Gassmann triple

In mathematics, a Gassmann triple (or Gassmann-Sunada triple) is a group G together with two faithful actions on sets X and Y, such that X and Y are not isomorphic as G-sets but every element of G has the same number of fixed points on X and Y. They were introduced by Fritz Gassmann in 1926.

Applications

Gassmann triples have been used to construct examples of pairs of mathematical objects with the same invariants that are not isomorphic, including arithmetically equivalent number fields and isospectral graphs and isospectral Riemannian manifolds.

Examples

The Fano plane. The two sets of the Gassmann triple are the 7 points and the 7 lines.

The simple group G  =  SL₃(F₂) of order 168 acts on the projective plane of order 2, and the actions on the 7 points and 7 lines give a Gassmann triple.

References

• Bosma, Wieb; de Smit, Bart (2002), "On arithmetically equivalent number fields of small degree", in Kohel, David R.; Fieker, Claus, Algorithmic number theory (Sydney, 2002), Lecture Notes in Comput. Sci. 2369, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 67–79, doi:10.1007/3-540-45455-1_6, ISBN 978-3-540-43863-2, MR 2041074 
• Gassmann, Fritz (1926), "Bemerkungen zur vorstehenden Arbeit von Hurwitz (Über Beziehungen zwischen den Primidealen eines algebraischen Körpers und den Substitutionen seiner Gruppe)", Mathematische Zeitschrift (Springer Berlin / Heidelberg) 25: 665–675, doi:10.1007/BF01283860, ISSN 0025-5874 
• Sunada, T. (1985), "Riemannian coverings and isospectral manifolds", Annals of Mathematics 121 (1): 169–186, doi:10.2307/1971195, JSTOR 1971195