Glass batch calculation

Glass batch calculation or glass batching is used to determine the correct mix of raw materials (batch) for a glass melt.

Principle

The raw materials mixture for glass melting is termed "batch". The batch must be measured properly to achieve a given, desired glass formulation. This batch calculation is based on the common linear regression equation:

N_B = (B^T\cdot B)^{-1}\cdot B^T \cdot N_G

with NB and NG being the molarities 1-column matrices of the batch and glass components respectively, and B being the batching matrix.[1][2][3] The symbol "T" stands for the matrix transpose operation, "−1" indicates matrix inversion, and the sign "·" means the scalar product. From the molarities matrices N, percentages by weight (wt%) can easily be derived using the appropriate molar masses.

Example calculation

An example batch calculation may be demonstrated here. The desired glass composition in wt% is: 67 SiO2, 12 Na2O, 10 CaO, 5 Al2O3, 1 K2O, 2 MgO, 3 B2O3, and as raw materials are used sand, trona, lime, albite, orthoclase, dolomite, and borax. The formulas and molar masses of the glass and batch components are listed in the following table:

Formula of glass component Desired concentration of glass component, wt% Molar mass of glass component, g/mol Batch component Formula of batch component Molar mass of batch component, g/mol
SiO2 67 60.0843 Sand SiO2 60.0843
Na2O 12 61.9789 Trona Na3H(CO3)2*2H2O 226.0262
CaO 10 56.0774 Lime CaCO3 100.0872
Al2O3 5 101.9613 Albite Na2O*Al2O3*6SiO2 524.4460
K2O 1 94.1960 Orthoclase K2O*Al2O3*6SiO2 556.6631
MgO 2 40.3044 Dolomite MgCa(CO3)2 184.4014
B2O3 3 69.6202 Borax Na2B4O7*10H2O 381.3721

The batching matrix B indicates the relation of the molarity in the batch (columns) and in the glass (rows). For example, the batch component SiO2 adds 1 mol SiO2 to the glass, therefore, the intersection of the first column and row shows "1". Trona adds 1.5 mol Na2O to the glass; albite adds 6 mol SiO2, 1 mol Na2O, and 1 mol Al2O3, and so on. For the example given above, the complete batching matrix is listed below. The molarity matrix NG of the glass is simply determined by dividing the desired wt% concentrations by the appropriate molar masses, e.g., for SiO2 67/60.0843 = 1.1151.

\mathbf{B} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 6 & 6 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1.5 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 2 \end{bmatrix}             \mathbf{N_{G}} = \begin{bmatrix} 1.1151 \\ 0.1936 \\ 0.1783 \\ 0.0490 \\ 0.0106 \\ 0.0496 \\ 0.0431 \end{bmatrix}


The resulting molarity matrix of the batch, NB, is given here. After multiplication with the appropriate molar masses of the batch ingredients one obtains the batch mass fraction matrix MB:

\mathbf{N_{B}} = \begin{bmatrix} 0.82087 \\ 0.08910 \\ 0.12870 \\ 0.03842 \\ 0.01062 \\ 0.04962 \\ 0.02155 \end{bmatrix}            \mathbf{M_{B}} = \begin{bmatrix} 49.321 \\ 20.138 \\ 12.881 \\ 20.150 \\ 5.910 \\ 9.150 \\ 8.217 \end{bmatrix}   or   \mathbf{M_{B}(100\% normalized)} = \begin{bmatrix} 39.216 \\ 16.012 \\ 10.242 \\ 16.022 \\ 4.699 \\ 7.276 \\ 6.533 \end{bmatrix}

The matrix MB, normalized to sum up to 100% as seen above, contains the final batch composition in wt%: 39.216 sand, 16.012 trona, 10.242 lime, 16.022 albite, 4.699 orthoclase, 7.276 dolomite, 6.533 borax. If this batch is melted to a glass, the desired composition given above is obtained.[4] During glass melting, carbon dioxide (from trona, lime, dolomite) and water (from trona, borax) evaporate.

Another simple glass batch calculation can be found at the website of the University of Washington.[5]

Advanced batch calculation by optimization

If the number of glass and batch components is not equal, if it is impossible to exactly obtain the desired glass composition using the selected batch ingredients, or if the matrix equation is not soluble for other reasons (e.g., correlation), the batch composition must be determined by optimization techniques.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Y. B. Peng, Xingye Lei, D. E. Day: "A computer programme for optimising batch calculations"; Glass technology, vol. 32, 1991, no. 4, p 123–130.
  2. ↑ M. M. Khaimovich, K. Yu. Subbotin: "Automation of Batch Formula Calculation"; Glass and Ceramics, vol. 62, no 3-4, March 2005, p 109–112.
  3. ↑ A. I. Priven: "Calculating batch weights with a programmable microcalculator"; Glass and Ceramics, vol. 43, no 11, November 1986, p 488–491.
  4. ↑ See also: Free glass batch calculator
  5. ↑ "Glass Melting". Battelle PNNL MST Handbook. U.S. Department of Energy, Pacific Northwest Laboratory. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
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