Golden Cavalry of St George
The Golden Cavalry of St George was the colloquial name of subsidies paid out by the British government to other European states in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, through particularly during the Napoleonic Wars. The name comes from the image of Saint George, the patron saint of England, on the British golden guinea coin.
During the War of the Austrian Succession Britain kept Austria afloat by large subsidies owing to the Anglo-Austrian Alliance. Eight years later in the Seven Years' War they did the same for Prussia, who were now their allies against the Austrians. The Anglo-Prussian Convention signed in April 1757 guaranteed Prussia a payment of £670,000 a year.
Napoleonic Wars
During the Napoleonic Wars a number of European states were allied with the British against France. Britain, which had a large navy but a small army, was unable to deploy major forces on the European continent. As Britain was a wealthy commercial power, they were able to pay out millions of pounds to Allied nations, who could field much larger armies against the French. An example is the £1,500,000 paid to Austria to commit troops to the campaign against the French in the Netherlands in 1793, an expedition to which the British could contribute only men.[1] Adjusted for inflation, this is equivalent to £273,000,000 in 2011.[2]
Large sums were made available for the purpose, sometimes as formal subsidies and sometimes as bribes for European statesman. This was partly funded by the introduction of the Income Tax by Prime Minister William Pitt. Though the policy was extremely costly, it ultimately proved successful as a coalition of European nations eventually defeated France in 1814.
Bibliography
- Esdaile, Charles. The Peninsular War. Penguin Books (2003)
- Hague, William. William Pitt The Young. Perennial (2005)
- Harvey, Robert. The War of Wars: The Great European Conflict, 1793-1815. Robinson (2007)