Galician Jews

Galician Jewish cemetery in Buchach, western Ukraine, 2005
The Jews in Europe (1881). Galicia is located immediately northeast of the Hungarian district

Galician Jews or Galitzianers are a subdivision of the Ashkenazim geographically originating from Galicia, from western Ukraine (current Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk, and Ternopil regions) and from the south-eastern corner of Poland (Podkarpackie and Lesser Poland voivodeships). Galicia proper, which was inhabited by Ukrainians, Poles and Jews, was a royal province within the Austro-Hungarian empire. Galician Jews primarily spoke Yiddish.

Demographics

In the modern period, Jews were the third most numerous ethnic group in Galicia, after Poles and Ukrainians. At the time that Galicia was annexed by Austria (i.e. the Habsburg Monarchy), in 1772, there were approximately 150,000 to 200,000 Jews residing there, comprising 5–6.5% of the total population; by 1857 the Jewish population had risen to 449,000, or 9.6% of the total population.[1] In 1910, the 872,000 Jews living in Galicia comprised 10.9% of the total population,[1] compared to approximately 45.4% Poles, 42.9% Ukrainians, and 0.8% Germans.[2]

Society

Most of Galician Jewry lived poorly, largely working in small workshops and enterprises, and as craftsmen—including tailors, carpenters, hat makers, jewelers and opticians. Almost 80 percent of all tailors in Galicia were Jewish. The main occupation of Jews in towns and villages was trade: wholesale, stationery and retail. However, the Jewish inclination towards education was overcoming barriers. The number of Jewish intellectual workers proportionally was much higher than that of Ukrainian or Polish ones in Galicia. Of 1,700 physicians in Galicia, 1,150 were Jewish; 41 percent of workers in culture, theaters and cinema, over 65 percent of barbers, 43 percent of dentists, 45 percent of senior nurses in Galicia were Jewish, and 2,200 Jews were lawyers. For comparison, there were only 450 Ukrainian lawyers. Galician Jewry produced four Nobel prize winners: Isidor Isaac Rabi (physics), Roald Hoffman (chemistry), Georges Charpak (physics) and Shmuel Agnon (literature).

History

Under Habsburg rule, Galicia's Jewish population increased sixfold, from 144,000 in 1776 to 872,000 in 1910, due to a high birth rate and a steady stream of refugees fleeing pogroms in the neighboring Russian Empire.[3] They constituted one third of the population of many cities and came to dominate parts of the local economy such as retail sales and trade.[3] They were also successful in the government; by 1897, Jews constituted 58 percent of Galicia's civil servants and judges.[4] During the 19th century Galicia and its main city, Lviv (Lemberg in Yiddish), became a center of Yiddish literature. Lviv was the home of the world's first Yiddish-language daily newspaper, the Lemberger Togblat.[4]

After World War I, Galicia served as a battleground between Ukrainian and Polish forces. During this conflict, Galician Jews were generally neutral although a 1,200-man all-Jewish battalion (Zhydivs’kyy Kurin’ UHA) served in the Ukrainian Galician Army and Jews were allotted 10% of the seats in the parliament of the West Ukrainian People's Republic,[5] matching their population. The West Ukrainian government fought antisemitic acts by punishing robbery with execution, and respected Jewish declared neutrality during the Polish-Ukrainian conflict. By the orders of president Yevhen Petrushevych it was forbidden to mobilize Jews against their will or to otherwise force them to contribute to the Ukrainian military effort.[6] Both Ukrainians and Jews suffered from violence at the hands of Poles as they captured Galicia from Ukrainian forces.[7] The Council of Ministers of the West Ukrainian People's Republic provided assistance to Jewish victims of the Polish pogrom in Lviv.[8]

As of 1920, Galicia passed to Poland. The Polish government prohibited both Galician Jews and Ukrainians from working in the state enterprises, institutions, railway, post, telegraph etc. These measures were applied in their strictest form. Galician Jews and Ukrainians experienced ethnic oppression by undergoing a forceful Polonization.

In September 1939, most of Galicia passed to Soviet Ukraine. The majority of Galician Jews perished during the Holocaust. Most survivors immigrated to Israel, the United States, the United Kingdom or Australia. A small number have remained in Ukraine or Poland.

Culture

In the popular perception, Galitzianers were considered to be more emotional and prayerful than their rivals, the Litvaks, who thought of them as irrational and uneducated. They, in turn, held the Litvaks in disdain, derogatively referring to them as tseylem-kop ("cross heads"),[9] or Jews assimilated to the point of being Christian.[10] This coincides with the fact that Hasidism was most influential in Ukraine and southern Poland but was fiercely resisted in Lithuania (and even the form of Hasidism that took root there, namely Chabad, was more intellectually inclined than the other Hasidic groups).

The two groups diverged in their Yiddish accents and even in their cuisine, separated by the "Gefilte Fish Line." Galitzianers like things sweet, even to the extent of putting sugar in their fish.[11]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Manekin, Rachel (2 November 2010). "Galicia." Translated from the Hebrew by Deborah Weissman. YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
  2. ↑ Magocsi, Paul R. (1996). History of Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9780802078209. p. 423-424. Magocsi explains that the census data for Austria-Hungary did not include figures on ethnicity per se but only on language and religion; therefore, the Jewish population is based on the religion statistics, while his estimates of the other ethnic groups are based on both the language and the religion statistics, in order to correct for the fact that Jews are counted in those language groups. He notes that in 1910 "the vast majority of Jews (808,000) gave Polish as their language" (p. 423). (Yiddish did not appear as a language option on the census forms of Austria-Hungary.)
  3. 1 2 Magocsi, Paul Robert (2005). "Galicia: A European Land." In: Christopher Hann & Magocsi (Eds.), Galicia: A Multicultured Land. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9780802037817. p. 3-21; here: p. 11.
  4. 1 2 Magocsi (2005), p. 12.
  5. ↑ Orest Subtelny, Ukraine: a history, pp. 367-368, University of Toronto Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8020-8390-0
  6. ↑ Myroslav Shkandrij. (2009). Jews in Ukrainian Literature: representation and identity. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 94-95
  7. ↑ Norman Davies. "Ethnic Diversity in Twentieth Century Poland." In: Herbert Arthur Strauss. Hostages of Modernization: Studies on Modern Antisemitism, 1870-1933/39. Walter de Gruyter, 1993.
  8. ↑ Alexander Victor Prusin.(2005).Nationalizing a Borderland: war, ethnicity, and anti-Jewish violence in east Galicia, 1914-1920. University of Alabama Press. p. 99
  9. ↑
  10. ↑ Joshua Brandt (19 May 2000). "Berkeley bookseller's side shtick is a treasure trove of Yiddishisms". jweekly.com. Archived from the original on 2007-07-14. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
  11. ↑ Bill Gladstone (10 September 1999). "This is no fish tale: Gefilte tastes tell story of ancestry". jweekly.com. Archived from the original on 2004-03-08. Retrieved 22 December 2014.

External links

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