Ceylonese Mudaliyars

Mudali (or Mudaliyar) was a colonial title and office in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). The Portuguese colonials created the Mudaliyar class in the 17th century by enlisting natives of different castes form the coastal areas, who were most likely to serve the Portuguese masters with utmost loyalty. The Dutch continued the practice of the Portuguese. This class used the Mudali as a hereditary title; however, the British re-established a Mudaliyar class, with appointments that had the title of Mudali, this process was stopped in the 1930s when the Native Department of the British government of Ceylon was closed down. All Official and Titular appointments of Mudaliyars were made by the Governor of Ceylon. Appointments were non-transferable and usually hereditary, made to locals from wealthy influential families loyal the British Crown.

History

Mudaliyar is a South Indian and Tamil name for ‘first’ and a person endowed with wealth. The position was created in the 17th century by the Portuguese to function as a link between the colonial administration and the local populace, as they had done in South India. Incumbents received payment in form of land grants and use of tenured service (Rajakariya) of the local population which they extracted for their own estates.^[1]

The 4th Maha Mudaliyar, Christofel de Saram (assumed name Wanigasekera Ekanayake), and his son Johannes Hendrick. Johannes was one of two de Sarams sent to England for education at the expense of the British government. On 15 March 1811, he sailed to England as a 14-year-old boy with the retiring Governor Sir Thomas Maitland.

The De Saram Family

A De Saram family of Dutch and Malay ancestry had Sinhalised itself in the late 18th century by posing as the representatives of the masses and subsequently convincing the British rulers that they were from the numerous Govigama caste. This was a strategic move as it gave the British masters the impression that the De Saram family had the backing of a large body of natives. It was also the easiest route to Sinhalisation as the peasant community was widely dispersed, still unstructured and without inter-community networks or leaders.

The first notable ancestor of the De Saram family was an interpreter who accompanied the Dutch Embassy to Kandy 1731–1732. Despite his advanced age of 71 years, this early De Saram had to make the entire journey by foot as his social status did not warrant travel in a palanquin.^[2] From there, the De Saram family progressively gained power and position by loyalty, switching religions from Dutch Protestantism to British Anglicanism and benefitting from the preference of British rulers to appoint individuals of unknown ancestry to high positions. By respectively collaborating with the Dutch and British rulers, the De Sarams succeeded in marginalizing the traditional ruling class.

Mudaliyar Don Spater Senanayake, son of Don Bartholomew who assumed the name Senanayake, with son-in-law F. H. Dias-Bandaranaike, sons Don Stephen Senanayake, Don Charles and Fredrick Richard, daughter Maria Frances and wife Dona Catherina Elizabeth Perera. They were Anglican Christians.

Governors Maitland (1805–1811), Gordon (1883–1890) and others effectively used divide and rule policies and created caste animosity among the native elite and finally confined all Native Headmen appointments to the Govigama caste in 1897. A leading newspaper of the day, The Examiner, stated in a letter on 30 March 1870 that the Muhandiram of Siyana Korale West was low in ability but was appointed purely for rendering domestic service to Mrs. Layard, the British Government Agent’s wife, for eight years, getting good meat for her from the public market.^[3]

The De Saram family eventually had a strong and exclusive network of relatives as Mudaliyars by the late 19th century. Later, through marriage alliances the network extended to the Obeyesekere, Dias-Bandaranaike, Ilangakoon, de Alwis, de Livera, Pieris, Siriwardena and Senanayake families. This Anglican Christian, so called “Govigama”, network expanded further with the preponderance of native headmen appointments by the British as Mudaliyars, Korales and Vidanes from the Buddhist Govigama section of the community.

The Ponnambalam-Coomaraswamy Family

As much as the De Sarams family was responsible for the rise of the Govigama caste, the Ponnambalam-Coomaraswamy Family was responsible for the 20th century, rise of the Tamil Vellalar caste. The ascendance of the Ponnambalam-Coomaraswamy family commences with a Coomaraswamy (1783–1836) from Point Pedro joining the seminary that Governor North started for producing interpreters. Coomaraswamy passed out and served as an interpreter from 1805.

He was rewarded by the Governor with a Mudaliyar position at the age of 26 and became the Jaffna Tamil with the highest government appointment. He played a critical role as the Tamil-English interpreter when the Kandyan king Sri Wickrama Rajasinghe was captured in 1815. He was rewarded with a gold chain and medal by Governor Brownrigg in 1819 for loyal service to the British crown.^[4] There were allegations that he was not from the Vellala caste.^[5] James Rutnam's research has shown that Coomaraswamy's father was Arumugampillai, a South Indian, who had migrated to Gurudavil in Jaffna. (Tribune 1957)

Ponnanbalam Ramanathan in 1906 with his future wife Ms. Harrison (right). Several members of the family were married to western women.

Arunachalam Ponnambalam’s (1814–87) step Father Ariyaputhira was Coomaraswamy’s brother-in-law and in 1844 Ponnambalam married Coomaraswamy’s daughter Selachchi.

James Edward Corea, a wealthy landowner from Chilaw was appointed Gate Mudaliyar by the Governor of Ceylon. He was placed in charge of the rural police of Pitigal Korale North. Gate Mudaliyar J.E.Corea came from an Anglican Christian background.

Ponnambalam was appointed cashier of the Colombo Kachcheri in 1845 and deputy Coroner for Colombo in 1847. Many leading Englishmen were his friends and it transpired in the 1849 Parliamentary Commission that he used to lend money to government officials.^[6]

His three sons P. Coomaraswamy (1849–1905), P. Ramanathan (1851–1930) and P. Arunachalam (1853–1926) were national figures and two of them, P. C. and P. A. married two daughters of Namasiyayam, an extremely successful Broker from Manipay. This closely related and endogamous clan emerged as the pre-eminent Tamil family of the country and rose to national elite status.^[7]

Despite their anglicized background which propelled their rise, the family presented a staunch Hindu appearance and assumed the role of ‘Patrons of the Vellalas in Colombo. However many of its members; Muttu Coomaraswamy, P. Coomaraswamy, P. Ramanathan married western women. Ananda Coomaraswamy was married four times to western women.

They helped many young Tamils to secure employment in English Banks and Mercantile establishments. On the death of Mudaliyar Coomaraswamy’s wife in 1897, the leading daily, ‘The Ceylon Independent’ wrote “to her and her husband, almost every important Hindu family in the city owes its rise”.

The 20th century

The introduction of democracy in the early 20th century transferred political power to the above affiliated Senanayake, Wijewardene, Corea, Kotelawala, Jayewardene and Dias Bandaranaike families in the West and Southern parts of the country and to interconnected Vellala families in the north of Sri Lanka.

Despite their Anglican Christian background, these families were respectively accepted by the Sinhala Buddhist mass vote-base and the Tamil voters as their communal democratic leaders and representatives. Since the grant of independence by the British in 1948, Sri Lanka’s political power has rarely slipped away from this closely connected group and even so only for short periods.

However, it has always been the Catholic Church and not the Anglican denomination that has been at the receiving end of the religious antipathy of the Sinhala masses. Similarly the Sinhala Buddhists of Sri Lanka are the target of Tamil hostility for the atrocities perpetrated on them by this Anglican minority.

Ranks of British Mudaliyars

Mudaliyars had several classes, of which the official and ex-offico were government servants, whilst the titular was awarded as an honour.

The order of precedence^[8]

• Maha Mudaliyar
  
• Gate Mudaliyar
  
• Atapattu Mudaliyar
  
• Kachcheri Mudaliyar
  
• Korale Mudaliyar

Official

• Maha Mudaliar (Head Mudaliyar) also known as Chief Mudaliyar in North & Eastern Province - Head of the native headmen of the low country and native aide-de-camp of the governor.
• Mudaliar of the Atapattu - In Charge of Jurisdiction of a District or Area
• Mudaliar of the Korale - In Charge of Jurisdiction of a korale

Awarded as an honor(Titular)

• Mudaliar of the Governor's Gate (Gate Mudaliar) (Titular) - Awarded as an Honor
• Mudaliar (Titular) - Awarded as an Honor

Ex-offico

• Mudaliar of the Kachcheri - Head of the native staff of a Kachcheri
• Court Mudaliar
• Heads of minor departments of public service held the rank of Mudaliar by vertue of their office.

List of prominent Mudaliyars

Official

• Maha Mudaliar (Head Mudaliyar) also known as Chief Mudaliyar in North & Eastern Province
  • Adrian de Abrew Rajapakse Maha Mudaliyar^[9]
  • Conrad Pieter Dias Wijewardena Bandaranaike - Maha Mudliyar ^[10]
  • Don Abraham Wijesinghe Jayewardene Maha Mudaliyar (1801-1866)^[11]
  • Don Samarakone Fernando - Head Mudaliyar of Portuguese Ceylon
  • Sir James Peter Obeyesekere II(1879–1968)- last Head Mudaliyar
  • Nicholas Dias Abeyesinghe Amarasekere (1719-1794)- Head Mudaliyar of Dutch Ceylon
  • Sheikh Abdul Cader Marikar Muhammad Cassim Lebbe Marikar (1805 – 1877) - Chief Mudaliyar Eastern Province ^[12]
  • Sir Solomon Dias Bandaranike (1862–1946)- Head Mudaliyar
  • William Mohotti Munasinghe - Aide-de-camp to the British Governor and Mudaliyar of Negombo
• Mudaliar of the Atapattu
  • Edmund Rowland Gooneratne (1845-1914) - Mudaliyar of the Governor’s Gate and Atapattu Mudaliyar of Galle
• Mudaliar of the Korale
  • Samaradiwakara Wickremasinghe Dassenaike Mudaliyar Hapitagam Korale (b approx 1720) ^[13]

Awarded as an honor(Titular)

• Mudaliar of the Governor's Gate (Gate Mudaliar)
  • Abraham Mendis Gunasekera (1869–1931) - Gate Mudaliyar
  • Gate Mudaliyar Arumugampillai Coomaraswamy (1784-1836) of Point Pedro ^[14]
  • Gate Mudaliyar Arunachalam Ponnambalam, of Manipay^[15]
  • Gate Mudaliyar Baba Hakim Muthaliph (1779-1839) of Magampattuwa^[16]
  • Gate Mudliyar Baba Thajul Arifin Doole (1834-1909) of Hambantota^[17]
  • Gate Mudaliar Edmund Peiris, JP, UM - Mudaliar of Kalutara
  • Gate Mudaliyar James Edward Corea (1865- 1955) - Gate Mudaliyar of Chilaw
  • Jeronis de Soysa Dissanayake (1797–1862) - First Gate Mudaliyar outside of government service
  • Gate Mudaliyar Muhammad Samsudeen Kariapper (1899-1989) of Akkaraipattu ^[18]
• Mudaliar
  • Aboobucker Mudaliyar of Galle^[19]
  • Mudaliyar Ahamedlebbe Sinnalebbe (b 1902) of Batticaloa^[20]
  • Deraniyagala Louis Pieris Samarasinghe Siriwardena Mudaliyar (1680-1746)^[21]
  • Mudaliyar Don Peiris Weerasinghe - of Nugegoda
  • Mudaliyar Don Spater Senanayake (1848-1907) of Botale^[22]
  • Shanmugam Tambyah Mudaliyar of Manipay^[23]

See also

• Native headmen of Ceylon
• Walauwa
• Kastane
• Radala
• Rao Bahadur
• Raja of Chettinad

Further reading

• De Silva, K. M. (1981). A History of Sri Lanka. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520043206. 
• Peebles, Patrick (1995). Social change in nineteenth century Ceylon. Colombo: Navrang in collaboration with Lake House Bookshop. ISBN 9788170131410. 
• Wright, Arnold W. (2007) [1907]. Twentieth Century Impressions of Ceylon: Its History, People, Commerce, Industries and Resources (Reprinted ed.). Asian Educational Services. ISBN 9788120613355. 

References