Geoffrey Elton

Sir Geoffrey Rudolph Elton (17 August 1921 – 3 December 1994) was a German-born British political and constitutional historian, specialising in the Tudor period. He taught at Clare College, Cambridge and was the Regius Professor of Modern History there from 1983 to 1988.

Upbringing

Elton was born in Tübingen, Germany, as Gottfried Rudolf Ehrenberg. His parents were the Jewish scholars Victor Ehrenberg and Eva Dorothea Sommer.^[1] In 1929, the Ehrenbergs moved to Prague, in what was then Czechoslovakia. In February 1939, the Ehrenbergs fled to Britain. Ehrenberg continued his education at Rydal School, a Methodist school in Wales, starting in 1939.^[2] After only two years, Ehrenberg was working as a teacher at Rydal and achieved the position of assistant master in Mathematics, History, and German.^[3] While there, he took courses via correspondence at the University of London and graduated with a degree in Ancient History in 1943.^[4] Ehrenberg enlisted in the British Army in 1943. He spent his time in the Army in the Intelligence Corps and the East Surrey Regiment, serving with the Eighth Army in Italy from 1944 to 1946.]].^[5] During this period, Ehrenberg anglicised his name to Geoffrey Rudolph Elton.^[6] After his discharge from the army, Elton studied early modern history at the University College London, graduating with a PhD in 1949.^[7] Under the supervision of J.E. Neale, Elton was awarded a PhD for his thesis "Thomas Cromwell, Aspects of his Administrative Work", in which Elton first developed the ideas that he was to pursue for the rest of his life.^[8] He took British citizenship in 1947.

The Tudor Revolution in Government

Elton focused primarily on the life of Henry VIII but also made significant contributions to the study of Elizabeth I. Elton was most famous for arguing in his 1953 book The Tudor Revolution in Government that Thomas Cromwell was the author of modern, bureaucratic government which replaced medieval, household-based government.^[9] Until the 1950s, historians had downplayed Thomas Cromwell's role, calling him a doctrinaire hack who was little more than the agent of the despotic King Henry VIII. Elton, however, made him the central figure in the Tudor revolution in government. Elton portrayed Cromwell as the presiding genius, much more so than the King, handling the break with Rome, and the laws and administrative procedures that made the English Reformation so important. Elton says he was responsible for translating Royal supremacy into Parliamentary terms, creating powerful new organs of government to take charge of church lands, and thoroughly removing the medieval features of the central government.^[10]

This change took place in the 1530s and must be regarded as part of a planned revolution. In essence, Elton was arguing that before Cromwell the realm could be viewed as the King's private estate writ large and that most administration was done by the King's household servants rather than by separate state offices. Cromwell, who was Henry VIII's chief minister from 1532 to 1540, introduced reforms into the administration that delineated the King's household from the state and created a modern bureaucratic government.^[11] He shone Tudor light into the darker corners of the Realm and radically altered the role of Parliament and the competence of Statute. Elton argued that by masterminding these reforms, Cromwell laid the foundations of England's future stability and success. He elaborated on these ideas in his 1955 work, the best-selling England under the Tudors, which went through three editions, and his Wiles Lectures, which he published in 1973 as Reform and Renewal: Thomas Cromwell and the Common Weal.^[12]

His thesis has been widely challenged by younger Tudor historians and can no longer be regarded as an orthodoxy, but Elton's contribution to the debate has profoundly influenced subsequent discussion of Tudor government, in particular concerning the role of Cromwell.^[13]

Historical perspective

Elton was a staunch admirer of Margaret Thatcher and Winston Churchill. He was also a fierce critic of Marxist historians, who he argued were presenting seriously flawed interpretations of the past. In particular, Elton was opposed to the idea that the English Civil War was caused by socioeconomic changes in the 16th and 17th centuries, arguing instead that it was due largely to the incompetence of the Stuart kings.^[14] Elton was also famous for his role in the Carr–Elton debate when he defended the nineteenth century interpretation of empirical, 'scientific' history most famously associated with Leopold von Ranke against E. H. Carr's views. Elton wrote his 1967 book The Practice of History largely in response to Carr's 1961 book What is History?.

Elton was a strong defender of the traditional methods of history and was appalled by postmodernism, once intoning on the subject: '... we are fighting for the lives of innocent young people beset by devilish tempters who claim to offer higher forms of thought and deeper truths and insights – the intellectual equivalent of crack, in fact. Any acceptance of these theories – even the most gentle or modest bow in their direction – can prove fatal.'^[15] Ex-pupils of his such as John Guy claim he did embody a "revisionist streak," reflected both in his work on Cromwell, his attack on John Neale's traditionalist account of Elizabeth I's parliaments, and in his support for a more contingent and political set of causes for the British Civil Wars of the mid-seventeenth century.

Elton saw the duty of historians as empirically gathering evidence and objectively analyzing what the evidence has to say. As a traditionalist, he placed great emphasis on the role of individuals in history instead of abstract, impersonal forces. For instance, his 1963 book Reformation Europe is in large part concerned with the duel between Martin Luther and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Elton objected to cross-disciplinary efforts such as efforts to combine history with anthropology or sociology. He saw political history as the best and most important kind of history. Elton had no use for those who seek history to make myths, to create laws to explain the past, or to produce theories such as Marxism.

Career

Elton taught at the University of Glasgow and from 1949 onwards at Clare College, Cambridge and was the Regius Professor of Modern History there from 1983 to 1988. Pupils included John Guy, Diarmaid MacCulloch, Susan Brigden and David Starkey, and Elton was knighted in 1986. He worked as publication secretary of the British Academy from 1981 to 1990 and served as the president of the Royal Historical Society from 1972 to 1976. He married a fellow historian, Sheila Lambert, in 1952.

He was the brother of the education researcher Lewis Elton and the uncle of Lewis's comedian and writer son, Ben Elton.

Works

Geoffrey Elton edited the second edition of the influential collection The Tudor Constitution. In it, he supported John Aylmer's basic conclusion that the Tudor constitution mirrored that of the mixed constitution of Sparta.

• The Tudor Revolution in Government: Administrative Changes in the Reign of Henry VIII, Cambridge University Press, 1953.
• England Under The Tudors, London: Methuen, 1955, revised edition 1974, third edition 1991.
• The Reformation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1958.
• Star Chamber Stories, London: Methuen, 1958.
• The Tudor Constitution: Documents and Commentary, Cambridge University Press, 1960; second edition, 1982.
• Henry VIII; An essay In Revision, London: Historical Association by Routledge & K. Paul, 1962.
• Reformation Europe, 1517-1559, New York: Harper & Row, 1963.
• The Practice of History, London: Fontana Press, 1967.
• Renaissance and Reformation, 1300–1640, edited by G.R. Elton, New York: Macmillan, 1968.
• The Body of the Whole Realm; Parliament and Representation in Medieval and Tudor England, Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1969.
• England, 1200–1640, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1969.
• Modern Historians on British History, 1485–1945 A Critical Bibliography, London: Methuen, 1970.
• Political History: Principles and Practice, London: Penguin Press/New York: Basic Books, 1970.
• Reform and Renewal: Thomas Cromwell and the Common Weal, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973; ISBN 0-521-09809-2.
• Policy and Police: the Enforcement of the Reformation in the Age of Thomas Cromwell, Cambridge University Press, 1973.
• Studies in Tudor and Stuart Politics and Government: Papers and Reviews, 1945–1972, 4 volumes, Cambridge University Press, 1974–1992.
• Annual bibliography of British and Irish history, Brighton, Sussex [England]:Harvester Press/Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press for the Royal Historical Society, 1976.
• Reform and Reformation: England 1509–1558, London: Arnold, 1977.
• English Law In The Sixteenth Century : Reform In An Age of Change, London: Selden Society, 1979.
• (co-written with Robert Fogel) Which Road to the Past? Two Views of History, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1983
• F.W. Maitland, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1985.
• The Parliament of England, 1559–1581, Cambridge University Press, 1986.
• Return to Essentials: Some Reflections on the Present State of Historical Study, Cambridge University Press, 1991.
• Thomas Cromwell, Headstart History Papers (ed. Judith Loades), Ipswich, 1991.
• The English, Oxford: Blackwell, 1992.

See also

• A History of England

Notes

1. ↑ Hughes-Warrington, Marine Fifty Key Thinkers on History, London: Routledge, 2000 page 79.
2. ↑ Hughes-Warrington, Marine Fifty Key Thinkers on History, London: Routledge, 2000 page 79.
3. ↑ Hughes-Warrington, Marine Fifty Key Thinkers on History, London: Routledge, 2000 page 79.
4. ↑ Hughes-Warrington, Marine Fifty Key Thinkers on History, London: Routledge, 2000 page 79.
5. ↑ Hughes-Warrington, Marine Fifty Key Thinkers on History, London: Routledge, 2000 page 79.
6. ↑ Hughes-Warrington, Marine Fifty Key Thinkers on History, London: Routledge, 2000 page 79.
7. ↑ Hughes-Warrington, Marine Fifty Key Thinkers on History, London: Routledge, 2000 page 79.
8. ↑ Hughes-Warrington, Marine Fifty Key Thinkers on History, London: Routledge, 2000 page 79.
9. ↑ Hughes-Warrington, Marine Fifty Key Thinkers on History, London: Routledge, 2000 pages 79-80.
10. ↑ John Kenyon, The History Men (1983) p 210
11. ↑ Hughes-Warrington, Marine Fifty Key Thinkers on History, London: Routledge, 2000 page 80.
12. ↑ Hughes-Warrington, Marine Fifty Key Thinkers on History, London: Routledge, 2000 page 80.
13. ↑ Kenyon, The History Men (1983) p 210
14. ↑ See his essays 'The Stuart Century', 'A High Road to Civil War?' and 'The Unexplained Revolution' in G. R. Elton, Studies in Tudor and Stuart Politics and Government: Volume II (Cambridge University Press, 1974).
15. ↑ Ó Tuathaigh, M. A. G., ‘Irish Historical “Revisionism”: State of the Art of Ideological Project?’ in, Brady, Ciaran (ed.), Interpreting Irish History (Dublin, 2006), p. 325.

References

• Black, Jeremy "Elton, G.R." pages 356–357 from The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, Volume 1, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1999
• Bradshaw, Brenden "The Tudor Commonwealth: Reform and Revision" pages 455–476 from Historical Journal, Volume 22, Issue 2, 1979.
• Coleman, Christopher & Starkey, David (editors) Revolution Reassessed: Revisions in the History of Tudor Government & Administration, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.
• Cross, Claire, Loades, David & Scarisbrick, J.J (editors) Law and Government under the Tudors: Essays Presented to Sir Geoffrey Elton, Regius Professor of Modern History in the University of Cambridge on the Occasion of his Retirement Cambridge University Press, 1988.
• Guth, DeLloyd and McKenna, John (editors) Tudor Rule and Revolution: Essays for G.R Elton from his American Friends, Cambridge University Press, 1982.
• Guy, John "The Tudor Commonwealth: Revising Thomas Cromwell" pages 681–685 from Historical Journal Volume 23, Issue 3, 1980.
• Horowitz, M.R. "Which Road to the Past?" History Today, Volume 34, January 1984. pages 5–10
• Jenkins, Keith `What is History?` From Carr to Elton to Rorty and White London: Routledge, 1995.
• Kenyon, John The History Men, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1983.
• Kouri, E.I and Scott, Tom (editors) Politics and Society in Reformation Europe: Essays for Sir Geoffrey Elton on his Sixty-fifth Birthday, London: Macmillan Press, 1986.
• Schlatter, R. Recent Views on British History: Essays on Historical Writing since 1966, New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1984.
• Slavin, Arthur. "Telling the Story: G.R Elton and the Tudor Age" pages 151–169 from Sixteenth Century Journal, Volume 21, Issue 2, 1990.
• Slavin Arthur. "G.R. Elton: On Reformation and Revolution" History Teacher, Volume 23, 1990. pp 405–31 in JSTOR
• Transactions of the Royal Historical Society pages 177–336, Volume 7, 1997.
• Williams, Penry and Harriss, Gavin "A Revolution in Tudor History?" Past and Present, Volume 25, 1963. pages 3–58

External links

• Defender of the Faith Geoffrey Elton and the Philosophy of History
• The Elton / Ehrenberg Papers
• Clare College obituary