Givors canal

The Givors canal (French: Canal de Givors) was built between 1761 and 1781 to carry coal, other goods and passengers from Rive-de-Gier to Givors on the Rhone, running beside the Gier river.

The canal was approved in 1760 and after many problems opened in 1780. The canal was originally 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) long. Goods were loaded on flat barges that could carry several tons. It took about 18 hours for two or three men to pull a barge through the canal. The Givors canal played an important role in the early industrialization of Givors and the Gier valley, and became highly profitable. At its peak, in 1827, the canal transported 332,000 tons.

The canal became obsolete when the Saint-Étienne–Lyon railway, the first passenger railway in France, was built in 1828–33 along the same route. In an attempt to compete, in 1839 the canal was extended to 20 kilometres (12 mi) long, with 42 locks to raise or lower boats moving between the sections of level water. Despite the extension, traffic volumes slumped, although the canal was kept open until the start of the 20th century. Little now remains of the canal, which has mostly been covered by the A47 autoroute between Givors and Saint-Étienne.

Plans

The original plan conceived by Alléon de Valcourt in 1749 was to build a canal that would link the upper Loire to the Rhone.^[1] The route would run through the Gier basin from Givors on the Rhone most of the way to Saint-Étienne, then through the Saint-Étienne basin to Saint-Just on the Loire. It was sometimes called the Canal des Deux-Mers^{[lower-alpha 1]} (Two-Seas Canal) since it would link the Atlantic and the Mediterranean.^[3]

A more immediate need for a canal covering the section between Givors and Rive-de-Gier emerged in the 1750s, when a cheaper method than pack mules was needed to carry coal to heat houses in Lyon and to fuel the glass works that had been opened in Givors in 1749.^[4] In 1751, there were 1,200 mules engaged in carrying the coal from Rive-de-Gier to Givors, from where it was taken by water north to Lyon and south to the towns of the Midi.^[3] Lyon was consuming 36,000 tons annually. The coal sold for 5 francs a ton at the mine head and 21.70 francs per ton at the Lyon docks.^[3]

The watchmaker and engineer François Zacharie proposed to connect the Loire to the Rhone by a navigable canal 56.2 kilometres (34.9 mi) long that would mount the Gier and its tributary the Janon, cross the watershed at Saint-Etienne and descend the Furan to exit on the Loire near Andrézieux. He filed his proposal early in 1758, and had to wait in Paris until 28 July 1760 for a favorable report from the Conseil du Roi.^[1]

Letters patent were issued to François and Guillaume Zacharie on 6 September 1761 giving them the right to build and then use the canal for forty years, after which it would revert to the crown. They would be responsible for building bridges for the roads cut by the canal and for paying for the lands taken.^[5] The letters-patent were not registered in Parliament until 6 June 1768. Zacharie was only authorized to open the channel from Givors as far as Rive-de-Gier, a rise of 80 metres (260 ft).^[1]

Construction

Location in France

Work began on the canal in 1763. When water was let into the first section of the canal in 1764 the side walls of a lock chamber collapsed. Zacharie had to borrow money to continue. In 1766, to satisfy his creditors, he prematurely opened the canal. The water broke the banks and the participants in the ceremony had to scramble to escape. Work was halted with the canal reaching only to Saint-Romain-en-Gier. In 1768, Zacharie died penniless of a heart attack.^[1][4]

Zacharie's death threatened to disrupt the project, but King Louis XVI of France was personally interested, and Zacharie's oldest son, Guillaume, was allowed to resume the work.^[1] On 14 December 1771, new letters patent were given to Guillaume and his partners, replacing the earlier ones. Under the new terms, all the land needed could be expropriated including two toises, or 3.6 metres (12 ft), of land on either side for tow paths. The builder could take materials wherever they could be found.^[5]

The king appointed an engineer to oversee construction, and an inspector of roads and bridges, to be paid by the concessionary. The concessionary and his heirs, successors and assigns would enjoy the canal for sixty years before transferring it to the king. He could deploy as many boats as he chose, being paid defined fees for the weight and distance of goods carried, and for passage of empty boats through each lock. Passenger fees were also defined. He could deploy armed guards to enforce regulations.^[5]

The project continued to run into difficulties with malfunctions, financial problems and threats of work stoppages.^[1] New letters patent were issued on 12 August 1779 that doubled the rates and extended the term to ninety-nine years. The concessionary could now also expropriate land for shops, warehouses and housing for employees.^[5] The work was complete in May 1780 and was finally opened for navigation from Givors to Rive-de-Gier the following December.^[1] The concessionaries reported that they had spent six million francs, but the canal probably cost much more.^[6]

The canal from Givors to Rive-de-Gier had nine aqueducts and 16 bridges.^[7] At Tartaras a tunnel 100 metres (330 ft) long and 5 metres (16 ft) wide had been broken through solid rock.^[4] The canal was 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) in length, and had 26 locks, several of them double. It was 1.8 metres (5 ft 11 in) deep, and could accommodate vessels 2.8 metres (9 ft 2 in) high. The maximum length of vessels was 22.5 metres (74 ft) and maximum width 4.65 metres (15.3 ft).^[8]

Operation

Old headquarters of the canal company at Rive-de-Gier

The canal had to contend with initial opposition from the carters, who used force to prevent coal being taken from the pits to the loading points.^[1] However, the canal provided a greatly superior method of transporting coal and was an immediate success. In 1782 it earned 114,000 livres.^[9] The Compagnie du canal de Givors was established in December 1788 to take over operations.^[8] In letters-patent of December 1788, registered on 5 September 1789, the concession was declared to be permanent.^[6]

Goods were carried on sicelandes, flat wooden boats about 20 to 22 metres (66 to 72 ft) long that could carry several tons. They were hauled by two or three margoulins, men who walked on the towpaths pulling the barge with a harness over their shoulder. It took about 18 hours to pull a barge through the canal. A marinier stood on the front of the barge steering it with a wooden pole. Lock-keepers operated the locks and helped manoeuver the barges using a boat hook. Porters loaded and unloaded the barges. They were called crocheteurs after the iron hooks that they used to move bales of goods.^[10]

The combination of the glass works and the canal transformed the sleepy rural village of Givors into an industrial town.^[11] The canal and the river both helped Givors distribute its manufactures.^[12] By the time the French Revolution began in 1789 Givors had 2,800 inhabitants. Its nodal position, later reinforced by construction of various railways, explains the development of the glass works and later of iron and steel manufacture.^[13]

King Louis XVI of France took a personal interest in the canal.

In December 1788, King Louis XVI approved construction of a reservoir to supply water to the canal in dry periods. François Zacharie had proposed a site for the reservoir high up near Saint-Etienne, but the chosen site was low down on the Couzon river near to Rive-de-Gier. This short-sighted decision ruled out the plan to continue the canal up to Saint-Etienne and then down to the Loire.^[10] The French Revolution (1789–1799) delayed the work, but the Barrage de Couzon (Couzon Dam) was completed in 1809, capable of containing 1,000,000 cubic metres (35,000,000 cu ft) of water.^{[lower-alpha 2]} It was modeled on the dam built at Saint-Ferriol for the Midi canal.^[14]

In 1821, revenue was 816,444 francs, and the company paid a dividend of 555,500 francs. The company was able to raise its rates without reducing traffic.^[1] In 1822, the canal earned almost a million francs from carrying 243,200 tons of coal and 96,000 tons of other merchandise. The concession holders had repaid most of the debts they had incurred to build the canal, including many improvements since it was opened, and were able to pay healthy dividends.^[9] By 1824, the canal was giving annual revenues of 850,000 francs. An 1824 account described a superb water station at Givors on the right bank of the Rhone, an excellent basin at Rive-de-Gier for loading, fine buildings for administration of the canal and spacious shops and warehouses.^[6]

In 1827, at its peak, the canal transported 332,000 tons.^[1] The main purpose of the canal was still to transport coal to Givors, from where it could be taken to other towns on the river Rhone. On the return trip, boats carried some of the merchandise of the Midi including iron, oak wood and other things needed by the factories of the Loire department. By 1831, the population of Givors had risen to 9,210. There were many factories making window panes, bottles and glasses, and the port had a busy trade in coal shipment. Ten large glass works had been established at Rive-de-Gier that also transported their products by the canal.^[15]

Railway competition

Games on the canal basin at Rive-de-Gier, turn of the 20th century

The canal's high tariffs and excellent profits attracted interest in building a competing railway.^[9] This was a bold venture. Planning for the Saint-Etienne railway preceded the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, opened in 1830, which was used as the prototype by other pioneering railways, so many new technical problems had to be solved. In fact the steep section from Rive-de-Gier to Saint-Etienne was beyond the power of steam traction engines of the day.^[16]

Construction of the Saint-Étienne–Lyon railway began in September 1826 under the direction of Marc Seguin. The section between Givors and Rive-de-Gier was open for freight traffic on 28 June 1830. The wagons were drawn up the slope by horses. One horse could pull five or six empty wagons at about 3 kilometres per hour (1.9 mph). On the downhill return journey, the horses were placed in wagons, and the 22 kilometres (14 mi) distance could be covered in an hour.^[17] In early 1831 the steam locomotive Seguin came into operation, able to tow seven cars loaded with 21 tons or up to 28 empty cars from Givors to Rive-de-Gier in an hour and a half. The full line from Saint-Étienne to Lyon was open for goods and passengers on 4 April 1833.^{[17][lower-alpha 3]}

The population was hostile to the railway since it threatened many trades. Trains were derailed and wagons set on fire.^[17] In 1835 the poet Guillaume Roquille published his Franco-Provençal language collection Ballon d’essai d’un jeune poète forézien (Trial balloon of a young Forézien^{[lower-alpha 4]} poet). He violently attacked the arrival of the Saint-Étienne–Lyon railway, which would ruin the canal on which his father worked as a porter.^[20] The canal company responded to competition by lowering rates but still lost business.^[16] They had steam boats built in England that could tow barges from Givors to Lyon, avoided the expense of transferring the coal to river boats.^[21] On 3 December 1831 a royal ordinance allowed the company to extend the canal west to La Grand-Croix. Work began at once and was completed in 1839.^[10] The 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) extension brought the length to 20 kilometres (12 mi) and the number of locks to 42.^[8]

However, economics were on the side of the railway. An 1836 report noted that coal had never been carried directly from Saint Etienne to Lyon using the canal. It would first have to be carried by land for 18 to 20 kilometres (11 to 12 mi), then for 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) by the canal, and then up the Rhone for 20 to 22 kilometres (12 to 14 mi). With the opening of the railway, all the coal could be carried non-stop by the much cheaper land route. Only the mines of Rive-de-Gier had use for the canal, and for those mines the charges were excessive.^[22]

Obsolescence

Empty canal basin at Givors, around 1901

Old headquarters of the canal company at Rive-de-Gier, now the town hall

The canal was leased to the Compagnie des Mines de la Loire on 1 January 1846.^[8] Tonnage had fallen from 246,000 tons in 1830 to 172,000 tons in 1840. It rose to 238,000 tons in 1850, then resumed its decline: 146,000 tons in 1860, 82,000 tons in 1870 and 24,000 tons in 1878.^[10] Until the end of the 19th century the municipality of Givors held that the canal was essential to development of the town, and that barge traffic was still a viable industry, fighting against closure of the canal and demanding that it remain navigable for its entire length despite mounting evidence that it was obsolete. However, by 1881, it was clear that the canal was in poor shape. The natural shores were eroded and the sides of locks 1–32 needed to be completely rebuilt. From locks 32 to 35 the canal was mostly silted up and in some places had disappeared completely, taken over by vegetable gardens.^[23]

The industrial development of the Gier valley had its negative aspects. An 1884 writer described the region of Échalas and Saint-Romain-en-Gier, where the country was furrowed by the river, the canal, the railway and the national road. He described the people as the most miserable in the canton of Givors. He said that everything showed this misery: agriculture, roads, houses, church. Work in the mines was the only choice for the poor villagers.^[24] An 1885 travel guide mentions the station of Givors-canal on the railway south from Lyon, where the Nîmes line separated from the line to Saint Etienne. The canal then was mainly used by coal barges.^[25] The route from Givors-Canal to St. Etienne passed coal mines, large smelting works and iron foundries.^[26]

The canal company went bankrupt and was bought by the state in 1886. This briefly gave it a new lease of life, but the canal had an obsolete gauge.^{[lower-alpha 5][8]} By the start of the 20th century it was almost abandoned. The canal was neglected and parts were filled in. In the 1970s the A47 autoroute between Givors and Saint-Étienne covered almost all the sections that remained, apart from the site at Tartaras where the double lock and tunnel have been preserved as a heritage site.^[8]

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