Cult of Reason
The Cult of Reason (French: Culte de la Raison)a was a belief system established in France and intended as a replacement for Christianity during the French Revolution.[1]
Origins
Opposition to the Roman Catholic Church was integral among the causes of the French Revolution, and this anti-clericalism solidified into official government policy in 1792 after the First French Republic was declared. Most of the dechristianisation of France was motivated by political and economic concerns, but philosophical alternatives to the Church developed gradually as well. Among the growing heterodoxy, the structural concepts of the Culte de la Raison became defined by Jacques Hébert, Antoine-François Momoro, Pierre-Gaspard Chaumette, Joseph Fouché, and other radical revolutionaries. Jacques Hébert gained a significant degree of popularity after being arrested for attacks on Girondists. Upon his release and with his newfound popularity, along with Pierre Gaspard Chaumette, Hébert founded the "worship of Reason". Unlike Robespierre's Cult of the Supreme Being, Hébert's cult rejected the existence of a deity. The cult was founded on the principles of the Enlightenment and anticlericalism.
Philosophy
The Cult of Reason was explicitly anthropocentric. Its goal was the perfection of mankind through the attainment of Truth and Liberty, and its guiding principle to this goal was the exercise of the human faculty of Reason. In the manner of conventional religion, it encouraged acts of congregational worship and devotional displays to the ideal of Reason.[2] A careful distinction was always drawn between the rational respect of Reason and the veneration of an idol: "There is one thing that one must not tire telling people," Momoro explained, "Liberty, reason, truth are only abstract beings. They are not gods, for properly speaking, they are part of ourselves."[2]
The overarching theme of the Cult was summarized by Anacharsis Clootz, who declared at the Festival of Reason that henceforward there would be "one God only, Le Peuple."[3] The Cult was intended as a civic religion—inspired by the works of Rousseau, Quatremère de Quincy, and Jacques-Louis David, it presented "an explicit religion of man."[2]
Revolutionary impact
Adherence to the Cult of Reason became a defining attribute of the Hébertist faction. It was also pervasive among the ranks of the sans-culottes. Numerous political factions, anti-clerical groups and events only loosely connected to the cult have come to be amalgamated with its name.[4] The earliest public demonstrations ranged from "wild masquerades" redolent of earlier spring festivals to outright persecutions, including ransackings of churches and synagogues in which religious and royal images were defaced.[5]
Joseph Fouché
As a military commander dispatched by the Jacobins to enforce their new laws, Fouché led a particularly zealous campaign of dechristianisation. His methods were brutal but efficient, and helped spread the developing creed through many parts of France. In his jurisdictions, Fouché ordered all crosses and statues removed from graveyards, and he gave the cult one of its elemental tenets when he decreed that all cemetery gates must bear only one inscription—"Death is an eternal sleep."[6] Fouché went so far as to declare a new civic religion of his own, virtually interchangeable with what would become known as the Cult of Reason, at a ceremony he dubbed the "Feast of Brutus" on 22 September 1793.[7]
Festival of Reason
The official nationwide Fête de la Raison, supervised by Hébert and Momoro on 20 Brumaire, Year II (10 November 1793) came to epitomize the new republican way of religion. In ceremonies devised and organised by Chaumette, churches across France were transformed into modern Temples of Reason. The largest ceremony of all was at the cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris. The Christian altar was dismantled and an altar to Liberty was installed and the inscription "To Philosophy" was carved in stone over the cathedral's doors.[2] Festive girls in white Roman dress and tricolor sashes milled around a costumed Goddess of Reason who "impersonated Liberty".[8] To avoid statuary and idolatry, the Goddess figures were portrayed by living women,[9] and in Paris the role was played by Momoro's own wife Sophie, who is said to have dressed "provocatively"[10] and, according to Thomas Carlyle, "made one of the best Goddesses of Reason; though her teeth were a little defective."[11]
Before his retirement, Georges Danton had warned against dechristianizers and their "rhetorical excesses", but support for the Cult only increased in the zealous early years of the First Republic. By late 1793, it was conceivable that the Convention might accept the invitation to attend the Paris festival en masse, but the unshakeable opposition of Maximilien Robespierre and others like him prevented it from becoming an official affair.[12] Undeterred, Chaumette and Hébert proudly led a sizable delegation of deputies to Notre Dame.[13]
Reaction
Many contemporary accounts reported the Festival of Reason as a "lurid", "licentious" affair of scandalous "depravities",[14] although some scholars have disputed their veracity.[15] These accounts, real or embellished, galvanized anti-revolutionary forces and even caused many dedicated Jacobins like Robespierre to publicly separate themselves from the radical faction.[16] Robespierre particularly scorned the Cult and denounced the festivals as "ridiculous farces".[13]
In the spring of 1794, the Cult of Reason was faced with official repudiation when Robespierre, nearing complete dictatorial power during the Reign of Terror, announced his own establishment of a new, deistic religion for the Republic, the Cult of the Supreme Being.[17] Robespierre denounced the Hébertistes on various philosophical and political grounds, specifically rejecting their perceived atheism. When Hébert, Momoro, Ronsin, Vincent, and others were sent to the guillotine on 4 Germinal, Year II (24 March 1794), the cult lost its most influential leadership; when Chaumette and other Hébertistes followed them four days later, the Cult of Reason effectively ceased to exist. Both cults were officially banned by Napoleon Bonaparte with his Law on Cults of 18 Germinal, Year X.[18]
See also
Notes
- ^ a: The word "cult" in French means "a form of worship", without any of its negative or exclusivist implications in English; its proponents intended it to be a universal congregation.
References
- ↑ Fremont-Barnes, p. 119.
- 1 2 3 4 Kennedy, p. 343.
- ↑ Carlyle, p. 375.
- ↑ Kennedy, p. 343: "The Festival of Reason... has come to symbolize the Parisian de-Christianization movement."
- ↑ Goldstein, p.XX.
- ↑ Doyle, p. 259: "Fouché declared in a manifesto... graveyards should exhibit no religious symbols, and at the gate of each would be an inscription proclaiming 'Death is an eternal sleep'."
- ↑ Doyle, p. 259: "[Fouché ] inaugurated a civic religion of his own devising with a 'Feast of Brutus' on 22 September at which he denounced 'religious sophistry'."
- ↑ Palmer, p. 119.
- ↑ Kennedy, p. 343: "A 'beautiful woman' was chosen to represent Reason and Liberty, rather than a statue, so that she would not become an idol."
- ↑ Scurr, p. 267.
- ↑ Carlyle, p. 379.
- ↑ Schama, pp. 778–779.
- 1 2 Schama, pp. 778.
- ↑ Kennedy, p. 344: "The Festival of Reason in Notre Dame left no impression of rationality on the memories of contemporary observers.... [I]t was evident that the Festival of Reason was a scandal."
- ↑ Ozouf, pp.100ff.
- ↑ Kennedy, p. 344: "...tales of its raucousness may have contributed to Robespierre's opposition to de-Christianization in December 1793."
- ↑ "War, Terror, and Resistance". Center for History and New Media, George Mason University. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
- ↑ Doyle, p. 389.
Bibliography
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- Carlyle, Thomas (1838) [1837]. The French Revolution: A History II. Boston, MA: Little & Brown. OCLC 559080788.
- Doyle, William (1989). The Oxford History of the French Revolution. Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-822781-7.
- Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2007). Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies, 1760–1815. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33445-5.
- Goldstein, Morris (2007). Thus Religion Grows – The Story of Judaism. Pierides Press. ISBN 1-4067-7349-2.
- Kennedy, Emmet (1989). A Cultural History of the French Revolution. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-04426-7.
- Ozouf, Mona (1988). Festivals and the French Revolution. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-29884-5.
- Palmer, R.R. (1969) [1941]. Twelve Who Ruled. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691051194.
- Schama, Simon (1989). Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution. New York: Vintage. ISBN 0679726101.
- Scurr, Ruth (1989). Fatal Purity: Robespierre and the French Revolution. Vintage. ISBN 9780099458982.
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