Gemtuzumab ozogamicin

Gemtuzumab ozogamicin
Monoclonal antibody
Type Whole antibody
Source Humanized (from mouse)
Target CD33
Clinical data
Trade names Mylotarg
AHFS/Drugs.com monograph
MedlinePlus a607075
Pregnancy
category
  • D
Legal status
Routes of
administration		 Intravenous
Identifiers
CAS Number 220578-59-6 YesY
ATC code L01XC05
DrugBank DB00056 YesY
ChemSpider none
KEGG D03259 YesY
ChEMBL CHEMBL1201506 N
Chemical data
Molar mass 151–153 g/mol
 NYesY (what is this?)  (verify)

Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (marketed by Wyeth as Mylotarg) is a drug-linked monoclonal antibody (an antibody-drug conjugate) that was used to treat acute myelogenous leukemia from 2000 to 2010. It was withdrawn from market in June 2010 when a clinical trial showed the drug increased patient death and added no benefit over conventional cancer therapies.

Gemtuzumab is a monoclonal antibody to CD33 linked to a cytotoxic agent from the class of calicheamicins. CD33 is expressed in most leukemic blast cells but also in normal hematopoietic cells, the intensity diminishing with maturation of stem cells. In the United States, it was approved under an accelerated-approval process by the FDA in 2000 for use in patients over the age of 60 with relapsed acute myelogenous leukemia (AML); or those who are not considered candidates for standard chemotherapy.[1]

Within the first year after approval, the FDA required a black box warning be added to Gemtuzumab packaging. The drug was noted to increase the risk of veno-occlusive disease in the absence of bone marrow transplantation.[2] Later the onset of VOD was shown to occur at increased frequency in Gemtuzumab patients even following bone marrow transplantation.[3] The drug was discussed in a 2008 JAMA article, which criticized the inadequacy of postmarketing surveillance of biologic agents.[4]

Common side effects of administration included shivering, fever, nausea and vomiting. Serious side effects included severe myelosuppression (suppressed activity of bone marrow, which is involved in formation of various blood cells [found in 98% of patients]), disorder of the respiratory system, tumor lysis syndrome, Type III hypersensitivity, venous occlusion, and death.

Withdrawal from market

A randomized phase 3 comparative controlled trial (SWOG S0106) was initiated in 2004 by Wyeth in accordance with the FDA accelerated-approval process. The study was stopped prior to completion due to worrisome outcomes. Among the patients evaluated, fatal toxicity rate was significantly higher in the gemtuzumab combination therapy group vs the standard therapy group. Mortality was 5.7% with gemtuzumab and 1.4% without the agent (16/283 = 5.7% vs 4/281 = 1.4%; P = .01).[5]

In June 2010, Pfizer withdrew Mylotarg from the market at the request of the US FDA.[6][7] However, some other regulatory authorities did not agree with the FDA decision, with Japan's Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency stating in 2011 that the "risk-benefit balance of gemtuzumab ozogamicin has not changed from its state at the time of approval".[8]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Bross PF, Beitz J, Chewn G, Chen XH, Duffy E, Kieffer L, Roy S, Sridhara R, Rahman A, Williams G, Pazdur R (2001). "Approval summary: gemtuzumab ozogamicin in relapsed acute myeloid leukemia.". Clin Cancer Res 7 (6): 1490–6. PMID 11410481.
  2. ↑ Giles FJ, Kantarjian HM, Kornblau SM, Thomas DA, Garcia-Manero G, Waddelow TA, David CL, Phan AT, Colburn DE, Rashid A, Estey EH (2001). "Mylotarg (gemtuzumab ozogamicin) therapy is associated with hepatic venoocclusive disease in patients who have not received stem cell transplantation.". Cancer 92 (2): 406–13. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(20010715)92:2<406::AID-CNCR1336>3.0.CO;2-U. PMID 11466696.
  3. ↑ Wadleigh M, Richardson PG, Zahrieh D, Lee SJ, Cutler C, Ho V, Alyea EP, Antin JH, Stone RM, Soiffer RJ, DeAngelo DJ (2003). "Prior gemtuzumab ozogamicin exposure significantly increases the risk of veno-occlusive disease in patients who undergo myeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation.". Blood 102 (5): 1578–82. doi:10.1182/blood-2003-01-0255. PMID 12738663.
  4. ↑ The Research on Adverse Drug Events and Reports (RADAR) Project, JAMA
  5. ↑ , Medscape
  6. ↑ Mylotarg (gemtuzumab ozogamicin): Market Withdrawal, US FDA
  7. ↑ Pfizer pulls leukemia drug from U.S. market, Reuters
  8. ↑ Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Safety Information, No. 277, February 2011 (PDF) (Technical report). Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency of Japan. 2011.
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