Gay Marriage: Classic Sitcom Showed Support 20 Years Before Obama". The Huffington Post. May 10, 2012. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
  38. ↑ "Legends". Disney.com. Retrieved March 6, 2012.
  39. ↑ "The Golden Girls". TV Land. Retrieved August 5, 2014.
  40. ↑ "Preview 2: The Golden Girls Arrive on Logo April 13th". Logotv.com. March 6, 2013. Retrieved August 5, 2014.
  41. ↑ "The Golden Girls – 25th Anniversary Complete Collection" (Press release). Walt Disney Studios. September 7, 2010. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
  42. ↑ The Golden Girls: A Lifetime Intimate Portrait Series (DVD). Warner Home Video. November 15, 2005. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
  43. ↑ DuBrow, Rick (September 10, 1991). "'Golden Girls' Creator Adds Shows". Los Angeles Times (LATimes.com). Retrieved June 24, 2011.
  44. ↑ O'Connor, John J. (September 25, 1992). "TV Weekend; 3 of the Golden Girls in a New Home". The New York Times. Retrieved August 19, 2010.
  45. ↑ Morris, Etta (June 7, 1987). "The Golden Girls Has Been A Delight From Its Inception". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
  46. ↑ Rosenberg, Howard (October 8, 1988). "Empty Nest Looks Like Good Place to Nestle Down". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
  47. ↑ Jacobs, Leonard (8 December 2003). "'Golden Girls: Live!' Sent to Shady Pines". backstage.com. Retrieved 2014-01-02.
  48. ↑ Jeffrey Gerson (July 29, 2010). "Golden Girls Hits Spain". The Advocate (Advocate.com). Archived from the original on August 1, 2010. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
  49. ↑ "Golden Girls Intro (Dutch)". YouTube. October 11, 2012. Retrieved 2014-11-18.
  50. ↑ Francisco, Butch (November 15, 2001). "A rivalry that never was". Philstar.com. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
  51. ↑ "Большие Девочки" (in Russian). amedia.ru. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
  52. ↑ "TVE comienza a rodar 'Juntas, pero no revueltas', su versión de 'Las chicas de oro'". El País. elpais.com. June 9, 1995. Retrieved June 24, 2011. in Spanish
  53. ↑ "TVE presenta el remake: 'Volvemos a la sitcom pero con valor seguro'". vertele.com. July 27, 2010. Retrieved June 24, 2011.in Spanish
  54. 1 2 ""Las Chicas de Oro" relucen en su estreno con 4 millones". vertele.com. September 14, 2010. Retrieved June 24, 2011.in Spanish
  55. ↑ Viner, Brian (August 30, 2000). "Heard the one about the US sense of humour?". The Independent (London: Independent.co.uk). Retrieved September 9, 2010.

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