German night fighter direction vessel Togo

Not to be confused with German minelayer V 5908 Togo.
Displaced Persons about to board HNoMS Svalbard (ex-Togo) in Genoa, Italy, in December 1948 for resettlement in Australia
History
Nazi Germany
Class and type: Merchant vessel
Name: Togo
Namesake: Togo
Operator: Woermann Line
Builder: Bremer Vulkan, Vegesack
Launched: 13 August 1938
Homeport: Hamburg
Identification:
Fate: Requisitioned by Kriegsmarine, 1939
Nazi Germany
Name: Schiff 14
Namesake: Battle of Coronel
Operator: Kriegsmarine
Builder: Wilton, Rotterdam
Yard number: 10
Acquired: Requisitioned, 1939
Recommissioned: December 1942
Renamed: (HSK Coronel, 1942)
Reclassified:
  • Minelayer, 1940
  • Auxiliary cruiser, 1942
  • Minesweeper, 1943
Homeport: Kiel
Nickname(s):
  • HSK-10
  • Raider K
Fate: Transferred to the Luftwaffe, 1943
Nazi Germany
Name: Togo
Operator: Luftwaffe
Acquired: 1943
Recommissioned: 1943
Reclassified: Night fighter guide ship, 1943
Homeport: Kiel
Fate: War booty, 1945; transferred from UK to USA, then to Norway
Badge:
Norway
Class and type: Troop and DP transport
Name: Svalbard, then Tilthorn and Stella Marina
Acquired: 14 March 1946
Fate: Sold
West Germany
Class and type: Cargo ship
Name: Togo
Operator: Deutsch Afrikanische Schiffahrts GmbH, Hamburg
Acquired: November 1956
Fate: Sold
Panama
Class and type: Merchant vessel
Name: Lacasielle, then Topeka
Acquired: March 1968
Identification: IMO number: 5363029
Fate:
General characteristics As NJL Togo
Type: Night fighter guide ship
Displacement: 12,700 t (12,500 long tons)[1]
Length: 134 m (439 ft 8 in)
Beam: 17.9 m (58 ft 9 in)
Draft: 7.9 m (25 ft 11 in)
Installed power: 5,100 hp (3,800 kW)
Propulsion:
  • 2 × 8-cylinder diesel engines
  • 1 × shaft
Speed: 16 kn (30 km/h; 18 mph)
Endurance: 36,000 nmi (67,000 km; 41,000 mi) at 10 kn (19 km/h; 12 mph)[2]
Complement: 283 crew plus 74 radar specialists from the Luftwaffe
Sensors and
processing systems:
Armament:
Aircraft carried: She could guide two night fighters simultaneously

The MS Togo was a German merchant ship that was launched in 1938. Requisitioned by the Kriegsmarine as Schiff 14, in April 1940 she participated in the invasion of Norway; in August 1940 was converted to a minelayer as part of the German plan to invade England; then from June 1941 she began conversion to the armed auxiliary cruiser (Hilfskreuzer) HSK Coronel.

Following Coronel's unsuccessful attempt in February 1943 to become the last German commerce raider of World War II, she was then used as a minesweeper (Sperrbrecher) before being recommissioned in late 1943 as NJL Togo, a night fighter direction vessel (Nachtjagdleitschiff), operating in the Baltic Sea.

As NJL Togo, she was the second of the Kriegsmarine's World War II radar ships, and the only one to survive the war.[3]

After the war, Togo passed through various changes of ownership, name and function before finally being wrecked off the Mexican coast in 1984.

Description and pre-war service

As built, Togo was 418.2 feet (127.47 m), long, with a beam of 58.7 feet (17.89 m) and a depth of 21.3 feet (6.49 m). Her gross register tonnage was 5,042, with a net register tonnage of 2,844. She was powered by two 8-cylinder Single Cycle Double Action diesel engines, each having cylinders of 283⁄4 inches (78 cm) diameter by 435⁄16 inches (110 cm) stroke. The engines gave a total of 1,556 NHP.[4]

Togo was owned by Hamburg-Bremen-Afrika Linie A.G. and was operated by Woerman Linie A.G., operating as Deutsche Ost-Afrika Linie. The Code Letters DJXJ were allocated and her port of registry was Hamburg.[5]

History during World War II

The M/S Togo[6] was launched in August 1938 for the Woermann Line[7] for trade with African countries. Togo was initially built as a freighter with cabins for 12 passengers.[8] At the outbreak of World War II Togo was at Douala, French Cameroon.[2] To avoid Togo being captured and interned, her Belgian-born captain, Eugene Rousselet, slipped her out under cover of darkness to the Belgian Congo port of Boma. On 25 October, she sailed from Boma and, breaking through the Allied blockade, returned to Hamburg on 23 November 1939 where she was requisitioned by the Kriegsmarine.[9]

As minelayer

In April 1940, Togo was a support ship (Werkstattschiff) for the German invasion of Norway[10] and on 21 April 1940 sustained damage in a British minefield, laid by the submarine HMS Narwhal, in the Kattegat east of Cape Skagen.

She was rebuilt as a minelayer (Minenleger)[11] and based in Cherbourg from August to November 1940 as part of Operation Sea Lion, the planned German invasion of England.[12]

As commerce raider Coronel

In late 1942, Togo was converted into an auxiliary cruiser. As part of this conversion she was renamed (Handels-Stör-Kreuzer, HSK) Coronel, she was known to the Kriegsmarine as HSK 10, and designated Schiff 14. To the Royal Navy, she was Raider K. She was named after the Battle of Coronel, Admiral Maximilian von Spee's victory over a British cruiser flotilla off the coast of Chile in November 1914.[2]

Converted at the Wilton-Fijenoord shipyards in Rotterdam and the Stettiner Oderwerke yard at Stettin,[2] she was recommissioned in December 1942. Her armament consisted of six TK15 15 cm guns, six 4 cm AA-guns, four 2 cm machine guns in twin mounts, and a few 2 cm guns in single mounts.

She was also designed to carry three aircraft, but these were never installed.

She was commanded by Kapitän zur See Ernst-Ludwig Thienemann,[13][14][15][16] and carried a crew of 16 officers and 331 men.[8]

Relying on the element of surprise, Schiff 14 Coronel departed from Norway on 31 January 1943 with a large escort of minelayers and patrol boats and attempted to break out into the Atlantic through the English Channel. However, her presence was already known to the British through ULTRA decrypts.[17] Coronel was hampered by storms and minefields, and twice ran aground on sandbanks. Coronel moved on by stages to Sylt, Dunkirk and Calais and on 10 February successfully ran the gauntlet of the coastal artillery at Dover. She then came under repeated air attack, and having suffered bomb damage, was forced to put into Boulogne.[14] As the damage was too severe to be repaired in an occupied French port, she was forced to return to Kiel, arriving there on 2 March 1943.

As it was the custom for German commerce raiders to be named by their captains after reaching the open sea, her failure to clear the Channel meant that she was not formally designated as the Hilfskreuzer Coronel but instead remained as Togo for the remainder of the war.[2]

As night fighter direction vessel

A Würzburg radar, similar to the one aboard Togo

Later the same year, Togo was employed in a minesweeping role as a Sperrbrecher ('Pathmaker', to clear a safe lane through a minefield),[18] before being converted into a night fighter guide ship, under the command of Korvettenkapitän Rudolf Lück.

From October 1943, Togo cruised the Baltic Sea under the operational control of the Luftwaffe's 22/Luftnachrichten Regiment 222.[19] In March 1944, after the three great Soviet bombing raids on Helsinki, she arrived in the Gulf of Finland to provide night fighter cover for Tallinn and Helsinki.

Near the end of the war, Togo took part in the evacuation of German troops and refugees from Poland, East Prussia and Latvia.[20][21]

Postwar history

In Kiel at the end of the war, Togo was seized as war booty and transferred first to Britain on 13 August 1945, then to the US Navy on 15 January 1946, and used to repatriate Polish ex-prisoners of war. Handed over to the Royal Norwegian Navy on 14 March (and renamed HNoMS Svalbard in December 1946), she was then used as a fleet auxiliary to transport occupation troops to Germany.[2][10][22] By this time her passenger capacity had been increased to 900,[8] and between December 1947 and December 1949 she was chartered by the International Refugee Organisation for transport of Displaced Persons from Europe to North America and Australia.[10] As part of the "Fifth Fleet", Svalbard undertook six voyages between June 1948 and October 1949, carrying a total of 5,242 DPs for resettlement in Australia.[8][23]

There were several further changes of ownership in 1954-56 which saw her briefly renamed as MS Tilthorn (April 1954) and later MS Stella Marina (July 1954), she was then re-purchased by her original owners, the Woermann-Deutsche Afrika line in November 1956. Refurbished and with her original name Togo restored, she sailed the Africa run for another twelve years.[2][10] With the introduction of IMO Numbers in the late 1960s, Togo was allocated the IMO Number 5363029.[24]

In March 1968, she was sold again, to Taboga Enterprises Inc. of Panama, and renamed Lacasielle. She was later sold again to Caribbean Real Estate SA, Panama, on 8 April 1976, becoming Topeka. It was under that name that she was last sold in 1984 to Lineas Agromar Ltda.[10]

It was as the tramp steamer, MS Topeka that she finally ended her days, by running aground after being blown from her anchorage by strong winds 8 mi (7.0 nmi; 13 km) off Coatzacoalcos, Mexico (18°10′12″N 94°18′36″W / 18.17000°N 94.31000°W / 18.17000; -94.31000Coordinates: 18°10′12″N 94°18′36″W / 18.17000°N 94.31000°W / 18.17000; -94.31000) on 21 November 1984, with the death of two men out of her crew of 27.[2][10]

Model of the Norwegian troopship Svalbard (ex-Togo) at Bergenhus Fortress Museum 

Notes and references

  1. ↑ Not to be confused with the figure of 5042 BRT (Brutto Register Tonnage, equivalent to Gross Register Tonnage, used as a measure of the cargo carrying capacity of ships, not their displacement) which is quoted for Togo by some sources. Retrieved 27 May 2010)
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 John Asmussen, Hilfskreuzer (Auxiliary Cruiser) Coronel Retrieved 28 May 2010
  3. ↑ The first had been the NJL Kreta (ex-French Ile de Beauté) which had been taken over by the Kriegsmarine in January 1943 and was rebuilt for use as a fighter direction ship. The conversion was completed in August 1943. The ship was lost on September 21, 1943 near the island of Capraia in the Tyrrhenian Sea, after being torpedoed by the British U-class submarine HMS Unseen. In September 1943, the Premuda was equipped with Freya-type radar for a time in order to operate as a radar picket and fighter direction ship, but she never served in this capacity; she was recoverted into a destroyer, renamed TA 32 and, based in Genoa, served in the Ligurian Sea until being scuttled on 25 April 1945.
  4. ↑ Lloyd's of London (1940). "LLOYD'S REGISTER, NAVIRES A VAPEUR ET A MOTEURS" (PDF). Plimsoll Ship Data. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
  5. ↑ Lloyd's of London (1938). "LLOYD'S REGISTER, STEAMERS AND MOTORSHIPS" (PDF). Plimsoll Ship Data. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
  6. ↑ Not to be confused with Hafenschutzboot Togo (ex-Norwegian Otra, NT05) or the patrol boat (Vorpostenboot) Coronel, V5909
  7. ↑ TheShipsList: German East Africa Line / Woermann Line Retrieved 23 May 2010
  8. 1 2 3 4 Plowman, Peter (2006): Australian Migrant Ships 1946—1977. Rosenberg Publishing Pty Ltd. Page 35. ISBN 1 877058 40 8
  9. ↑ Chronik des Seekrieges 1939-1945: November 1939 Retrieved 24 May 2010
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 http://warsailors.com/forum/read.php?1,2962,2968#msg-2968 (blog contribution by Theodor Dorgeist) Retrieved 26 May 2010.
  11. ↑ Führer der Sonderverbände und Führer der Minenschiffe In German. Retrieved 24 May 2010
  12. ↑ Chronik des Seekrieges 1939-1945: September 1940 Retrieved 24 May 2010
  13. ↑ http://www.zweiter-weltkrieg-lexikon.de/forum/viewtopic.php?f=4&t=256 (blog contribution by 'Zerstörerfahrer') Retrieved 27 May 2010
  14. 1 2 http://www.wlb-stuttgart.de/seekrieg/43-02.htm February 1943 Retrieved 27 May 2010
  15. ↑ From the beginning of the war, Thienemann had overseen the German commerce raider conversion program. He spent the last year of the war as captain of the pocket battleship Admiral Scheer, and later became a Flottillenadmiral in the post-war Bundesmarine.
  16. ↑ Thienemann was promoted to Kapitän zur See on 1 September 1942 http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?f=5&t=162697 blog contribution by 'Twilight'. Retrieved 27 May 2010
  17. ↑ J,C.B. Dear (Ed., 1995): The Oxford Companion to the Second World War. Oxford University Press, Oxford. page 96.
  18. ↑ Sperrbrecher Retrieved 24 May 2010
  19. ↑ Luftwaffe radar stations (Flugmeldemess Stellungen): Nachtjagdleitschiff Togo Retrieved 23 May 2010
  20. ↑ Dieter Jung / Berndt Wenzel / Arno Abendroth (1977 ): Schiffe und Boote der deutschen Seeflieger 1912-1976, Motor Buch Verlag Stuttgart. (Retrieved 26 May 2010.)
    Includes (pp 314-360): Nachtjagdleitschiffe in der Ostsee - Nachtjagdleitschiff Togo: Einsatz von 1939-1943 / Umbau und Ausrüstung 1943 / Die operativen Einsätze bis Ende 1944 / Kampfeinsatz Ostpreußen im Rahmen der Flüchtlingsrückführung (Januar—März 1945)
  21. ↑ The Fisherery and Harbour Museum in the German Baltic port of Sassnitz held an exhibition in 2003 called Flucht über die Ostsee 1944/45 (Flight across the Baltic 1944-45), which has a reference to Togo taking evacuees from Libau to Sassnitz in 1945.
  22. ↑ Transport og forsyninger Troppetransportskipet KNM Svalbard In Norwegian. Retrieved 19 October 3010
  23. ↑ Ann Tündern-Smith: fifthfleet.net > Ships of the Fifth Fleet Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  24. ↑ "TOPEKA - 5363029 - GENERAL CARGO". Maritime Connector. Retrieved 17 October 2010.

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