Gardenia jasminoides

Gardenia jasminoides
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Gentianales
Family: Rubiaceae
Genus: Gardenia
Species: G. jasminoides
Binomial name
Gardenia jasminoides
J.Ellis
Synonyms[1]
  • Gardenia angustifolia Lodd.
  • Gardenia augusta Merr. nom. illeg.
  • Gardenia florida L. nom. illeg.
  • Gardenia grandiflora Lour.
  • Gardenia grandiflora Siebold ex Zucc. nom. illeg.
  • Gardenia longisepala (Masam.) Masam.
  • Gardenia maruba Siebold ex Blume
  • Gardenia pictorum Hassk.
  • Gardenia radicans Thunb.
  • Gardenia schlechteri H.Lév. nom. illeg.
  • Genipa florida (L.) Baill.
  • Genipa grandiflora (Lour.) Baill.
  • Genipa radicans (Thunb.) Baill.
  • Jasminum capense Mill.
  • Warneria augusta L. nom. inval.

Gardenia jasminoides, (gardenia,[2] cape jasmine, cape jessamine,[2] danh-danh,[2] or jasmin[2]) is an evergreen flowering plant of the family Rubiaceae. It originated in Asia and is most commonly found growing wild in Vietnam, Southern China, Taiwan, Japan, Myanmar, and India. With its shiny green leaves and heavily fragrant white summer flowers, it is widely used in gardens in warm temperate and subtropical climates, and as a houseplant in temperate regions. It has been in cultivation in China for at least a thousand years, and was introduced to English gardens in the mid 18th century. Many varieties have been bred for horticulture, with low growing, and large-and long-flowering forms.

Taxonomy and naming

Gardenia jasminoides was described by English botanist John Ellis in 1761, after it had been conveyed to England in the 1750s.[3] It gained its association with the name jasmine as the botanist and artist Georg Dionysius Ehret had depicted it and queried whether it was a jasmine as the flowers resembled the latter plant. The name stuck and lived on as common name and scientific epithet.[3] The name G. augusta of Linnaeus has been ruled invalid.

The common names cape jasmine and cape jessamine derive from the earlier belief that the flower originated in Cape of Good Hope, South Africa.[3]

Description

Gardenia jasminoides is a shrub with greyish bark and dark green shiny evergreen leaves with prominent veins. The white flowers bloom in spring and summer and are highly fragrant. They are followed by small oval fruit.[4]

History

1880s botanical drawing

Evidence of Gardenia jasminoides in cultivation in China dates to the Song Dynasty (960-1279 AD), where both wild and double-flowered forms have been depicted in paintings, such as those of the Song Emperor Huizong,[5] and the Tenth century artist Xu Xi.[6] The Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368) saw it on lacquerware, and the Ming Dynasty on porcelain (1368–1644).[7] Gardenias were seen in nurseries in Guangzhou in 1794 by English statesman Sir John Barrow.[7]

Meanwhile, it was first propagated in England in August 1757 by a James Gordon of Mile End, and sold well thereafter.[3]

It was first grown in the United States in 1762, in the Charleston garden of Alexander Garden, who had moved there ten years previously.[8]

G. jasminoides has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[9]

Cultivation

It is widely used as a garden plant in warm temperate and subtropical gardens. It can be used as a hedge. It requires good drainage and a sunny location, and prefers an acidic soil with a pH between 5 and 6.5.[10]

Gardenia jasminoides is generally considered to be somewhat difficult to cultivate.

As a subtropical plant, it thrives best in warm temperatures in humid environments. Getting those conditions is rather hard in temperate latitudes, the reason for which gardenias are usually cultivated as houseplants or in greenhouses. In warm places, though, it can be grown outdoors. Either way, it prefers bright indirect sunlight or partial shade.

Apart from the difficulties in creating suitable conditions for the plant to live, gardenias need to be planted in an acidic soil (it is a calcifuge). If the soil is not acid enough, many of its nutrients (especially iron compounds) will not be available for the plant, since they will not dilute in water and therefore will not be absorbed via the roots. If this happens, gardenias start to develop chlorosis, whose main symptom is a yellowing of the leaves. (See Soil ph).

For this reason, it is advisable not to water gardenias with very hard water. When having to water with hard water, it is possible to add some vinegar or lemon juice to it before doing so, this will lower the pH of the water. Or use an effective pH modifier, like phosphoric or nitric acid.

Iron chelate can be added to the soil in order to lower the pH, but care must be taken since an overdose can kill the plant, as with any other inorganic soil amendment.

Some gardeners will spill vinegar over the soil to effectively keep the pH low and prevent chlorosis. This can be carried out either regularly or when the first symptoms of chlorosis have been spotted.

Cultivars

cultivars of Gardenia jasminoides
'Magnifica', a large double-flowered form
single-petaled fom, Japan

Many cultivars have been developed, of which the double-flowered forms are most popular. G. 'Radicans' is a low-growing groundcover which reaches 15–45 cm (6–18 in) and spreads up to a metre wide, while G. 'Fortuniana' and G. 'Mystery' are double-flowered cultivars.[4] The former was sent by Scottish botanist Robert Fortune in 1844 to the Royal Horticultural Society in London.[7] The latter has a large upright habit and has been a popular variety good for hedging. It reaches 1.8 to 2.5 m (6–8 ft) high and wide.[10]

G. 'Aimee' is an early-flowering (spring) form.[11] Cultivars such as G. 'Shooting Star' and G. 'Chuck Hayes' are more cold-hardy, roughly to zone 7.[12][13] A cultivar called 'Summer Snow' is distinguished by its large flowers and grows in USDA Zones 6-10.[14] 'Crown Jewel' is a dwarf spreading variety That has survived several weeks below zero in Zone 6.

Unlike other varieties, G. 'Golden Magic' bears flowers which change to a golden yellow relatively early after opening white. It grows to 1.5 m (5 ft) high and 1 m (3.5 ft) wide.[15]

Uses

The fruit is used as a yellow dye,[7] which is used for clothes and food.

Polynesian people in the pacific islands use these fragrant blooms in their flower necklaces, which are called Ei in the Cook Islands, Hei in French Polynesia and Lei in Hawaii

Traditional uses

Gardenia jasminoides fructus (fruit) is used within Traditional Chinese Medicine to "drain fire" and thereby treat certain febrile conditions.[16]

Chemistry

The iridoid glucoside geniposidic acid can be found in G. jasminoides. Crocetin is a chemical compound usually obtained from Crocus sativus, which can also be obtained from the fruit of G. jasminoides.[17]

Pharmacological research

Studies in animals indicate some pharmacological potential, but there is no evidence from clinical studies in humans. In one animal study Gardenia jasminoides significantly lowered serum IL-1β and TNF-α levels in rheumatoid arthritis rats, and its effect had a close relation with inhibitory development of rheumatoid arthritis in the rats.[18]

A mice study found that genipin was an active constituent in Gardenia that regulated inflammatory activity.[19] Geniposide from Gardenia enhanced glutathione content in rat livers. Glutathione is an important immune system amino acid that helps determine modulation of immune response, including cytokine production.[20]

References

  1. ↑ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved 30 November 2014.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "USDA GRIN Taxonomy". Retrieved 30 November 2014.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Foster, Steven; Yue, Chongxi (1992). Herbal emissaries: bringing Chinese herbs to the West : a Guide to Gardening, Herbal Wisdom, and Well-Being. Healing Arts Press. p. 185. ISBN 0-89281-349-0.
  4. 1 2 Gilman, Edward F. (October 1999). "Fact Sheet FPS-222: Gardenia jasminoides" (PDF). University of Florida: Institute of food and agricultural sciences. Retrieved 2011-10-22.
  5. ↑ Keswick, Maggie (2003). The Chinese Garden (2nd ed.). London: Frances Lincoln. p. 63. ISBN 0-7112-2031-X.
  6. ↑ Keswick, p. 204
  7. 1 2 3 4 Valder, Peter (1999). Garden Plants of China. Glebe, NSW: Florilegium. p. 289. ISBN 1-876314-02-8.
  8. ↑ Bender, Steve (2011). "A Brief History of the Gardenia". Southern Living. Birmingham, AL: Time Inc. Lifestyle Group. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  9. ↑ "Gardenia jasminoides AGM". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
  10. 1 2 Bussell, Gene A. (June 2005). "Gardenias: A Fragrance That Captivates". Southern Living. Birmingham, AL: Time Inc. Lifestyle Group. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  11. ↑ Hériteau, Jacqueline (2005). Complete trees, shrubs & hedges. p. 179. ISBN 1-58011-259-5.
  12. ↑ "Gardenia jasminoides 'Shooting Star'". Missouri Botanical Garden's Kemper Center for Home Gardening.
  13. ↑ United States Plant Patent PP19896
  14. ↑ U.S. Patent PP22,797
  15. ↑ Plantmark (2006). "Gardenias". self. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  16. ↑ Bensky, Dan; et al. (2004). Chinese Herbal Medicine Materia Medica (3rd ed.). Seattle: Eastland Press, Inc. p. 95.
  17. ↑ Yamauchi, M; Tsuruma, K; Imai, S; Nakanishi, T; Umigai, N; Shimazawa, M; Hara, H (2011). "Crocetin prevents retinal degeneration induced by oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stresses via inhibition of caspase activity". European Journal of Pharmacology 650 (1): 110–9. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.09.081. PMID 20951131.
  18. ↑ ZHU Jiang, XIE Wen-li, JIN Yu-zhang, SUN Wen-jun, GAO Xin 2005. Effect of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis on serum IL-1β and TNF-α of rheumatoid arthritis rats
  19. ↑ Koo, HJ; Lim, KH; Jung, HJ; Park, EH (2006). "Anti-inflammatory evaluation of gardenia extract, geniposide and genipin". Journal of Ethnopharmacology 103 (3): 496–500. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.011. PMID 16169698.
  20. ↑ Kang, JJ; Wang, HW; Liu, TY; Chen, YC; Ueng, TH (1997). "Modulation of cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenases, glutathione and glutathione S-transferase in rat liver by geniposide from Gardenia jasminoides". Food and chemical toxicology 35 (10–11): 957–65. doi:10.1016/s0278-6915(97)87265-1. PMID 9463529.

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