Gay icon

A gay icon is a public figure (historical or present) who is embraced by many within lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) communities.

Some of the main qualities of a gay icon often include glamour, flamboyance, strength through adversity, and androgyny in presentation. Such icons can be of any sexual orientation or gender; if LGBT, they can be out or not. Although most gay icons have given their support to LGBT social movements, some have expressed opposition, advocating against a perceived "homosexual agenda".

Historical icons are typically elevated to such status because their sexual orientation remains a topic of debate among historians. Modern gay icons, who are predominantly female entertainers, commonly garner a large following within LGBT communities over the course of their careers. The majority of gay icons fall into one of two categories: they are either tragic, sometimes martyred figures, or prominent pop culture idols.

Historical

The earliest gay icon may have been Saint Sebastian,^[1] a Christian saint and martyr, whose combination of strong and shirtless physique, symbolic arrow-pierced flesh and rapturous look of pain have intrigued artists, both gay and straight, for centuries and began the first explicitly gay cult in the nineteenth century.^[1] Journalist Richard A. Kaye wrote, "Contemporary gay men have seen in Sebastian at once a stunning advertisement for homosexual desire (indeed, a homoerotic ideal), and a prototypical portrait of tortured closet case."^[2]

Due to Saint Sebastian's status as gay icon, Tennessee Williams chose to use the saint's name for the martyred character Sebastian in his play, Suddenly, Last Summer.^[3] The name was also used by Oscar Wilde–as Sebastian Melmoth–when in exile after his release from prison. Wilde, an Irish writer and poet, was about as "out of the closet" as was possible for the late 19th century, and is himself considered to be a gay icon.^[4]

Marie Antoinette was an early lesbian icon. Rumors about her relationships with women circulated in pornographic detail by anti-royalist pamphlets before the French Revolution. In Victorian England, biographers who idealized the Ancien Régime made a point of denying the rumours, but at the same time romanticised Marie Antoinette's "sisterly" friendship with the Princesse de Lamballe as–in the words of an 1858 biography–one of the "rare and great loves that Providence unites in death."^[5] By the end of the 19th century, she was a cult icon of "sapphism." Her execution, seen as tragic martyrdom, may have added to her appeal.

Allusions to her appearance were made in early 20th century lesbian literature–most notably Radclyffe Hall's The Well of Loneliness–where the gay playwright Jonathan Brockett describes Marie Antoinettere and de Lamballe as "poor souls... sick to death of the subterfuge and pretenses."^[6] She had crossover appeal as a gay icon, as well, at least for French novelist, playwright, poet, essayist, and political activist Jean Genet, who was fascinated by her story. He included a reenactment of her execution in his 1947 play The Maids.^[5]

Modern

Modern gay icons in entertainment include both film stars and musicians, most of whom have strong, distinctive personalities, and many of whom died young or under tragic circumstances. For example, Greek-American opera singer Maria Callas–who reached her peak in the 1950s–became a gay icon because the uniquely compelling qualities of her stage performances were allied to a tempestuous private life, a sequence of unhappy love affairs, and a lonely premature death in Paris after her voice had deserted her.

Lesbian icons, sometimes called "dykons" (a portmanteau of the words "dyke" and "icon") are most often powerful women who are, or are rumored to be, lesbian or bisexual.^[7][8] However, a few male entertainers have also had iconic status for lesbian people. James Dean was an early lesbian icon who, along with Marlon Brando, influenced the butch look and self-image in the 1950s and after.^{[9][10][11][12]} One critic has argued for Johnny Cash as a minor lesbian icon, attributing his appeal to "lesbian identification with troubled and suffering masculinity."^[13] Science fiction author Forrest J Ackerman was dubbed an "honorary lesbian" for his help during the early days of lesbian rights organisation Daughters of Bilitis. He also wrote lesbian-themed fiction under the pseudonym Laurajean Ermayne.

Gay icons may be homosexual or heterosexual, out or in the closet, male or female. The women most commonly portrayed by drag queens are usually gay icons. The definition of what it means to be a "gay icon" has come under criticism in recent years for a lack of substance. Paul Flynn of The Guardian wrote, "The concept of gay icon is a cheap ticket...[and] the idea of gay iconography itself is currently replaceable with the idea of popularity and the ability to carry a strong, identifiable, signature look."^[14] Author Michael Thomas Ford depicts a similar attitude in his work of fiction Last Summer.

Non-American cultures

Although the term "gay icon" is most commonly used in the United States, the concept is found in other cultures, as well. Dalida, an Egyptian singer of Italian origin, had a career-long gay following that extended out of Paris and well into the Middle East. In the years since her death, her iconic status has not diminished.^[15][16] Filipino gay comedian Vice Ganda has also been considered a gay icon.

European countries

Similarly, in European countries like the Netherlands, Dutch singer and actress Willeke Alberti is widely embraced as a gay icon, due to a combination of her song repertoire, her durability, and her performances in support of manifold gay causes.^[17] Spanish actress Carmen Maura, Italian singer Mina, Scottish pop singer Jimmy Somerville, German singer-songwriter Marianne Rosenberg and English singers Dusty Springfield and Sophie Ellis-Bextor are also considered gay icons,^{[18][19][20][21][22][23]} as are French entertainers Mylène Farmer & Ysa Ferrer, Ukrainian boy band Kazaky, Turkish singer Ajda Pekkan and Italian actress Isabella Rossellini.^{[24][25][26][27]}

Latin America

Latin American figures have also gained reputations as gay icons. Pop band Alaska y Dinarama is one example. Their single "¿A quién le importa?" ("Who Cares?"), which was later covered in 2002 by Thalía, was a hit for the 1980s Spanish band, becoming a gay anthem for the Hispanophone LGBT community. Singer Gloria Trevi is considered a gay icon, especially after her release of "Todos Me Miran" ("They All Watch Me") featuring a rejected gay man turned drag queen, but had been popular with the gay and lesbian community in Mexico since the beginning of her career for being a controversial and powerful singer.^[28] Mexican singer and actress Paulina Rubio has been a gay icon for Latin America after supporting gay marriage and publicly stating that she wants to have sex with fellow gay icon Madonna.^[29]

Other modern Latin American gay icons include singers Alaska, Ricky Martin and Enrique Iglesias.^[30][31]

Argentine gay icons include actresses Isabel Sarli, Susana Giménez and Moria Casán, the trans woman Florencia de la V, First Lady Eva Perón and President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner.^[32]

In Brazil, pop singers Kelly Key, Sandy, Lorena Simpson, Preta Gil, and Wanessa are considered gay icons. In 2012, Key was honored with the "Pink Triangle Award," a Brazilian LGBT award, considered the "Gay Oscar".^{[33][34][35][36]}

Entertainment

1930s–1940s

The 1930s saw a number of writers, political activists, and celebrities garner reputations as gay icons. Poet and satirical writer Dorothy Parker reportedly had a large gay following. Though the phrase "friend of Dorothy" was made popular in later years by Judy Garland's role in the The Wizard Of Oz (1939), some speculate it originated with Parker.

Actress Bette Davis' performance in Dark Victory (1939), was dubbed by queer theorist Eve Sedgwick as "the epistemology of the closet."^[37] Davis' portrayal of the melodramatic Judith Traherne made her talent for playing someone with a secret revered and her "camp-worthy" dialog reflexive of the "flamboyant gay queen of the dramatic arts."^[37] Ed Sikov, author of Dark Victory: The Life of Bette Davis, wrote that 20th century gay men developed their own subculture following Davis' example.^[37]

In Marcella Althaus-Reid's Liberation Theology and Sexuality, Marlene Dietrich, who is considered to be the first German-born actress to receive critical acclaim in Hollywood, is a model of liberation and subversion, as well as beauty, perfection and sensuality.^[38][39] In Rio de Janeiro, Althaus-Reid discovered a statue of Dietrich dressed as Our Lady of Aparecida in a gay bar in Copacabana beach.^[39] The image of Dietrich as the black Virgin Mary represents her overcoming duality.^[39] According to Althaus-Reid, it is a figure that sanctifies Dietrich while simultaneously liberating Mary.^[39]

Other icons from this time period include a string of entertainers including Cary Grant (who endured speculation over his alleged relationships with men).

1950s–1960s

An archetypal gay icon is Judy Garland.^[40] Michael Bronski, author of Culture Clash: The Making of Gay Sensibility, describes Garland as "the quintessential pre-Stonewall gay icon."^[41] So revered is she as a gay icon that her best known film role, Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz, became used as code among homosexuals in the 1950s.^[42]

The expression, "Is he a friend of Dorothy?" was slang for, "Is he gay?"^[42] The character Dorothy meets an odd group of friends during her journey through Oz—the Tin Man, the Cowardly Lion and the Scarecrow—and so referring to an individual as a "friend of Dorothy" meant that they were "unusual or odd" and, therefore, "queer."^[42] Though Garland has been noted for her embodiment of camp in her acting roles, Bronski argues that she was the "antithesis of camp" and "made a legend of her pain and oppression."^[41] As Bronski observes, the bleak setting of 1950s Hollywood had replaced the "sauciness of the 30s and the independence of the 40s."^[41] Garland, as well as Lana Turner and Susan Hayward, epitomized the idea that "suffering was the price of glamor...[and] the women stars of the 50s reflected the condition of many gay men: they suffered, beautifully".^[41]

Garland's daughter Liza Minnelli would later follow in her mother's footsteps as a gay icon, as would fellow musical artist Barbra Streisand.^[8][32] Joan Crawford has been described as the "ultimate gay icon — the martyr who suffered for her art and, therefore, enabled herself to bond with this all-important faction of her fanbase."^[43] In Joan Crawford: The Essential Biography, author Lawrence J. Quirk explains that Crawford appealed to gay men because they sympathized with her struggle for success, in both the entertainment industry and in her personal life.^[44] Though Crawford had been a notable film star during the 1930s and 1940s, according to David Bret, author of Joan Crawford: Hollywood Martyr, it was not until her 1953 film Torch Song that she was seen as a "complete gay icon, primarily because it was shot in color." Bret explains that seeing the actress' red hair, dark eyes and "Victory Red" lips linked her to "gaydom's other sirens: Dietrich, Garland, Bankhead, Piaf, and new recruits Marilyn Monroe and Maria Callas."^[43]

Actress Lucille Ball was also a prominent icon from this period. In Lee Tannen's book I Loved Lucy: My Friendship with Lucille Ball, the author describes his experience when he witnessed Lucille Ball being labeled a gay icon for the first time by a mutual friend.^[45] Ball was told of the adoration she received from gay men, as a bar in West Hollywood was known for routinely playing episodes of her television series I Love Lucy every weekend.^[45]

1970s

During the late 1970s, many comediennes appeared, joining the ranks of what had stereotypically been a male profession, including Joan Rivers, who began appearing on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. Rivers gained a strong gay following after performing in Greenwich Village, an LGBT friendly area of New York, from the early days of her career. Rivers' frank and sharp use of wit and insults (largely turned towards herself) made her an instant gay icon. Steve Allen of LBC Radio remains a gay icon to this day. His catchphrase is 'Dreadful, dreadful ladies and gentemen.'

The first gay icon of the 1970s underground gay disco scene was the "Queen of Disco" Donna Summer, whose dance songs became anthems for the clubbing gay community, and her music the back beat to the battles of the gay rights movement of the 70's.^[46] Her number one single "Love to Love You Baby"—regarded as an "absolute disco epic"—not only became a gay anthem because of its "unabridged sexuality," but it also brought European-oriented disco to the United States and influenced the course the recording industry would take in the following years.^[47] However, Summer became immersed in controversy when, after becoming a Born again Christian, and during a 1983-84 tour, at the dawn of the HIV/AIDS crisis, she was allegedly reported as making homophobic remarks; including that "AIDS was God's punishment to homosexuals." Fellow disco singer Gloria Gaynor was embraced by the gay community because of her single "I Will Survive", which served as an anthem for both feminists and the gay rights movement.^[48] The Village People, a pioneering disco group, are also regarded as gay icons for bringing gay disco culture into the mainstream with their popular disco and dance hits.^[49]

Actress Lynda Carter became a gay icon after starring as Wonder Woman in the 1975-1979 series of the same name. Her role as the heroine attracted the LGBT community for her onscreen persona of female strength and fashionable outfits.^[50] Carter is a vocal supporter of LGBT equality and has participated in the New York City Gay Pride Parade.^[51]

Singer Cass Elliot became known as a gay icon, both during her solo career and as a member of The Mamas & the Papas. Her musical impact became known through her camp fashion and lyrics praising individuality (such as "Make Your Own Kind of Music" and "Different") and free love. Her music was later featured in the acclaimed gay film Beautiful Thing (1996), adapted from the play of the same name.

Singer and actress Bette Midler became recognized as a gay icon in the 1970s. After performing on Broadway, Midler began performing at the Continental Baths, a gay bathhouse in the city, where she became close to her piano accompanist Barry Manilow, who produced her first major album The Divine Miss M (1973)."Despite the way things turned out [with the AIDS crisis], I'm still proud of those days [singing at gay bathhouses]. I feel like I was at the forefront of the gay liberation movement, and I hope I did my part to help it move forward. So, I kind of wear the label of 'Bathhouse Betty' with pride," Midler reminisced in 1998.^[52]

Freddie Mercury, the lead vocalist for Queen, was widely considered a gay icon,^[53] with his LGBT fanbase growing by the 1980s. Although Freddie Mercury never revealed his sexuality publicly^[54] (even when events made it seem inevitable^[55]), he often "playfully alluded to his queerness with his flamboyant, high-camp stage antics", according to Gay Star News.^[56] In 1992, John Marshall of Gay Times expressed the following opinion: "[Mercury] was a 'scene-queen,' not afraid to publicly express his gayness, but unwilling to analyse or justify his 'lifestyle' ... It was as if Freddie Mercury was saying to the world, 'I am what I am. So what?' And that in itself for some was a statement."^[57] Many assumed him to be either gay or bisexual^[58] and not sexually active.^[59] He would often distance himself from his later partner, Jim Hutton, during public events.^[60] On the evening of 24 November 1991, Mercury died at the age of 45 at his home in Kensington of AIDS-related illnesses (bronchial pneumonia).^[61]

1980s

Artists particularly embraced by the gay community during the 1980s included Alaska, Charo, Dolly Parton, Elaine Paige, Amanda Lear, and Mylène Farmer.^{[24][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71]} Several Britons were seen as gay icons, including singers Boy George, George Michael, Morrissey and Pet Shop Boys, Kate Bush, Annie Lennox, and writer Quentin Crisp.^[32][71] Elton John also became a gay icon during this decade, a status strengthened throughout the years.^{[72][73][74][75]}

Cher became notable in the gay community not only for her music, but for her portrayal of a lesbian in Silkwood (1983), for which she received an Academy Award nomination.^[76] In later years, her daughter Chastity Bono came out as gay at the age of 17, much to her mother's initial feelings of "guilt, fear and pain".^[76] When Cher was able to accept her daughter's sexual orientation, she realized that Chastity, as well as other LGBT people, "didn't have the same rights as everyone else, [and she] thought that was unfair".^[77] Cher emerged not only as an icon among LGBT people, but also as a role model for straight parents who have gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender children.^[76] She became the keynote speaker for the 1997 national Parents, Families, & Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG) convention.^[76][77] Cher's longevity in the music industry has often been credited to her gay following.^[78] William J. Mann, author of Gay Pride: A Celebration of All Things Gay and Lesbian, comments "[w]e'll be dancing to a 90-year-old Cher when we're 60. Just watch".^[78]

Continuing into the 1980s, pop music singer Madonna—dubbed "Queen of Pop" and "Queen of Dance" by the media, and later the "World's Most Successful Female Recording Artist" by Guinness World Records—became the preeminent gay icon of the late 20th century.^[80][81][82] The Advocates Steve Gdula commented "[b]ack in the 1980s and even the early 1990s, the release of a new Madonna video or single was akin to a national holiday, at least among her gay fans."^[82] Gdula also stated that during this period, concurrent with the rise of the AIDS epidemic, "when other artists tried to distance themselves from the very audience that helped their stars to rise, Madonna only turned the light back on her gay fans and made it burn all the brighter."^[82]

Georges Claude Guilbert, author of Madonna As Postmodern Myth: How One Star's Self-Construction Rewrites Sex, Gender, Hollywood and the American Dream, writes that Madonna's reverence as a gay icon is equated with that of Judy Garland, noting similarities between the two popular culture icons.^[83] Guilbert writes that gay icons "usually belong to one or the other of two types of female stars: either the very vulnerable or suicidal star, or the strong idol whom nobody or nothing resists, like Madonna."^[83] According to Madonna: An Intimate Biography, the pop star has always been aware that her most loyal fans were gay men, has appeared in gay-oriented magazines as an activist for gay rights, and was even named in the book The Gay 100 as one of the most influential gay people in history.^[84]

Other superstar recording artists, including Cyndi Lauper, followed.^[85] Lauper and Madonna were seen as trailblazers of women's sexual liberation.^[86] Lauper's debut album She's So Unusual (1983) generated a large following of fans responding to the "gay-friendly camp and lesbian-friendly womyn power epitomized in [her] femme anthem 'Girls Just Want to Have Fun'."^[87] Lauper explained that growing up during the 1960s influenced her dedication to fair and equal treatment of all people, noting that the music of the 1960s "helped to open the world's point of view to change."^[88] According to Lauper "It wasn't until my sister came out in the early '70s that I became more aware of the bigoted slurs and the violence against a community of people...who were gay."^[88] Lauper has since become an active gay rights activist, often encouraging LGBT people and their allies to vote for equal rights.^[88] Political activism for LGBT rights was the theme of Lauper's annual True Colors Tour.

In the mid- to late-1980s, Oprah Winfrey emerged as an icon for the gay community with an intimate confessional communication style that altered the cultural landscape. According to the book Freaks Talk Back by Yale sociologist Joshua Gamson, the tabloid talk show genre popularized by Oprah Winfrey and Phil Donahue, did more to make gay people mainstream and socially acceptable than any other development of the 20th century by providing decades of high-impact media visibility for sexual nonconformists.^[89][90]

Fellow gay icon Ellen DeGeneres cast Winfrey to play the therapist she comes out of the closet to on the controversial episode of her Ellen sitcom. Though Winfrey abandoned her tabloid talk show format in the mid-1990s as the genre became flooded by more extreme clones like Ricki Lake, Jenny Jones and Jerry Springer, she continued to broadcast shows that were perceived as gay-friendly. Her show Oprah's Big Give was the first reality TV show with an openly gay host Nate Berkus. Her own show has been nominated several times for GLAAD Media Awards, and another in 2010 for an interview with Ellen DeGeneres and her wife Portia de Rossi,^[91] winning one in 2007^[92][93] Oprah Winfrey also co-produced the Oscar-winning film Precious (2009), which was honored by GLAAD for portraying a lesbian couple as heroines.^[94]

Winfrey's iconic status among gay males has entered the popular culture. One of the stars of the reality TV show The Benefactor was a gay African American man named Kevin who was so obsessed with Winfrey that he would ask "What would Oprah do?" before making any strategic decision. Adam Lambert is another high profile gay man who has described himself as a fan of Winfrey.^[95] Other icons from this decade include Joan Collins,, Tori Amos, Tina Arena, and Harvey Fierstein.^{[8][72][96][97][98][99][100][101][102]}

1990s

Janet Jackson, who twice was established as one of the highest-paid recording artists in the history of contemporary music during the 1990s, became a gay icon after she released her sixth studio album The Velvet Rope (1997).^{[103][104][105]} The album was honored by the National Black Lesbian and Gay Leadership Forum and received the award for Outstanding Music Album at the 9th Annual GLAAD Media Awards in 1998 for its songs that dealt with sexual orientation and homophobia.^[106] On April 26, 2008, she received the Vanguard Award—a media award from the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation—to honor her work in the entertainment industry in promoting equality for LGBT people.^[106] GLAAD President Neil G. Giuliano commented, "Ms. Jackson has a tremendous following inside the LGBT community and out, and having her stand with us against the defamation that LGBT people still face in our country is extremely significant."^{[106] [107]}

Deborah Cox quickly becomes a gay icon due to her investment for the fight against the AIDS but also and especially thanks to club remixes included in her singles, which are frequently played in the discothèques.^{[108][109][110]}

Writer, composer and singer, Ysa Ferrer is regarded as the French "Kylie Minogue". Her dance/electro style, called "Pop Kosmic" is very popular in France and Russia especially in the gay community where she is considered as a true icon.^[111][112]

The Spice Girls became gay icons during the 1990s, on account of their dance-pop sound, their flamboyant dress, outgoing personalities and their affirmations of equality. Geri Halliwell, in particular, went on to become a gay icon in her own right during her solo career in the 2000s, covering The Weather Girls' classic gay anthem, It's Raining Men.^[113]

2000s

Kylie Minogue reinvented herself musically in the first decade of the 21st century and found herself faced with a renewed and increasing gay fanbase.^{[114][115][116]} Minogue said, "My gay audience has been with me from the beginning ... they kind of adopted me."^[115] Minogue first became aware of her gay audience in 1988, when several drag queens performed to her music at a Sydney pub, and she later saw a similar show in Melbourne. Minogue felt "very touched" to have such an "appreciative crowd," and this encouraged her to perform at gay venues throughout the world, as well as headlining Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras, the largest gay pride festival in the world. Her sister, Dannii Minogue, also has a large gay following and has been regarded a gay icon.^[117]

Irish actress and television presenter Carrie Crowley, best known abroad for presenting the Eurovision Song Contest 1997, has also been cited as a gay icon.^[118]

As a result of her role playing Karen Walker on Will & Grace, Megan Mullally emerged as a gay icon.^[119] One commentator wrote that the show "won the actress an impressive gay following, both with men and women, who want to be her and with her."^[119]

The television series Sex and the City was popular among gay men and spawned gay icons Sarah Jessica Parker and Kim Cattrall.^[72][120]

Christina Aguilera is regarded a gay icon, a status that came following the release of the song "Beautiful," which became a gay anthem and was recognized as "the most empowering song for lesbian, gay and bisexual people of the decade."^[121] The accompanying video featured people who can feel ostracised from society, including a same-sex couple and a transgender woman. Aguilera also was honored with the very first spot on The Abbey's Gay Walk of Fame for her contributions to gay culture, re-enforcing the title of gay icon she earned a decade ago with her anthem "Beautiful".^{[122][123][124]}

2010s–present

Popular singers including Lily Allen,^[125] Lana Del Rey,^[126] Beyoncé,^[127] Mariah Carey,^[128] Miley Cyrus,^[129] Ariana Grande,^[130] Jennifer Hudson,^[131] Kesha,^[128] Marina and the Diamonds,^[132] Lady Gaga,^[127] Jennifer Lopez,^[133] Lorde,^[134] Demi Lovato,^[135] Nicki Minaj,^[136] Katy Perry,^[128] Robyn,^[128] Sia,^[137] Britney Spears,^[128] and Taylor Swift,^[138] are major gay icons of current times.

Many famous actors have been celebrated as gay icons, including Tyra Banks, Emily Blunt, Tina Fey, James Franco, Sarah Michelle Gellar, Kathy Griffin, Jake Gyllenhaal, Anne Hathaway, Angela Lansbury, Lucy Lawless, Mo'Nique, Sofia Vergara and many others. Meryl Streep became a gay icon after portraying Miranda Priestly in the film The Devil Wears Prada (2006).^{[139][140][141][142][143][144][145][146]}

Various LGBT celebrities have been embraced as gay icons after opening up about their sexual orientation as media professionals and public figures, including Lance Bass,^[147] Ellen DeGeneres,^[127] Neil Patrick Harris,^[148] Elton John,^[149] Ricky Martin,^[150] Rosie O'Donnell,^[127] Frank Ocean,^[151] RuPaul,^[152] and George Takei.^[153]

Sports

David Beckham, Ben Cohen,^[154] Jason Collins Tom Daley, Billie Jean King, Greg Louganis, Martina Navratilova,^[8] Robbie Rogers, Cristiano Ronaldo,^[155] Michael Sam, Gareth Thomas, and Johnny Weir are considered gay icons within the sports industry.^[156]

Politics

In the political arena, gay icons are represented by, among others, Empress Elisabeth of Austria, Princess Diana,^[157] Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge,^[158] George Moscone,^[159] Coretta Scott King,^[160] Abraham Lincoln,^[161] Winnie Mandela,^[162] Hillary Clinton,^[163] Imelda Marcos,^[164][165] Eva Perón,^[166] Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis,^[167] and Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir, the world's first openly lesbian head of government of the modern era.^[168][169] Roger Casement, an Irish civil rights activist, became a gay icon of the early 20th century.^[170] Civil rights activist Coretta Scott King was held in high regard among members of the gay community for her involvement in the Gay Rights Movement.^[160] During her lifetime, she routinely equated the goals of the Civil Rights Movement, led by her husband Martin Luther King Jr., with that of LGBT activism.^[160]

I still hear people say that I should not be talking about the rights of lesbian and gay people and I should stick to the issue of racial justice... But I hasten to remind them that Martin Luther King Jr. said 'Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.'... I appeal to everyone who believes in Martin Luther King Jr.'s dream to make room at the table of brother- and sisterhood for lesbian and gay people.^[160]

— Coretta Scott King, Metro Weekly

San Francisco City Supervisor Harvey Milk was the first openly gay man to be elected to office in the U.S. and spearheaded the defeat of statewide anti-gay ballot measure Proposition 6 in California in 1978. While he and Moscone were assassinated shortly thereafter, both became viewed as martyrs for gay rights. Milk's image as a positive role model led to him becoming the namesake for the first high school designed primarily for gay teenagers, the Harvey Milk High School, in the East Village of New York City.^[171] The portrayal of those efforts in the critically acclaimed film Milk earned Sean Penn an Oscar and comparisons to the contemporary battle over the anti-gay ballot initiative Proposition 8 raging in California at the time of the film's release in 2008.^[172]

While most of these individuals have been lionized for their strength, style, compassion, and/or work for equal rights, an ironic icon is Anita Bryant, who worked to oppose homosexuality.^[173] During the 1970s, Bryant led a national campaign, "Save Our Children", which conflated homosexuality and child molestation and insisted that, because homosexuals cannot reproduce, they must "recruit" or "convert" people to their lifestyle.^[174] California State Senator John V. Briggs applauded Bryant's work as a "national, religious crusade [and] courageous stand to protect American children from blatant homosexuality".^[174] However, as Bruce C. Steele of The Advocate wrote, Bryant's crusade against the Gay Rights Movement made her synonymous with it.

About 10 years ago, I was at an American Booksellers Association convention where Bryant was ... still pissing and moaning about how the homosexuals had destroyed her career as spokesperson for Florida orange juice. The irony is, it wasn't the orange juice boycott that caused her to lose her job; it was the fact that she made herself forever associated with homosexuality. So, in one way, she was a victim of homophobia herself: Folks on the orange board didn't want people to think about queers when they bought orange juice."^[173]

— as told to Bruce C. Steele, The Advocate

According to John Coppola, exhibit curator and former head of exhibits at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC, "In a completely unintended way, Anita Bryant was about the best thing to happen to the gay rights movement ... She and her cohorts were so over the top that it just completely galvanized the gay rights movement".^[175] The 30th anniversary of Bryant's campaign against LGBT rights has been commemorated at the Stonewall Library & Archives, with executive director Jack Rutland dubbing her "The Mother of Gay Rights".^[175]

Fictional

Various fictional characters have been regarded as gay icons, including cartoon figures. Bugs Bunny, a fictional anthropomorphic rabbit appearing in animation by Warner Bros. Cartoons during the Golden Age of American animation—dubbed the greatest cartoon character of all time by TV Guide—has been declared a "queer cultural icon [and] parodic diva" due to his "cross-dressing antics" and camp appeal.^{[176][177][178]}

Some comic book characters are considered gay icons. Homosexual interpretations of Batman and the original Robin, Dick Grayson, have been of interest in cultural and academic study, due primarily to psychologist Fredric Wertham's Seduction of the Innocent (1954).^[179] In the mid-1950s, Wertham led a national campaign against comic books, convincing Americans that they were responsible for corrupting children and encouraging them to engage in acts of sex and violence.^[179] In relation to Batman and Robin, Wertham asserted "the Batman type of story helps to fixate homoerotic tendencies by suggesting the form of an adolescent-with-adult or Ganymede-Zeus type of love-relationship".^[180]

In Containing America: Cultural Production and Consumption in Fifties America, authors Nathan Abrams and Julie Hughes point out that homosexual interpretations of Batman and Robin existed prior to Wertham's Seduction of the Innocent.^[181] Wertham claimed his book was, in fact, prompted by the earlier research of a California psychiatrist.^[181] The relationship between Batman and arch villain the Joker has also been interpreted by many as homoerotic. Frank Miller, author of The Dark Knight Returns, has described the relationship between Batman and the Joker as a "homophobic nightmare," and views the character as sublimating his sexual urges into crime fighting, concluding, "He'd be much healthier if he were gay."^[182]

One TV series that appeals most to LGBT culture is the 1960s sitcom Bewitched. Aside from the campy characterizations, it contained three gay cast members (Dick Sargent, Paul Lynde and–allegedly–Agnes Morehead). Star Elizabeth Montgomery and Sargent were grand marshals of a Los Angeles gay pride parade in the early 1990s. Since 2000, TV series are embraced to LGBT community as Queer as Folk which the first hour-long drama on American television to portray the lives of gay men and women ^[183] and The L Word in 2004, a television drama series portraying the lives of a group of lesbian, bisexual, straight and transgender people and their friends.^[184] Other examples of TV series appealing to LGBT culture are the supernatural drama Buffy the Vampire Slayer (in which Willow Rosenberg came out and began a lesbian relationship), Xena: Warrior Princess and Bianca Montgomery of All My Children.^[185]

Responses

Many celebrities have responded positively to being regarded as gay icons, several noting the loyalty of their gay fans. Eartha Kitt and Cher credited gay fans with keeping them going at times when their careers had faltered.^[186] Kylie Minogue has acknowledged the perception of herself as a gay icon and has performed at such events as the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras. Asked to explain the reason for her large gay fanbase, Minogue replied, "It's always difficult for me to give the definitive answer because I don't have it. My gay audience has been with me from the beginning ... they kind of adopted me." She noted that she differed from many gay icons who were seen as tragic figures, with the comment, "I've had a lot of tragic hairdos and outfits. I think that makes up for it!"^[187]

Tammy Faye Messner (ex-wife of fellow controversial televangelist Jim Bakker and mother of pastor Jay Bakker), who benevolently has been referred to as "the ultimate drag queen,"^[188]  said in her last interview with Larry King that, "When I went — when we lost everything, it was the gay people that came to my rescue, and I will always love them for that."^[189]

Others have been more ambivalent. Mae West, a gay icon from the early days of her career, supported gay rights but bristled when her performance style was referred to as camp.^[190]

Madonna has acknowledged and embraced her gay following throughout her career, even making several references to the gay community in her songs or performances, and performed at several gay clubs. She has declared in interviews that some of her best friends are gay and that she adores gay people and refers to herself as "the biggest gay icon of all times."^[191] She also has been quoted in television interviews in the early 1990s as declaring the "big problem in America at the time was homophobia."

See also

• New Queer Cinema

References

Books

External links

• GLBT Historical Society
• Christina up close
• Sophie Morris. From the tragic to the bland // New Statesman, August 1, 2005
• "Pink doesn't mean fluffy" John Howard. The Independent, (UK), August 4, 2005
• French Gay Icons: Ysa Ferrer

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) topics   Academic fields Discourse LGBT topics in education Gender studies Lavender linguistics Lesbian feminism LGBT literature LGBT/Queer studies Queer theory Transfeminism   Community Culture Anthems Bars Bisexual community Coming out Community center Drag king Drag queen Fiction topics Gay friendly Icons Lesbian utopia Literature Music Neighborhoods Organizations Periodicals Pride Pride parade Religious groups Rodeos Same-sex relationships Slang List of slang terms Slogans Sports Symbols Tourism Category:LGBT culture   Gender identities Sexual identities Gender identities Male Female Androgyne Bigender Boi Cisgender Cross-dresser Gender bender Gender neutrality Genderqueer Pangender Trans man Trans woman Transgender Transsexual Womyn Third sex / Third gender Akava'ine Androgynos Bakla Bissu Eunuch Fa'afafine Fakaleiti Femminiello Hijra Kathoey Khanith Köçek Mahu Mak nyah Mukhannathun Muxe Sworn virgins Takatāpui Tomboy Travesti Tumtum Two-Spirit Winkte Sexual orientation identities Sexual orientations Asexual Bisexual Heterosexual Homosexual Attraction to transgender people Banjee Bi-curious Ex-gay Ex-ex-gay Gay Heteroflexible Lesbian Monosexual Non-heterosexual Pansexual Polyamorous Queer Questioning Romantic orientation Same gender loving Related Erotic target location error Gender roles Human female sexuality Human male sexuality Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures Intersex Hermaphrodite   History LGBT history History of lesbianism LGBT history timeline Social movements History of Christianity and homosexuality History of same-sex unions Pederasty Category:LGBT history Pre-modern era Adelphopoiesis Homosexuality in ancient Egypt Homosexuality in ancient Greece Homosexuality in ancient Peru Homosexuality in ancient Rome Homosexuality in medieval Europe 16th to 19th century Mollies Urnings 20th century Homosexuals in Nazi Germany and the Holocaust Sea queens Stonewall riots Festival of Light action White Night riots 21st century Timeline of same-sex marriage   Rights Legal issues LGBT rights by country or territory Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania List of LGBT rights articles by region LGBT rights topics Adoption Civil unions and partnerships Hate crime laws Intersex human rights Legal aspects of transgenderism Military service Parenting Same-sex marriage Socialism Sodomy laws United Nations/Yogyakarta Principles La Francophonie Commonwealth of Nations LGBT rights movements Homophile Gay liberation LGBT rights groups LGBT rights activists   Sexual orientations – Medicine, science and sexology Biology Birth order Demographics Environment Heterosexual–homosexual continuum Homosexuality and psychology Kinsey scale Klein Grid Neuroscience Prenatal hormones Sexual inversion Sexual orientation change efforts Sexual orientation identity Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine   Social attitudes Prejudice Violence Social attitudes Anti-LGBT slogans Heteronormativity Gay panic LGBT rights opposition LGBT stereotypes Religion and homosexuality Transgenderism and religion Prejudice and discrimination AIDS stigma Biphobia Genderism Heterosexism Homophobia Internalized homophobia Lesbophobia Non-binary discrimination Riddle scale SPLC-designated list of anti-gay U.S. hate groups Transphobia Violence against LGBT people Corrective rape Gay bashing History of violence in the UK History of violence in the US Significant acts of violence against LGBT people Trans bashing Unlawfully killed transgender people LGBT suicides Category:LGBT LGBT portal